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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is classical humanism?
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Classical Humanism and the Renaissance involved similar revivals of classical learning, an elevation of the individual, and a belief in the worth of human thought over authority, whether the latter be the authority of a political body or a church. The essence of humanism is found in the works produced during the Renaissance by writers, artists, and sculptors as they structured their works with humanistic values in mind.
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What is scientific naturalism?
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Scientific naturalism is a view according to which all objects and events are part of nature. They belong to the world of space and time.
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What is renaissance individualism?
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a noteworthy concept which emerged during the era. It stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one’s capabilities and talents.
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Who was Vitruvius?
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a Roman writer, architect and engineer. He is best known as the author of the multi-volume work De Architectura ("On Architecture").
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Who was Donatello?
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an early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. He is, in part, known for his work in bas-relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated significant 15th century developments in perspectival illusionism.
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Who was Masaccio?
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the first great painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. According to Vasari, Masaccio was the best painter of his generation because of his skill at recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality.
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What is linear perspective?
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a mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. The system originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s. The artist and architect Brunelleschi demonstrated its principles, but another architect and writer, Leon Battista Alberti was first to write down rules of linear perspective for artists to follow. Leonardo da Vinci probably learned Alberti's system while serving as an apprentice to the artist Verrocchio in Florence.
The horizon line runs across the canvas at the eye level of the viewer. The horizon line is where the sky appears to meet the ground. The vanishing point should be located near the center of the horizon line. The vanishing point is where all parallel lines (orthogonals) that run towards the horizon line appear to come together like train tracks in the distance. Orthogonal lines are "visual rays" helping the viewer's eye to connect points around the edges of the canvas to the vanishing point. An artist uses them to align the edges of walls and paving stones. |
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What is atmospheric perspective?
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the term used for how atmospheric conditions ("the air") influence our perception of objects in the distance. As objects get closer to the horizon (or further away), they appear lighter in tone, less detailed, and bluer or cooler in color.
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What is chiaroscuro?
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characterized by strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for using contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects such as the human body.
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What is sfumato?
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one of the four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance.
The most prominent practitioner of sfumato was Leonardo da Vinci, and his famous painting of the Mona Lisa exhibits the technique. Leonardo da Vinci described sfumato as "without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke or beyond the focus plane." |
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What is contrapposto?
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The importance of weight shift and movement of the body.
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What is fresco?
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A style of painting. Comes from the Italian word "affresco" meaning fresh.
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What is foreshortening?
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The visual effect or optical illusion that an object or distance appears shorter than it actually is because it is angled toward the viewer.
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What is pyramidal composition?
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a popular device Renaissance artists used to draw the viewer's attention to a figure or to give an impression of stability. To construct a pyramidal composition, an artist places objects and figures within the outline of an imaginary triangle or pyramid on the picture plane (examples: Masaccio's Trinity, Leonardo's Last Supper, Michelangelo's Pieta, or Titian's Pesaro Madonna).
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Who is Leonardo?
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an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".
Artwork Madonna of the Rocks, begun 1483. (pyramidal composition, use of sfumato, scientific naturalism in terms of the landscape, atmospheric perspective) The Last Supper, wall painting in the Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy, 1495-98. (painting technique; perspective lines, emotional expressiveness) Mona Lisa, ca. 1503-6. |
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Who is Michelangelo?
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Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
Artwork Pieta, from Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome, ca. 1500 David, 1501-4. Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Vatican, Rome, 1508-12. (fresco technique) Last Judgment, fresco in Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome, 1536-41. Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, begun 1538 (What were the 3 main aspects of this renovation?) Façade of the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, begun 1563 Plan for New Saint Peter’s and West End of Saint Peter’s, Rome, ca. 1546-64. (Greek cross plan; sculptural appearance of west end, use of colossal pilasters) |
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Who is Raphael?
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Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
Artwork School of Athens, fresco in the Stanza dell Segnatura, Vatican, Rome, 1510-111. |
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One of the most notable aspects of 15th century painting in northern Europe was the use of....
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oil paint!
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As a result of the oil technique, northern painting of the 15th century is characterized by a...
