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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Life/Living things |
All the organisms descended from a single-celled ancestor |
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Cell |
Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce, independently or as part of a multicellular organism
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Cell Theory (pattern, process, outcome, significance) Creators? |
Pattern: All living organisms are made from cells Process: Cells come from preexisting cells Outcome: Cells are the fundamental units of life Significance: Explains living/non-living; proves evolution Created by: Schwann and Schleiden 1800s |
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Biology |
Scientific study of living things
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Hypothesis |
Educated guess |
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Chemistry |
Study of various substances and their outside reactions
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Atom |
Smallest version of a substance |
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Ion |
Electrically charged particles created when atoms gain or lose electrons
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Element |
a substance that cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical means identified by number of protons |
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6 Key Elements in Biology? Which are most common? |
CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur Bold - Makes up 96% of life |
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Compound |
A substance that contains the atoms of more than one element |
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Molecule |
A substance created by bonding multiple atoms |
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Water (in biology) |
Molecule w/ unique structure and special properties: Polar Molecule Forms hydrogen bonds - combines ionic and covalent bonds Tetrahedral Shape |
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Acid
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A molecule that can give hydrogen atoms in a solution |
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Base |
A molecule that can receive hydrogen atoms in a solution |
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Buffer |
A molecule that can either give or take hydrogen atoms, keeping the pH balance neutral |
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pH |
Power of Hydrogen
Negative Logorithmic scale 1-14;
Base (<7) - Neutral (7) - Acid (>7) |
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Carbon |
Life on Earth is based on Carbon and Water |
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Biomolecule |
Any molecule found in a living being |
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Monomer |
Building block for living organisms that combines to create polymers |
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Polymer |
Monomers combined with covalent bonds |
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Polymerization |
The combination of monomers to create a polymer chain or 3d network |
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Amino Acid |
Protein's Building Block 20 Types Contains both NH2 and COOH groups |
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Peptide |
Short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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Carbohydrate |
Sugar monomers (monosaccharides) are linked to create polycaccharides |
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Polysaccharide |
Polymer of monosaccharides
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Lipid |
Large structure of monomers combined by non-covalent forces
4 Types: phospholipid, |
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Living beings hold the majority of this substance |
Carbon |
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Isotope |
1+ atoms Same mass number Different atomic numbers |
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Chemical Bond
What is a molecule's goal when creating a chemical bond? |
Atoms share, lose, or gain electrons trying to reach a stable state of 2 or 8
Atoms bond to create Molecules |
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Chemical Bond Types |
Covalent/Polar Covalent - Bond in which atoms share an electron Ionic - Attraction of opposite charges Hydrogen - Sharing of a H atom |
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Molecular Weight |
The sum of two atomic weights |
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Polar Covalent Bond |
Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
Caused by differences in electronegativity Depends on # of protons and distance between nucleus and electrons |
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Ionic Bond Example? |
Complete transfer of electrons Results in two Ions Formed by the electrical attraction of positive and negative ions Ex: Salt |
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Hydrogen Bonds Example? |
Hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative ion. Ex: Water molecules |
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Chemical Reaction |
Atoms and/or Molecules collide w/ enough energy to combine with or change their bonding partners |
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What creates a Solution |
Solution = Substance (solute) dissolved into a liquid (solution)
Key words: Solition, solute |
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Covalent Bond Example? |
Bond in which atoms share an electron |
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Specific Heat (water) |
Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water
Ex: Takes a lot of heat to boil b/c it needs to make/break lots of hydrogen bonds (strong) |
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Hydrogen Bond Lattice |
Water's hydrogen bonds create bonds in the shape of a lattice, which strengthens the whole and creates surface tension |
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Surface Tension |
Water molecules resist coming apart from one another.
Helps H2O move through plants along with adhesion |
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Why is pH important |
Living organisms maintain constant internal conditions
Called: Homeostasis |
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Why is carbon so important to life? |
Versatile
4 valence electrons; most of any element
Can bond with other carbons
Bonds covalently w/ other SCNOP elements |
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Organic |
Carbon base w/ hydrogen attached |
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Protein |
Cell's Workhorse Does almost everything Versatile Represents over 1/2 of all molecules in humans Defined by their structure |
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What are Nucleic Acids composed of?
