Vocab 2

Front 1

regurgitate

Back 1

regurgitate something (formal) to bring food that has been swallowed back up into the mouth againThe bird regurgitates half-digested fish to feed its young.2 regurgitate something (disapproving) to repeat something you have heard or read without really thinking about it or understanding it

Hint 1

: to bring food that has been swallowed back to and out of the mouth: to repeat (something, such as a fact, idea, etc.) without understanding it

Front 2

regurgitation

Back 2

1 [uncountable] (formal) the act of bringing food that has been swallowed back up into the mouth againIf regurgitation becomes severe, surgery might be required.2 [singular, uncountable] (disapproving) the act of repeating something without really thinking about it or understanding itThe book was described as a regurgitation of old ideas.

Hint 2

noun: an act of regurgitating: such asa : the casting up of incompletely digested food (as by some birds in feeding their young)b : the backward flow of blood through a defective heart valve

Front 3

permutation

Back 3

any of the different ways in which a set of things can be orderedThe possible permutations of x, y and z are xyz, xzy, yxz, yzx, zxy and zyx.

Hint 3

: one of the many different ways or forms in which something exists or can be arranged

Front 4

debrief

Back 4

debrief somebody (on something) to ask somebody questions officially, in order to get information about the task that they have just completedHe was taken to a US airbase to be debriefed on the mission. ➔ COMPARE ​brief

Hint 4

to officially question (someone) about a job that has been done or about an experience

Front 5

explicate

Back 5

explicate something (formal) to explain an idea or a work of literature in a lot of detailHow can we best explicate ‘King Learʼ and understand it?It is impossible to explicate this concept in any meaningful way.

Hint 5

Synonyms: clarify, clear (up), construe, demonstrate, demystify, elucidate, explain, expound, get across, illuminate, illustrate, interpret, simplify, spell out, unriddleAntonyms: obscure

Front 6

extol

Back 6

to praise somebody/​something very muchextol somebody/​something Doctors often extol the virtues of eating less fat. extol somebody/​something as something She was extolled as a genius.

Hint 6

Synonyms: bless, carol, celebrate, emblazon, exalt, praise (also extoll), glorify, hymn, laud, magnify, resound

Front 7

trepidation

Back 7

great worry or fear about something unpleasant that may happenHe knocked on the door with some trepidation.

Hint 7

Synonyms: alarm (also alarum), anxiety, dread, fearfulness, fright, horror, panic, scare, terror, fear

Front 8

modus vivendi

Back 8

(from Latin, formal)an arrangement that is made between people, institutions or countries who have very different opinions or ideas, so that they can live or work together without arguingThe two states reached a kind of modus vivendi.

Hint 8

ExamplesThe two nations developed a modus vivendi in order to avoid war.

Front 9

rancid

Back 9

if food containing fat is rancid, it tastes or smells unpleasant because it is no longer fresh.

Examples,Some foods become rancid quickly.an unscrupulous food vendor who's as rancid as the meat that he serves.

Hint 9

Synonyms: abhorrent, abominable, appalling, awful, disgusting, distasteful, dreadful, evil, foul, fulsome, gross, hideous, horrendous, horrible, horrid, loathsome, nasty, nauseating, nauseous, noisome, noxious, obnoxious, obscene, odious, offensive, repellent (also repellant), repugnant, repulsive, revolting, scandalous, shocking, sickening, uglyAntonyms: innocuous, inoffensive.

Front 10

mystify

Back 10

mystify somebody to make somebody confused because they do not understand something▼ Extra examples, Iʼve always been mystified why private schools are called public schools.Staff were mystified as to how the thieves managed to get away with it.The popularity of the programme mystifies me.

Hint 10

Synonyms: addle, baffle, bamboozle, beat, befog, befuddle, bemuse, bewilder, buffalo, confound, discombobulate, disorient, flummox, fox, fuddle, get, gravel, maze, muddle, muddy, confuse, perplex, pose, puzzle, vex.

Front 11

bleak

Back 11

1 (of a situation) not encouraging or giving any reason to have hope2 (of the weather) cold and unpleasant3 (of a place) exposed, empty, or with no pleasant features.▼ Extra examples,Prospects for the industry are extremely bleak.The landscape looked bleak and desolate in the rain.The report paints an unnecessarily bleak picture of the town.Clouds rolled in and the lake took on a bleak and sombre appearance.It was a small bleak town near the main highway.She left on a bleak November day.The future looks bleak for the fishing industry.There is just a bleak expanse of concrete.

Hint 11

Synonyms: black, gloomy, cheerless, chill, Cimmerian, cloudy, cold, comfortless, dark, darkening,

Front 12

blockbuster

Back 12

(informal)something very successful, especially a very successful book or film/​movie.