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deep, intense tonality, glowing light (the new colors appeared to be lit from within), and hard, enamel-like surfaces, quite unlike the rather matte surfaces of Italian tempera.
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A major aspect of the Renaissance in Northern Europe was...
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meticulous attention to detail in the depiction of people, objects and nature, all of which were recorded with almost photographic accuracy.
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What are saturated with a variety of symbolic meanings?
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Flemish paintings
Remember: the Merode Altarpiece of the Arnolfini double portrait |
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What is the Protestant Reformation?
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the sudden loss of the market for religious images and the emergence of an enormous market for small paintings of secular subjects, such as those produced by the artist Pieter Brueghel the Elder. The patrons for such paintings were often members of a growing middle class in the Netherlands.
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Venetian Renaissance painting is characterized by...
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a sensuous, coloristic manner, made possible through the use of the oil, rather than tempera, medium for painting on both canvas and oil.
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Thus the ________ of canvas combined with the radiance of oil-suspended color pigments, eventually made __________ on canvas the almost universally preferred medium.
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1. flexibility
2. oil painting |
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What is mannerism?
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considered a stylistic movement that emerged in the 1520s and continued to nearly the end of the 16th century, sandwiched between the dying Classical Renaissance and the emerging Baroque periods.
Three characteristics typical of mannerism are: distortion of body proportions, unnatural use of color, and the irrational representation of space. |
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The term ________ is a blanket designation for the art of the period that roughly covered 1600 to 1700.
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Baroque
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In Rome, the Protestant Reformation resulted in the _________ style, in which the papacy poured money into art projects to such an extent that the Vatican treasury was nearly bankrupted.
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Counter-Reformation Baroque
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What was the goal of the Catholic Counter-Reformation Baroque style in Rome?
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to produce art that would encourage an emotional response and influence the largest possible audience either to remain faithful to Catholicism or to return to the fold.
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Describe the Baroque style of the buildings?
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Buildings and sculpture feature an appearance of movement and energy as opposed to Renaissance symmetry and balance.
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Who is Caravaggio?
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an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on the Baroque school of painting.
Remember: Carravaggio. Calling to St. Matthew. Ca. 1597-98. |
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In the 16th century, ________ came under the rule of _______ and the repressive measures taken against the _________ led the northern provinces launch a long struggle for ___________.
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1. the Netherlands
2. Spain 3. Protestants 4. independence |
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The Baroque art of the southern provinces, referred to as ________ after its principal city of Flanders, remained in close contact with the Baroque art of the _________ countries.
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1. Flemish Baroque
2. Catholic |
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How do the works of Claude Lorrain and Nicholas Poussin embody the idea of a “Classical landscape”?
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They organized natural elements and figures into gently illuminated, idealized compositions. Both were influenced by Carracci and to some extent by Venetian painting, yet each evolved an unmistakably personal style that conveyed an entirely different mood from that of their sources and from each other.
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What is the Rococo style?
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Developed in France around 1715, very sureal/ unrealistic images.
Famous artists were Jean- Antoine Watteau and Jean-Honore Fragonard. |
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How do the Palace of Versailles and its gardens exemplify the “aristocratic” Baroque?
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This extraordinary work of art has a very elaborate design. Broad, intersecting paths separated reflecting pools and planting beds, which are called embroidered parterres for thier colorful patterns of flowers outlined with trimmed hedges. Statues carved by at least 70 sculptors also adorned the park. There is a mile long canal, 14 waterwheels, and 1,400 fountains.
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The 18th century is called the __________, as the dominant trend in intellectual life was the ________.
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1. the Age of Reason
2. Enlightenment |
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What is Romanticism?
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The central premise of it was that an exploration of emotions, the imagination, and intuition—areas of the mind not addressed by enlightenment philosophy—could lead to a more nuanced understanding of the world. It often embraced an escapist vision of the world into distant times and exotic places.
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the Dutch schools of painting developed their own subjects and styles,.....
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reflecting their reformed religion and the new political, social and economic structure of the middle class Dutch republic.
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The mid-18th century also saw the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in England, beginning a period of....
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economic and social transformation in Europe over the next century, and in the U.S. after the Civil War.
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What paintings were popular in Holland?
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portraits, genre, landscapes and still lifes.
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