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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functional segments of the spinal cord?
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C1-C5
C6-T2 (cervical intumescence) T3-L3 L4-S3 (lumbar intumescence) |
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What are the spinal nerves associated with the segments of the lumber intumescece?
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L3-L6 (femoral)
L7-S1 (sciatic) S1-S3 (pudendal) |
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White matter is composed of what?
Grey matter contains what? |
White matter is myelin wrapped ascending and descending axons.
Grey matter is composed of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. |
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The motor unit consists of?
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lower motor neuron
neuromuscular junction muscle fibers muscle spindle sensory nerves |
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If an animal is not having a reflex what has occured?
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One part of the motor unit has malfuncitoned/severed.
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Disturbences in these two brain centers lead to severe ataxia in the gait.
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Cerebellum and Vestibular System
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What are the two qualities we evaluate in gait analysis?
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Ataxia and Weakness (paresis)
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There are three clinically identifiable forms of ataxia:
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Vestibular
Cerebellar Proprioceptive (injury to the spinal cord) |
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What has to be intact for ataxia to be observed?
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The lower motor neuron
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Proprioceptive is a sign of damage to what? What are the three qualities associated with proprioceptive ataxia?
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There is damage to an UMN
Legs will Cross over Hypermetria Drunk gait |
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Myelinated axons are most susceptible to what force? What area of the spinal cord is most affected?
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Compression, which will affect the white matter the most.
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The signs of paresis are what?
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hypometria (short steps)
dragging the limbs falling down |
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Weakness can be associated with damage to which UMN or LMN?
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Paresis can be associated with damage to either UMN or LMN
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How is concious proprioception tested? In what part of the brain is this sensory information integrated?
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It is tested by placing the paw upside down.
It is integrated in the cerebrum. |
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How is unconcious proprioception tested? In what part of the brain is this sensory information integrated?
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Tested by shifting the animals weight away from its center of gravity (hoping and hemiwalking). The input is integrated in the cerebellum.
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Postural reaction deficits are indications of UMN or LMN disease?
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It could be either. Postural reactions are used to determine if the abnormal gait is due to lameness or neurologic disease, not UMN vs LMN.
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Reflexes are used to assess what?
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They evaluate the motor unit. If the neurologic lesions is UMN or LMN.
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Depressed reflexes are a sign of what?
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Depressed reflexes are a sign of LMN (alpha motor neuron) injury.
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Exaggerated reflexes are a sign of what?
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Exaggerated reflexes are a sign of UMN injury.
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The panniculus response is what?
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It is an assessment of the sensory reflex of nerves from T2-L4. The cutaneous trunci cut off for the reflex marks the level of injury.
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Complete loss of the panniculus response on one side (cutaneous trunci) indicates what lesion?
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It is a lesion at the T1-2 segments where all of the cutaneous trunci nerves synapse.
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Biceps reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Musculocutaneous
C6-C8 |
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Triceps reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Radial C7-T1
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Withdrawal reflex of the front leg tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Musculocutaneous, Radial, Axillary, Median, Ulnar
C6-T2 |
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Extensor carpi radialis reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Radial C7-T1
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Patellar reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Femoral L-4-L5
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Cranial Tibial reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Peroneal branch of sciatic
L6-S1 |
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Gastrocnemius reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Tibial branch of sciatic
L6-S1 |
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Sciatic notch reflex tests what nerve and spinal cord segment?
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Sciatic L6-S1
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What is the difference between a bladder that is affected by LMN injury and a UMN injury?
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LMN bladder lacks tone and is very easy to express
UMN bladder has excess tone and is difficult to express |
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Damage to T1-T2 nerve segments results in what two clinical syndromes?
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Ipsilateral Horners syndrome (loss of sympathetic innervation to the face)
Loss of panniculus response (lateral thoracic nerve damaged |