Full Definition:often attributive1 : a very large high-explosive bomb2 : one that is notably expensive, effective, successful, large, or extravagant3 : one who engages in blockbustingExamples,a 900-page blockbuster of a novelthe movie is expected to be the biggest blockbuster of the summer.

Hint 12

Synonyms: hit, megahit, smash, success, supernova, winnerAntonyms: bomb, bummer, bust, catastrophe, clinker, debacle (also débâcle), dud, failure, fiasco, flop, misfire, turkey, washout.

Front 13

user-friendly

Back 13

easy for people who are not experts to use or understand.

Full Definition:: easy to learn, use, understand, or deal with user–friendly software; also : agreeable, appealing a user–friendly atmosphere.us·er–friend·li·ness noun.

Hint 13

easy to know and use

Front 14

forfeit

Back 14

forfeit something to lose something or have something taken away from you because you have done something wrong.

Full Definition:1 : something forfeited or subject to being forfeited (as for a crime, offense, or neglect of duty) : penalty They were required to pay a forfeit.2 : forfeiture especially of civil rights3 a : something deposited (as for making a mistake in a game) and then redeemed on payment of a fine.

Hint 14

to lose or give up (something) as a punishment or because of a rule or law.

Front 15

scramble

Back 15

1 walk/​climb: [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move quickly, especially with difficulty, using your hands to help you.2 push/​fight: [intransitive] to push, fight or compete with others in order to get or to reach something.3 achieve something with difficulty [transitive] to manage to achieve something with difficulty, or in a hurry, without much control.4 [transitive, usually passive] scramble something to cook an egg by mixing the white and yellow parts together and heating them, sometimes with milk and butter.5 telephone/​radio: [transitive, often passive] scramble something to change the way that a telephone or radio message sounds so that only people with special equipment can understand it.6 confuse thoughts: [transitive] scramble something to confuse somebodyʼs thoughts, ideas, etc. so that they have no orderaircraft.7 [transitive, intransitive, usually passive] scramble (something) to order that planes, etc. should take off immediately in an emergency; to take off immediately in an emergency.

Hint 15

Synonyms: clamber, scrabble, climb, swarmAntonyms: arrange, array, dispose, draw up, marshal (also marshall), order, organize, range, regulate, straighten (up), tidy.

Front 16

successive

Back 16

following immediately one after the other.▼ Extra examples,She grew less confident with every successive defeat.The country experienced successive waves of invasion.The road remained closed for the third successive day.The text has been used by successive generations of medical students. adv, successively.

Hint 16

Synonyms: back-to-back, sequent, sequential, straight, succeeding, successional, consecutiveAntonyms: inconsecutive, inconsequent, nonconsecutive, nonsequential.

Front 17

fruition

Back 17

[uncountable](formal)the successful result of a plan, a process or an activity.

Full Definition:1 : pleasurable use or possession : enjoyment the sweet fruition of an earthly crown — Christopher Marlowe2 a : the state of bearing fruit the fields needed rain for fruition — Pearl Buckb : realizationExamples,when she landed the lead in a Broadway play, a lifelong dream was brought to fruition.

Hint 17

Synonyms: accomplishment, achievement, actuality, actualization, attainment, consummation, fulfillment (or fulfilment), pass, realization.Antonyms: naught (also nought), nonfulfillment.

Front 18

specificity

Back 18

[uncountable](formal)the quality of being specific.

Full Definition:: the quality or condition of being specific: such asa : the condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group of organisms host specificity of a parasiteb : the condition of participating in or catalyzing only one or a few chemical reactions the specificity of an enzyme.Examples,I was impressed by the specificity of her instructions.the specificity of your description of your medical condition was a bit more than I needed.

Hint 18

Synonyms: explicitness, particularityAntonyms: generality.

Front 19

minutiae

Back 19

[plural]very small details.

a minute or minor detail — usually used in plural He was bewildered by the contract's minutiae.

Hint 19

small details

Front 20

coalesce

Back 20

[intransitive] coalesce (into/​with something) (formal) to come together to form one larger group, substance, etc.

Hint 20

come together

Front 21

coalescence

Back 21

uncountable]coalescence (into/​with something)(formal)the act or process of coming together to form one larger group, substance, etc.

Hint 21

coming together

Front 22

dogma

Back 22

[uncountable, countable](often disapproving)a belief or set of beliefs held by a group or organization, which others are expected to accept without argument.▼ Extra examples,People are beginning to question the old dogmas.The newspaper seeks to be independent of political dogma.the central dogma of molecular biologyHe always tried to act independently of party dogma.She has caused a storm by calling into question one of the central dogmas of the Church.The council reaffirmed its opposition to all forms of racist dogma.We do not allow the teaching of religious dogma in our schools.

Hint 22

blief

Front 23

dogmatic

Back 23

(disapproving)being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without paying attention to evidence or other opinions.

