Vocab Chapter 12

Front 1

Industrial Revolution

Back 1

the term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture,
commerce, and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and
specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe

Front 2

location theory

Back 2

a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity
and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural location
theory contained in the von Thünen model is a leading example

Front 3

variable costs

Back 3

costs that change directly with the amount of production (e.g. energy
supply and labor costs

Front 4

friction of distance

Back 4

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing
distance

Front 5

distance decay

Back 5

the effects of distance on interaction; generally, the greater the distance,
the less interaction

Front 6

least cost theory

Back 6

model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of
manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical
expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration

Front 7

agglomeration

Back 7

a process involving the clustering or concentration of people or activities.
The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close
proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial
amenities

Front 8

deglomeration

Back 8

the process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological
advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition

Front 9

locational interdependence

Back 9

theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that
suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other’s
territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one
another in the middle of their collective consumer base

Front 10

primary industrial regions

Back 10

Western and Central Europe; Eastern North America; Russia
and Ukraine; and Eastern Europe, each of which consists of one or more core areas of
industrial development with subsidiary centers

Front 11

break-of-bulk point

Back 11

a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred
from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargos of oceangoing ships are unloaded and
put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution

Front 12

Fordist

Back 12

a highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and
labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production features
assembly-line production of standardized components for mass consumption

Front 13

post-Fordist

Back 13

world economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production
practices in which goods are not mass-produced; instead, production has been
accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinat ional companies that shift
production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time



and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the twentieth century

Front 14

just-in-time delivery

Back 14

method of inventory management made possible by efficient
transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just
what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term
production will arrive when needed

Front 15

global division of labor

Back 15

phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from
labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space
through innovation in communication and transportation systems

Front 16

intermodal (connections)

Back 16

places where two or more modes of transportation meet
(including air, road, rail, barge, and ship)

Front 17

Deindustrialization

Back 17

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions
with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service

Front 18

outsource

Back 18

with reference to production, to turn over in part or in total to a third party

Front 19

offshore

Back 19

with reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the
country

Front 20

Sunbelt

Back 20

the South and Southwest regions of the United States

Front 21

technopole

Back 21

centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a
high-technology corridor is sometimes established

Front 22

*high-technology corridors

Back 22

areas along or near major transportation arteries that are
devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products. These
areas develop because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating
high-technology enterprises in close proximity to one another. “Silicon Valley” is a
prime example of a high-technology c orridor in the United States