Examples? |
4 Kinds of nucleotide monomers;
Ex: DNA, RNA |
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Functional Group |
Groups of molecules that have a tendency of grouping together Each has it's own properties (acidic, basic) |
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Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction |
Loss of H2O creates new chemical bonds/molecules |
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Structure of Protein |
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Functions of Protein Know 5 w/ examples |
Enzymes - Speeds up making/breaking bonds ex: ATP Synthase - Transports nutrients to cells Defensive Proteins: ex: Antibodies Hormonal and Regulatory Proteins: Control physiological processes ex: insulin Receptor Proteins: Receive and respond to molecular signals ex: insulin receptors Storage Proteins: Store amino acids Structural Proteins: Provide physical stability and movement ex: Actin/Myosin - Myosin is threat that pulls Actin (strings) muscle Transport Proteins: Carry substances Genetic Regulatory: Regulate when, how, and to what extent a gene is expressed; on/off switch for genes |
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Amino Acids |
Building blocks of Protein 20 Types Function as both acid and base |
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Structure of Amino Acids (4 parts) |
Carbon skeleton w/ amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and side chain |
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Peptide Linkage |
Link that bonds amino acids to create protein |
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Primary Protein Structure |
Line Pattern: NCC, NCC, NCC If protein was a train: eNgine in front, and Caboose in the back |
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Secondary Protein Structure
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Sheet or Helix structure Hydrogen bonds determine shape |
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Tertiary Protein Structure (IMPORTANT) |
3D shape that allows Protein to do it's job Caused by combo of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic amino acids |
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Quaternary Protein Structure |
Multiple Proteins combine to do a job
ex: Hemoglobin - 1 protein grabs oxygen; one takes CO2 away |
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How is protein made? |
Amino acids combine through the process of Dehydration Synthesis to create peptide bonds |
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General Formula of Carbohydrates |
Cn(H2O)n Carbon n (Water)n n = Carbon Skeleton |
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Carbohydrate Functions (4) |
Source of stored or transportable energy Structural molecules Carbon skeletons for many other molecules - Can create amino acids Cell Identity - "flags" on outside of cell identify if it's yours |
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Simple Sugars |
Monosaccharides |
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Two simple sugars |
Disaccharides |
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3-20 monosaccharides |
Oligosaccharides |
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Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides |
Polysaccharides
Ex: Starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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Number of carbons in Monosaccharides |
Hexoses: 6 Carbons Pentoses: 5 Carbons |
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Glucose |
Hexose structure (uses 6 carbons) Monosaccharide used by all cells Most common source of energy on the planet 2 Forms: Straight chain or ring |
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Examples of Pentoses |
Deoxyribose, Ribose
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Examples of Hexoses
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Fructose, Glucose |
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Monosaccharides bind together w/ condensation reaction using these |
Glycosidic Linkage |
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Hydrolisis |
Water breaks down molecules |
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Types of Polysaccharides w/ examples |
Starch - Glucose storage in plants ex: potatoes Glycogen - Storage of Glucose in Animals ex: humans Cellulose - Stable, used for structural components ex: cell walls |
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Types of Macromolecular Structure |
Structure defines type of polysaccharide; all have same monomers Linear - ex: Cellulose Branched - ex: Starch Highly Branched - ex: Glycogen |
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Lipids Examples? |
Defined by their Behavior Do not dissolve in water ex: Cell membrane, oil, fat |
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Lipids are different from protein and carbs because: |
Nonpolar When close together, weak forces hold them together Not Polymers because they aren't covalently bonded |
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Phospholipids (most important kind of lipid) |
Building block of cell membranes Fatty acids bound to glycerol; a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid Head is hydrophilic Tail is hydrophobic; 2 tails for each head |
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Types of Lipids (5) |
Fats, Oils
Waxes - bio waterproofer
Phospholipids - Cell membranes
Cartenoids and Chlorophyls - capture light energy in plants
Steroids and Modified Fatty Acids - Hormones and Vitamins |
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Saturated Fat |
All Carbon bonds are single |
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Unsaturated Fat |
Fat has some double bonds between carbons |
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Amphipathic |
Has opposing chemical properties Fatty acids are amphipathic ex: 1 end hydrophilic, 1 end hydrophobic |
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What happens to phospholipids in water?
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The hydrophobic "tails" line up facing in with the hydrophilic "heads" facing outward to form a bilayer Looks like venus flytrap mouth |
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Phospholipid Bilayer |
Structure of cell membrane Looks like venus flytrap |
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Nucleic Acid |
Acid w/ nucleus Polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic info |
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Types of Nucleic Acid and Differences |
RNA - OH at 2' carbon; makes them extremely reactive - uses Uracil not Thymine -single strand
DNA - H at 2' carbon; makes them non-polar - uses Thymine not Uracil - double strand
' = prime, or number of carbon
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DNA |
Simple, straightforward Best at storage; transmission |
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RNA |
Versatile Uses Ribosomes which can act like enzymes |
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Nucleotide structure; why is this relevant? |
Monomer of nucleus
Pentose + Phosphate Group + Nitrogen containing base
Accepts protons b/c of base
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5 Types of Nucleotides (two types) |
Nitrogenous Base makes each unique
Pyramidines: Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine Purines: Adenine, Guanine "Gee it's A purine!" |
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Complementary Nucleotides in DNA |
Complimentary nucleotides can only connect with each other Thymine + Adenine Guanine + Cytosine |
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Watson + Crick |
Created first model of DNA Discovered base pair |
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Roz Franklin |
Took first pic of DNA strand |
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Functions of DNA |
Simpler molecule than protein Can reproduce itself Can copy info into RNA - information is created by the order of ATGC nucleotides' nitrogenous bases |
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Functions of RNA |
Can specify a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide ^ called transcription |
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What creates DNA's helix structure? |
Strands go in opposite directions Called anti-parallel strands |
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Semi-Conservative Replication |
DNA molecule can be made with just one strand due to complimentary nucleotides |
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Transcription |
DNA -> RNA -> Polypeptide; DNA can also double back Creates Protein Happens constantly Used by ALL living beings |
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5 Characteristics of Life |
Consist of 1+ Cells Process internal and external information Reproduce themselves using internal info Acquire, store and use Energy to do biological work Have evolved and have the capacity to continue evolving |