Hint 23

arrogant

Front 24

perennial

Back 24

/pəˈren.i.əl/ adjective lasting a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time:The film 'White Christmas' is a perennial favourite.We face the perennial problem of not having enough money.→ Compare annual adjective, biennial adjective

Hint 24

biennial

happening once every two years.

annual:

happening once every year:an annual event/visit/holidayCompanies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous year's activities.

Front 25

chivalry

Back 25

noun [U] very polite, honest, and kind behaviour, especially by men towards women.the system of behaviour followed by knights in the medieval period of history, that put a high value on honour, kindness, and courage:the age of chivalry. شهامة

Hint 25

Polite and respectful

Front 26

chivalrous

Back 26

/ˈʃɪv.əl.rəs/ adjective A chivalrous man is polite, honest, fair, and kind towards women. chivalrously UK US /‑li/ adverb "After you," he said chivalrously, holding open the door.

Hint 26

Polite and respectful

Front 27

catchphrase

Back 27

/ˈkætʃ.freɪz/ noun [C] a phrase that is often repeated by and therefore becomes connected with a particular organization or person, especially someone famous such as a television entertainer.

Hint 27

cliché

Front 28

scoff

Back 28

US /skɑːf/ verb [I] LAUGH Verb Endings for scoff. to laugh and speak about a person or idea in a way that shows that you think they are stupid or silly:The critics scoffed at his paintings.Years ago people would have scoffed at the idea that cars would be built by robots.

Hint 28

mocking

Front 29

hunch

Back 29

noun [C] an idea that is based on feeling and for which there is no proof:[+ that] I had a hunch that you'd be here.Sometimes you have to be prepared to act on/follow a hunch.★ SMART thesaurusPredicting things and intuitionIdeas, concepts and theories.

Hint 29

idea

Front 30

like minded

Back 30

having similar ideas and interestsThe club offers an opportunity for like-minded people to get together.

Hint 30

having a like disposition or purpose : of the same mind or habit of thought

Front 31

paramount

Back 31

more important than anything elseThis matter is of paramount importance. Safety is paramount. The welfare of the child must always be the courtʼs paramount consideration.▶ Language Bank2 (formal) having the highest position or the greatest powerChinaʼs paramount leader

Hint 31

Synonyms: arch, big, capital, cardinal, central, chief, dominant, first, grand, great, greatest, highest, key, leading, main, master, number one (also No. 1), numero uno, overbearing, overmastering, overriding, foremost, predominant, preeminent, premier, primal, primary, principal, prior, sovereign (also sovran), supremeAntonyms: last, least

Front 32

collegiate

Back 32

1 relating to a college or its studentscollegiate life2 (British English) divided into a number of collegesa collegiate university

Hint 32

: collegial4 : designed for or characteristic of college students collegiate athletics collegiate organizations collegiate student housingcol·le·giate·ly adverb

Front 33

cognizant

Back 33

[not before noun](formal)having knowledge or understanding of somethingcognizant of the importance of the case

Hint 33

Synonyms: alive, apprehensive, aware, conscious, mindful, sensible, sentient, ware, wittingAntonyms: insensible, oblivious, unaware, unconscious, unmindful, unwitting

Front 34

assertive

Back 34

expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take noticeYou should try and be more assertive. assertive behaviour➔OPPOSITE ​submissive

Hint 34

Synonyms: ambitious, aggressive, enterprising, fierce, go-getting, high-pressure, in-your-face, militant, pushy, self-asserting, self-assertiveAntonyms: ambitionless, low-pressure, nonassertive, unaggressive, unambitious, unassertive, unenterprising

Front 35

percept

Back 35

[countable, uncountable](formal)a rule about how to behave or what to think➔ SYNONYM ​principlemoral precepts

Hint 35

principle

Front 36

stifling

Back 36

1 making you feel unable to breathe, because it is too hot and/​or there is no fresh aira stifling room‘ Itʼs stifling in here—can we open a window?ʼ 2 making you feel trapped and unable to do or say what you wantAt 25, she found family life stifling.

Hint 36

Synonyms: choke, smother, strangle, suffocateAntonyms: unmuffle

Front 37

drone

Back 37

[intransitive] to make a continuous low noiseA plane was droning in the distance. a droning voiceI fell asleep to the sound of their voices droning through the warm afternoon.Phrasal Verbsˌdrone ˈon (about something)to talk for a long time in a boring way

Hint 37

Synonyms: bumble, burr, buzz, whirr, hum, whish, whiz (or whizz), zip, zoom

Front 38

daredevil

Back 38

Adjective, dangerous, in a way that other people may think is stupidDonʼt try any daredevil stunts.

Noun, a person who enjoys doing dangerous things, in a way that other people may think is stupida reckless daredevil.

