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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Culture is directed by food getting techniques. What are the two ways to get food?
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Food Collecting (hunting and gathering), and Food Producing (make own food by horticulture, agriculture, and Pastoralism).
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What are the five qualitites of a Hunter-Gatherer Culture?
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Small groups called "bands", Simple Technology, Nomadic, Egalitarian, and Simple Sexual Division of Labor.
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Food Production was first practiced in the Zagros Mountains which is now Iraq 10,000 years ago. The start of farming is known as what?
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Agricultural Revolution.
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What is domesticaiton? What does it allow?
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The act of genetically manipulating a wild plant or animal in order to achieve more desirable qualities. It allows ability to gain more food.
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What was the first domesticated animal and plant?
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Dog, and Wheat.
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What plants or animals were first domesticated in the following areas: Middle East, India, Asia, Central America, South America, North America.
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Middle East: Wheat, Barley, Goats, and Sheep. India: Chickens. Asia: Rice, Yams, and Pigs. Central America: Corn, Beans, Squash. South America: Potato, Tomato, Llama, and Guinea Pig. North America: Tobacco.
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Food comes in three forms Pastoralism, Horticulture, and Agriculture. Define Each.
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Pastoralism: raising of domesticated animals often nomadic ex. pigs, fish, and camels. Horticulture: Part-Time Farming (uses no equipment. Little effort and energy expended) often use slash and burn technique. Agriculture: Intensive Farming, a lot of energy and time invested use irrigation techniques and fertilizer.
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Hunter-Gatherer groups have a natural "birth-control" explain this.
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H/G groups often do not consume a large amount of calories which is needed for conception. Once a female gives birth and begins to feed her young her calories will decrease even more until the child stops nursing.
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What is Egalitarian in a H/G group?
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It is social equality only possible in small groups. Equal access to important resources and sharing occurs.
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What does it mean to be nomadic?
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A moving culture that travels to where food will be and to good hunting locations.
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What does it mean if a culture is sedentism?
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They do not move to food but stay in one place.
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Describe Sexual Division of Labor.
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Men hunted and Women Gathered.
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With agriculture came a surplus of food which led to the need for what?
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Storage capabilities for food.
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What is the Slash and Burn technique?
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It is used by horticultural societies such as the Yanamamo. It entails clearing an area of trees and bushes and then setting it on fire. After the fire the ashes will provide the ground with the nutrients needed to plant and grow crops such as yams or Manioc (rice pudding).
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What does it mean to shift cultivation?
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This is a farming technique of moving from one farming area to another once the nutrients from the soil is gone. Usually continue to move until returning to the original farming area. Could take up to 20 years that is why the slash and burn technique is so important.
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When it comes to Territorialism describe the difference between H/G and Food Producers.
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H/G are more willing to give up their land and move is someone wants to take it. Food Producers are not very willing to give up their land because they invest into it.
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How has food production had an impact on wars around the world?
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Once people began to convert from H/G's to food producers it caused an increase in territiorialism which can lead to wars. If a group of people try to take the land of another group of people they are more apt to go to war because both peoples are invested into their lands.
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What is Economics?
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It is the study of how a society handles its resources.
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An economy is a system used by each society to do what three things?
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Produce, Distribute, and Consume.
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In order for one to produce a product, one first must obtain _____ to the raw material.
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Access (regulation)
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What is production?
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Making of a product out of raw materials.
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Once the raw materials are acquired is must be transformed for use, which requires labor. How an labor be divided up?
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Sex, Age, Specialization (lawyers, pilots, etc.), and Forced.
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What are examples of forced labor?
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Corvee (among the Inca), Military Draft, and Prison Labor (chain-gang).
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What is Distribution?
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Once the resource is ready for the members of society to use, it has to be put into their hands, or taken the the marketplace.
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What are the three forms of distribution?
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Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Market Exchange.
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What are the three types of Reciprocity?
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Generalized, Balanced, and Negative.
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What is Generialized Reciprocity?
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Between two people who care for each other. It is a friendly transaction. (Christmas, Birthday)
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What is Balanced Reciprocity?