Hint 38

Synonyms: audacious, brash, foolhardy, madcap, overbold, overconfident, reckless, temerariousAntonyms: careful, cautious, circumspect, guarded, heedful, prudent, safe, wary

Front 39

itinerary

Back 39

a plan of a journey, including the route and the places that you visita detailed itineraryVisits to four different countries are included in your itinerary.

Hint 39

the places you go to or plan to go to on a journey ; also : a document in which the places you will be going to are listed

Front 40

inculcate

Back 40

to cause somebody to learn and remember ideas, moral principles, etc., especially by repeating them ofteninculcate something (in/​into somebody) to inculcate a sense of responsibility in somebodyinculcate somebody with something to inculcate somebody with a sense of responsibility

Hint 40

Synonyms: endue (or indue), imbue, infuse, ingrain (also engrain), inoculate, invest, steep, suffuse

Front 41

faultfinding

Back 41

[uncountable]the act of looking for faults in somebody/​something

Hint 41

Synonyms: captious, carping, caviling (or cavilling), critical, hypercritical, judgmental, overcritical, rejectiveAntonyms: uncritical.noun, faultfinding: petty, nagging, or unreasonable criticism.

Front 42

faulty

Back 42

not perfect; not working or made correctly➔ SYNONYM ​defectiveAsk for a refund if the goods are faulty. faulty workmanshipan accident caused by a faulty signal2 (of a way of thinking) wrong or containing mistakes, often resulting in bad decisionsfaulty reasoning

Hint 42

Synonyms: amiss, bad, defective, flawed, imperfect, on the blinkAntonyms: faultless, flawless, impeccable, perfect.

Front 43

faultless

Back 43

having no mistakes➔ SYNONYM ​perfectfaultless EnglishHer piano-playing was faultless. He gave a faultless performance.Her logic was always faultless.She spoke in faultless French.

Hint 43

Synonyms: absolute, perfect, flawless, ideal, immaculate, impeccable, indefectible, irreproachable, letter-perfect, picture-book, picture-perfect, seamless, unblemishedAntonyms: amiss, bad, censurable, defective, faulty, flawed, imperfect, reproachable

Front 44

nerve racking

Back 44

(also ˈnerve-wracking)making you feel very nervous and worriedIt was a nerve-racking drive up the mountain. It was totally nerve-racking for all of us.a pretty nerve-racking experienceMy first visit was rather nerve-racking.

Hint 44

Synonyms: agitating, anxious, creepy, disquieting, distressful, distressing, disturbing, fraught, hairy, nail-biting, nerve-racking (or nerve-wracking), restless, tense, uneasy, unnerving, unsettling, worrisomeAntonyms: calming, comfortable, easy, peaceful, quiet, quieting, tranquil.

Front 45

male chauvinism

Back 45

(also chauvinism)[uncountable](disapproving)the belief held by some men that men are more important, intelligent, etc. than womenThe profession remains a bastion of male chauvinism.Male chauvinism was rife in the medical profession in those days.

Hint 45

Synonyms: jingoism, nationalism, superpatriotism

Front 46

scanty

Back 46

1 too little in amount for what is neededDetails of his life are scanty. His theory is based on rather scanty evidence.2 (of clothes) very small and not covering much of your bodya scanty bikini

Hint 46

Synonyms: exiguous, hand-to-mouth, light, niggardly, poor, scant, meager, scarce, skimp, skimpy, slender, slim, spare, sparing, sparse, stingyAntonyms: abundant, ample, bountiful, copious, generous, liberal, plenteous, plentiful

Front 47

infuse

Back 47

1 [transitive] infuse A into B | infuse B with A (formal) to make somebody/​something have a particular qualityHer novels are infused with sadness. 2 [transitive] infuse something (formal) to have an effect on all parts of somethingPolitics infuses all aspects of our lives.

Hint 47

Synonyms: endue (or indue), imbue, inculcate, ingrain (also engrain), inoculate, invest, steep, suffuse

Front 48

code switching

Back 48

[uncountable](linguistics)the practice of changing between languages when you are speaking.

Hint 48

exchange

Front 49

nuance

Back 49

[countable, uncountable]a very slight difference in meaning, sound, colour or somebodyʼs feelings that is not usually very obviousHe watched her face intently to catch every nuance of expression. Her singing has both warmth of sound and delicacy of nuance.You need to be able to convey the subtle nuances of meaning of each word.

Hint 49

: a very small difference in color, tone, meaning, etc.

Front 50

periphery

Back 50

the outer edge of a particular areaindustrial development on the periphery of the townThe condition makes it difficult for patients to see objects at the periphery of their vision. Extensive new planting is taking place around the periphery of the site.2 the less important part of something, for example of a particular activity or of a social or political groupminor parties on the periphery of American politics.

Hint 50

Synonyms: borderline, bound, boundary, brim, circumference, compass, confines, edge, edging, end, frame, fringe, hem, margin, perimeter, border, rim, skirt, skirting, verge.

Front 51

heterogeneous

Back 51

(formal)consisting of many different kinds of people or thingsthe heterogeneous population of the United States➔ OPPOSITE ​homogeneous.

Hint 51

Synonyms: assorted, eclectic, miscellaneous, indiscriminate, kitchen-sink, magpie, mixed, motley, patchwork, piebald, promiscuous, raggle-taggle, ragtag, variedAntonyms: homogeneous.

Front 52

heterogeneity

Back 52

[uncountable]heterogeneity (among/​within something)(formal)the state of consisting of many different kinds of people or thingsThere is much heterogeneity among these institutions.➔ OPPOSITE ​homogeneity.

Hint 52

Synonyms: assortment, diverseness, diversity, variety, heterogeneousness, manifoldness, miscellaneousness, multifariousness, multiplicity, variousness

Front 53

reticent

Back 53

(formal) unwilling to tell people about things➔ SYNONYM ​reserved, uncommunicativeShe was shy and reticent. reticent about something He was extremely reticent about his personal life. Noun, reticence.

Hint 53

Synonyms: close, closemouthed, dark, secretive, tight-mouthed, uncommunicativeAntonyms: communicative, open.

Front 54

ridden

Back 54

(usually in compounds) full of a particular unpleasant thinga disease-ridden sluma class-ridden societyShe was guilt-ridden at the way she had treated him. She was ridden with guilt.

anxiety-ridden context.

Hint 54

: harassed, oppressed, or obsessed by — usually used in combination guilt-ridden debt-ridden2 : excessively full of or supplied with — usually used in combination slum-ridden.

Front 55

efficacy

Back 55

[uncountable](formal)the ability of something to produce the results that are wanted➔ SYNONYM ​effectivenessto evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment.

Hint 55

Synonyms: edge, effectiveness, effectualness, efficaciousness, efficacity, efficiency, productivenessAntonyms: ineffectiveness, ineffectuality, ineffectualness, inefficiency

Front 56

dispassionate

Back 56

not influenced by emotion➔ SYNONYM ​impartialtaking a calm, dispassionate view of the situationa dispassionate observer.

Hint 56

Synonyms: candid, disinterested, fair, equal, equitable, evenhanded, impartial, indifferent, just, nonpartisan, objective, square, unbiased, unprejudicedAntonyms: biased, ex parte, inequitable, nonobjective, one-sided, partial, parti pris, partisan, prejudiced, unjust

Front 57

bemoan

Back 57

bemoan something (formal) to complain or say that you are not happy about somethingThey sat bemoaning the fact that no one would give them a chance.

Hint 57

Synonyms: lament, bewail, deplore, grieve (for), mourn, wail (for)Antonyms: delight, exult (in), glory (in), joy, rejoice (in)

Front 58

aide memoire

Back 58

(pl. aides-memoire, aides-memoires BrE /ˌeɪd memˈwɑː(r)/ ; NAmE /ˌeɪd memˈwɑːr/ )a thing, especially a book or document, that helps you to remember something

Hint 58

plural aide–mémoire1 : an aid to the memory; especially : a mnemonic device2 : a written summary or outline of important items of a proposed agreement or diplomatic communication

Front 59

presumptuous

Back 59

too confident, in a way that shows a lack of respect for other peopleWould it be presumptuous of me to ask to borrow your car?Isnʼt it rather presumptuous of you to decide what he needs?It would be presumptuous to assume she will accept the offer.

Hint 59

Synonyms: bold, familiar, forward, free, immodest, overfamiliar, presumingAntonyms: modest, unassuming

Front 60

transcendental

Back 60

going beyond the limits of human knowledge, experience or reason, especially in a religious or spiritual waya transcendental experienceHe said that it was transcendental meditation that brought him inner peace.

Hint 60

Synonyms: metaphysical, otherworldly, paranormal, preternatural, transcendent, supernatural, unearthlyAntonyms: natural

Front 61

quintessential

Back 61

representing the perfect example of somethingHe was the quintessential tough guy.

Hint 61

Synonyms: acme, apotheosis, beau ideal, byword, classic, epitome, exemplar, ideal, perfection

Front 62

drudgery

Back 62

hard boring workdomestic drudgery

Hint 62

synonyms: donkeywork, drudge, 1toil, fatigue, grind, labor, moil, slavery, sweat, travailAntonyms: fun, play

Front 63

conduit

Back 63

1 (specialist) a pipe, channel or tube which liquid, gas or electrical wire can pass through2 (formal) a person, an organization or a country that is used to pass things or information to other people or placesThe organization had acted as a conduit for money from the arms industry.