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Between two trade partners. It is all business. (a sheep for a pig) An example would be Silent Trade which is practiced by the Pygmies.
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What is Negative Reciprocity?
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Used when one side tries to take advantage of the other. (Jack and the Bean Stolk)
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What is the Kula Ring?
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Ring in chain of Islands that trade Mwali arm bracelets amongst each other. The bracelets eventually end up where they begin.
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The second type of Distribution is Redistribution. Explain this.
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A third party administrator who takes wealth from the rich and gives it to the poor. Examples are the "big man" or government, a potlatch, and taxes.
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What is Market Exchange?
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Involves commerical transactions. It includes a set price and a medium of exchange. Such as a dollar which is general purpose money, and a credit card which is limited purpose money.
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What is Sex?
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Biological qualities inherited by a male or a female. XX female or XY male.
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What is Gender?
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A learned appropriate behavior associated with males of females. Masculine or Feminine.
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Explain modern sexual divisons of labor.
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There is less and less division . Modern women are less restricted and jobs are more diverse.
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What are the four theories for gender roles?
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Strength, Compatibility with child care, Economy of effort (Multi-Tasking), and expendability (men are expendbile.
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Explain Alternative Genders.
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People who assume the behaviors of members of the opposite sex. Examples would be Transsexuals, Hijra (India), Berdache (Native Americans), Gays, Lesbians.
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Explain the dimensions of homosexuality.
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Self-Identity: No behavior required "in the closet", have the thoughts but no actions. Homosexual Behavior: No self-identity required, actual homosexual actions.
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What is so unique about Kypseli, a Greek Island Village.
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The people of Kypseli, practice Engendered Time: Men in one area of the village at one time (P.M.) and Women in one area of the village at one time (A.M.) never mingling. Also practice Engendered Space: There are Male places: front of church and Female places: back of church.
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Expain Female Genital Mutilation.
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It is a way of passage into adulthood usually around 12. Or a necessity to be married off. Occurs all over Africa some places more than others. Judging the impact of FGM on the population is allowable.
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Three examples of exaggerations of female bodies are as follows: Footbinding, Corseting, and Breast Implants. Explain.
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Footbinding: China keeping girls feet in little shoes, sign of grace. Corseting: Victorian America, making the body a hourglass shape. Breast Implants: Occurs today and as a sign of beauty.
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There is a range of variation in sexuality. Give examples.
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So. Pacific Polynesia: Sensuous, Promiscuous. Dani of New Guinea: Ambivalent, take it or leave it. Inis Beag of Ireland: Repressed only if absolutely necessary.
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What is Marriage?
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Marriage is a socially-approved sexual and economic union between a man and a woman. It is a cultural universal.
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What are the functions of Marriage?
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Legitimate children, regulate sexual access, and provide child's socialization.
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What is incest? Explain the incest taboo.
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Having sexual relations with a family memeber. It is not socially acceptable to have sexual relations with someone within your "family" circle.
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What is Monogamy?
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One single marriage between a man and a woman.
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What is serial monogamy?
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Multiple marriages between a man and a woman. One person marries, gets divorced, then marries again.
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What is Polygamy? Explain polygyny, and polyandry.
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Many marriages. Polygyny is many females and one male. Polyandry is many males and one female.
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What is levirate marriage?
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A practice in some societies that a woman marries her deseased husand's brother.
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What is progeny price?
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*
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What is brideprice?
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*
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What is exogamy? What is Endogamy?
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Exogamy means that one must marry outside of the group of "family". Endogamy means that there are categories within which one should choose a mate.
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Explain a romantic marriage as opposed to a arranged marriage.
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A romantic marriage is a marriage arranged by two individuals in the relationship with some outside fluence but not a deciding factor. An arranged marriage is determined by a group usually the family to pick a suitor that is going to contribute the most to the family economically and socially.
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Explain Patrilocal Post-Marital Residence.
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*
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Explain Matrilocal Post-Marital Residence.
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*
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Explain Neolocal Post-Marital Residence.
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*
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