Hint 63

Synonyms: channel, pipe, duct, leader, line, penstock, trough, tube

Front 64

tandem

Back 64

Idioms in ˈtandem (with somebody/​something)a thing that works or happens in tandem with something else works together with it or happens at the same time as itThe two systems are designed to work in tandem.Stock prices pushed sharply higher this afternoon in tandem with a rise in the dollar.

Hint 64

one behind the other

Front 65

infallible

Back 65

never wrong; never making mistakesinfallible adviceDoctors are not infallible. ➔ OPPOSITE ​fallible2 that never fails; always doing what it is supposed to doan infallible method of memorizing things.

Hint 65

Synonyms: unerring, unfailingAntonyms: fallible.

Front 66

infallibility

Back 66

the fact that somebody/​something is never wrong or never failshis belief in the infallibility of dreams as a guide to the futurepapal infallibility➔ OPPOSITE ​fallibility.

Hint 66

Synonyms: unerring, unfailingAntonyms: fallible.

Front 67

grudge

Back 67

to do or give something unwillingly➔ SYNONYM ​begrudgegrudge doing something I grudge having to pay so much tax. grudge something He grudges the time he spends travelling to work. 2 grudge somebody something to think that somebody does not deserve to have something➔ SYNONYM ​begrudgeYou surely donʼt grudge her her success?

Hint 67

Synonyms: down [chiefly British], grievance, resentment, scoreAntonyms: amity.

Front 68

grudgingly

Back 68

in a way that is given or done unwillingly➔ SYNONYM ​reluctantlyShe grudgingly admitted that I was right.

Hint 68

: said, done, or given in an unwilling or doubtful way

Front 69

whine

Back 69

[intransitive, transitive] (+ speech) | whine that… to complain in an annoying, crying voiceStop whining! ‘I want to go home,ʼ whined Tob

Hint 69

chiefly British], moan, murmur, mutter, nag, repine, scream, squawk, squeal, wail, whimper, complain, whinge [British], yammer, yawp (or yaup), yowlAntonyms: crow, delight, rejoice.

Front 70

typecast

Back 70

usually passive] typecast somebody (as something) if an actor is typecast, he or she is always given the same kind of character to playShe didnʼt want to be typecast as a dumb blonde.

Hint 70

transitive verb1 : to cast (an actor or actress) in a part calling for the same characteristics as those possessed by the performer2 : to cast (an actor or actress) repeatedly in the same type of role3 : stereotype

Front 71

impeccable

Back 71

without mistakes or faults➔ SYNONYM ​perfectimpeccable manners/​tasteHer written English is impeccable. He was dressed in a suit and an impeccable white shirt.

Hint 71

Synonyms: absolute, faultless, flawless, ideal, immaculate, perfect, indefectible, irreproachable, letter-perfect, picture-book, picture-perfect, seamless, unblemishedAntonyms: amiss, bad, censurable, defective, faulty, flawed, imperfect, reproachable.

Front 72

immaculate

Back 72

1 extremely clean and tidy➔ SYNONYM ​spotlessShe always looks immaculate. an immaculate uniform/​roomThe property is in immaculate condition.The suit he was wearing was immaculate.Though old, the books were in immaculate condition.2 containing no mistakes➔ SYNONYM ​perfectan immaculate performanceThe incident ruined an otherwise immaculate safety record.His sense of timing was immaculate.

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Synonyms: clean, decent, G-rated, chaste, modest, pure, vestal, virgin, virginalAntonyms: coarse, dirty, filthy, immodest, impure, indecent, obscene, smutty, unchaste, unclean, vulgar

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winsome

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of people or their manner) pleasant and attractive➔ SYNONYM ​engaginga winsome smile.

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[British dialect], cheery, chipper, eupeptic, gay, gladsome, lightsome, sunny, upbeat, cheerfulAntonyms: dour, gloomy, glum, morose, saturnine, sulky, sullen.

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streetwise

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(North American English also ˈstreet-smart)(informal)having the knowledge and experience that is needed to deal with the difficulties and dangers of life in a big cityKids seem much more streetwise these days.

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: having the knowledge needed to survive in difficult and dangerous places or situations in a city.

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pervasive

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existing in all parts of a place or thing; spreading gradually to affect all parts of a place or thinga pervasive smell of dampHer influence is all-pervasive (= it affects everyone and everything).A sense of social change is pervasive in her novels. the increasingly pervasive subculture in modern society.

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: existing in every part of something : spreading to all parts of something.

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drabness

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a lack of interest or colour; the quality of being dull and boringthe grey drabness of postwar life.

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no interest

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squabble

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a noisy argument about something that is not very importantfamily squabbles

The party is split by internal squabbles.

squabble (with somebody) (about/​over something) There were endless squabbles over who should sit where.

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British], battle royal, bicker, brawl, contretemps, controversy, cross fire, disagreement, dispute, donnybrook, falling-out, fight, hassle, imbroglio, kickup, misunderstanding, quarrel, rhubarb, row, scrap, set-to, spat, argument, tiff, wrangle.

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repudiate

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repudiate something to refuse to accept something➔SYNONYM ​reject

to repudiate a suggestion

Socialism had been repudiated at the polls.

Borrowers have begun repudiating their debt obligations.

The buyer is entitled to repudiate the contract within a reasonable period of time.

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Synonyms: contradict, disaffirm, disallow, disavow, disclaim, disconfirm, disown, gainsay, negate, negative, refute, reject, denyAntonyms: acknowledge, admit, allow, avow, concede, confirm, own.

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ghastly

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(of an event) very frightening and unpleasant, because it involves pain, death, etc.➔ SYNONYM ​horriblea ghastly crime/​murderShe woke up in the middle of a ghastly nightmare.

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Synonyms: appalling, atrocious, awful, dreadful, frightful, horrible, grisly, gruesome (also grewsome), hideous, horrendous, horrid, horrific, horrifying, lurid, macabre, monstrous, nightmare, nightmarish, shocking, terrible, terrificAntonyms: light, moderate, soft.

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toil

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[intransitive] to work very hard and/​or for a long time, usually doing hard physical work.➔ SYNONYM ​slaveHundreds of men toiled for years at building the pyramid.She toils tirelessly for various charities.2 [intransitive] + adv./​prep. to move slowly and with difficulty➔ SYNONYM ​slogThey toiled up the hill in the blazing sun.

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Synonyms: bang away, beaver (away), dig (away), drudge, endeavor, fag, grub, hump, hustle, moil, peg (away), plod, plow, plug, slave, slog, strain, strive, struggle, sweat, labor, travail, tug, work.

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opaque

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(of glass, liquid, etc.) not clear enough to see through or allow light through2 (of speech or writing) difficult to understand; not clear.

Examples,the opaque water of the muddy riversomehow listeners seem to connect with the songwriter, despite his deeply personal, often opaque lyrics.

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Synonyms: ambiguous, arcane, cryptic, dark, deep, Delphic, double-edged, elliptical (or elliptic), enigmatic (also enigmatical), equivocal, fuliginous, inscrutable, murky, mysterious, mystic, nebulous, occult, obscureAntonyms: accessible, clear, nonambiguous, obvious, plain, unambiguous, unequivocal.

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cryptic

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with a meaning that is hidden or not easily understood.

ExamplesHis instructions were cryptic. He said only to wait until we felt certain the answer was clear.puzzled by the cryptic e-mail message left on his computer.

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Synonyms: arcane, mysterious, deep, enigmatic (also enigmatical), impenetrable, inscrutable, mystic, occult, uncannyAntonyms: accessible, clear, nonambiguous, obvious, plain, unambiguous, unequivocal.

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stale

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1 (of food, especially bread and cake) no longer fresh and therefore unpleasant to eat. 2 (of air, smoke, etc.) no longer fresh; smelling unpleasant. 3 something that is stale has been said or done too many times before and is no longer interesting or exciting. 4 a person who is stale has done the same thing for too long and so is unable to do it well or produce any new ideas.▼ Extra examples The atmosphere was stale with cigarette smoke.The room smelled musty and stale.This breadʼs going stale.Of course Iʼve heard. Thatʼs stale news.The room smelt of stale sweat.The routine of married life had gone stale on them.

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Synonyms: banal, cliché (also cliche), clichéd, cobwebby, commonplace, hack, hackney, hackneyed, moth-eaten, musty, obligatory, shopworn, stereotyped, threadbare, timeworn, tired, trite, well-wornAntonyms: fresh, new, novel, original, unclichéd, unhackneyed.

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trajectory

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(pl. tra·jec·tories)(specialist)the curved path of something that has been fired, hit or thrown into the air.1 : the curve that a body (such as a planet or comet in its orbit or a rocket) describes in space2 : a path, progression, or line of development resembling a physical trajectory an upward career trajectoryExamples,the trajectory of the missile.

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path

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compliance

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[uncountable] compliance (with something) the practice of obeying rules or requests made by people in authority.

compliant, adj

1 (usually disapproving) too willing to agree with other people or to obey rules.2 in agreement with a set of rules.

to comply (v)

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to obey

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praxis

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the process of using a theory or something that you have learned in a practical way:She is interested in both the theory and praxis of criminology.

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practical way

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vegan

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noun [C] a person who does not eat or use any animal products, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, or leather:Vegans get all the protein they need from nuts, seeds, and cereals.

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B1 a person who does not eat meat for health or religious reasons or because they want to avoid being cruel to animals:Of the four million people who have become vegetarians in Britain, nearly two thirds are women.

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allusion

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/əˈluː.ʒən/ noun [C]something that is said or written that is intended to make you think of a particular thing or person:The film is full of allusions to Hitchcock.Her novels are packed with literary allusions.

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Figurative use of language.

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sundry

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adjective [before noun] FORMALseveral different; various:Sundry distant relatives, most of whom I hardly recognized, turned up for my brother's wedding.

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different

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springboard

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1 a strong board that you jump on and use to help you jump high in diving and gymnastics2 springboard (for/​to something) something that helps you start an activity, especially by giving you ideas.

Examples,The news served as a springboard for a class discussion

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start

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parody

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/ˈpær.ə.di/ US /ˈper‑/ noun [C or U] writing, music, art, speech, etc. that intentionally copies the style of someone famous or copies a particular situation, making the features or qualities of the original more noticeable in a way that is humorous:He was an 18th‑century author who wrote parodies of other people's works.There is a hint of self‑parody in his later paintings.→ Compare travesty★ SMART thesaurusTypes of film, play, book etc.Mocking and taunting[C] DISAPPROVING something that so obviously fails to achieve the effect that was intended that it is stupid:"It was a parody of a trial," said one observer.★ SMART thesaurus, Failures.

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travesty: /ˈtræv.ə.sti/ noun [C] FORMAL something that fails to represent the values and qualities that it is intended to represent, in a way that is shocking or offensive:Their production of 'Macbeth' was quite the worst I've ever seen ‑ it was a travesty.Langdale described the court ruling as a travesty of justice.

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misadventure

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noun [C] LITERARYan accident or bad luck.★ SMART thesaurus Good luck and bad luck.Accidents and disasters.See also:Difficult situations and unpleasant experiences Failuresdeath by misadventure UK LEGALthe official expression used in court for a death that happens by accident:The coroner recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.

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difficult. situation.

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animated

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adjective ENERGETICC2 full of interest and energy:There was an extremely animated discussion on the subject.They must have been having an interesting conversation ‑ they both looked very animated.★ SMART thesaurusExcited, interested and adjective ENERGETIC C2 full of interest and energy:There was an extremely animated discussion on the subject.They must have been having an interesting conversation ‑ they both looked very animated.★ SMART thesaurus Excited, interested and enthusiastic

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enthusiastic

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camaraderie

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/ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dər.i/ US /‑dɚ‑/

noun [S or U]a feeling of friendliness towards people that you work or share an experience with:When you've been climbing alone for hours, there's a tremendous sense of camaraderie when you meet another climber.★ SMART thesaurus Friendly

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friendly

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invasive

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/ɪnˈveɪ.sɪv/ adjective moving into all areas of something and difficult to stop:an invasive diseaseThey treated the cancer with non‑invasive methods/surgery (= not cutting into the body).★ SMART thesaurusAttacking and invading

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invading

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amiable

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/ˈeɪ.mi.ə.bl̩/ adjective pleasant and friendly:He seemed an amiable young man.So amiable was the mood of the meeting that a decision was soon reached.amiably UK US /‑bli/ adverb They were chatting quite amiably on the phone last night so I assumed everything was okay.amiability UK US /ˌeɪ.mi.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ US /‑ə.t̬i/ noun [U] I hate all that false amiability that goes on at parties.

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friendly

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amicable

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/ˈæm.ɪ.kə.bl̩/ adjective relating to behaviour between people that is pleasant and friendly, often despite a difficult situation:His manner was perfectly amicable but I felt uncomfortable.★ SMART thesaurus, Friendly.relating to an agreement or decision that is achieved without people arguing or being unpleasant:Few people have amicable divorces.Eventually we reached an amicable settlement.amicably UK US /‑bli/ adverb I hope we can settle this amicably.

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friendly

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collaborative

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/kəˈlæb.ər.ə.tɪv/ US /‑ɚ.ə.t̬ɪv/ adjective [before noun]involving two or more people working together for a special purpose:The presentation was a collaborative effort by all the children in the class.★ SMART thesaurusActing, being or existing together.

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work together

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crutch

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[usually plural] a stick with a piece that fits under the arm, that you lean on for support if you have difficulty in walking because of a foot or leg injury:Martin broke his leg and has been on crutches for the past six weeks.★ SMART thesaurusMedical dressings, supports and devices.[S] OFTEN DISAPPROVING something that provides help and support and that you depend on, often too much:As an atheist, he believes that religion is just an emotional crutch for the insecure.★ SMART thesaurusHelping and co‑operating[C] → crotch★ SMART thesaurus The human torsoParts of clothes

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stick

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soothe

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verb [T] ANGER Verb Endings for soothe to make someone feel calm or less worried:to soothe a crying baby★ SMART thesaurusCalming and relaxing.

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anger