Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
__ lesions are indicative of the disease process.
|
Primary lesions
|
|
Lesions that indicate chronicity include __.
|
Lichenification (callous)
Hyperpigmentation Hyperkeratosis |
|
An epidermal collarette is a useful secondary lesion because it tells you that a __ primary lesion was present.
|
Pustule (think infection)
|
|
Your diagnostic plan should be based on your __.
|
Differentials
|
|
Always make sure you address the __.
|
Primary complaint
|
|
Skin issues associated with Cushing's
|
• Epidermal atrophy
• Hyperpigmentation • Dermal atrophy • Calcinosus cutis • Follicular/adnexa atrophy |
|
4 patterns of inflammatory disorders of dermis
|
• 1—Perivascular dermatitis
• 2—Vasculitis • 3—Interface dermatitis • 4—Nodule and diffuse dermatitis |
|
Inferface dermatitis obscures the __.
|
Dermo-epidermal junction
|
|
Bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis are __ in dogs, __ in cats.
|
Common; rare
|
|
__ is the main pathogen in dogs and often produces __ that confers resistance to select antibiotics.
|
S. pseudintermedius
B-lactamase |
|
The major 3 differentials for PATCHY alopecia in dogs are __.
|
Pyoderma
Demodex Dermatophyte |
|
Bacterial folliculitis (superficial pyoderma) causing multi-focal areas of alopecia are often misdiagnosed as __ in dogs.
|
Dermatophyte
|
|
Pyoderma is a __ after ruling out your major differentials – even if you don’t find bacteria.
|
Clinical diagnosis
|
|
• Pruritis associated with Pyoderma should NOT be managed with __.
|
Steroids
|
|
• Always look for __ in cases of recurrent pyoderma.
|
an underlying cause
|
|
• Most superficial pyodermas need __ weeks of therapy, __week(s) past clinical remission. Deep pyodermas take __ weeks minimum, __ weeks past clinical remission.
|
3-4 weeks of therapy, 1 week past clinical remission.
6-12 weeks (4-6 weeks minimum), 2 weeks past clinical remission. |
|
• __, __, __, __, and __ are frequent causes of pyodermas failing to respond to treatment.
|
o Resistance, inappropriate dose, wrong drug, wrong diagnosis, poor compliance, and too short of course
|
|
• __, __, __, __, and __ are frequent causes of recurrence of infection.
|
Resistance, inappropriate dose, too short duration of txt, wrong diagnosis, idiopathic, not finding underlying cause, giving steroids
|
|
• Reasons to culture an infection include __.
|
• DEEP PYODERMAS—always
• Cytology shows mixed infection • Poor response to empirical therapy • Recurrent infections—don’t change Abs w/o C/S!! • Immunosuppression • Previous MRSP |
|
• Which antibiotic should only be used based on culture and susceptibility results?
|
• 2nd and 3rd line ABs
• Tetracyclines • Fluroquinolones • First generation cephalosporins • Clavamox • Chloramphenicol • Rifampin • Amikacin • 3rd generation cephalosporins |
|
• Under what circumstances should a fluoroquinolone antibiotic be used to treat staphylococcal infections?
|
If C/S say it’s the best or only drug that will work – last resort or mixed infection (Staph/Pseudomonas).
|
|
• Which antibiotics should NOT be used empirically to treat pyoderma?
|
• Penicillin
• Ampicillin • Amoxicillin • Tetracyclines • Fluoroquinolones |
|
• Demodex mites are transmitted from __ to __ in the first 3 days of life.
|
mother to puppy/kitten
|
|
• Demodicosis __ a contagious disease.
|
is NOT
|
|
• Localized demodicosis primarily occurs in __ age dogs
|
dogs < 1 year
|
|
• Dogs with juvenile onset generalized demodicosis most likely have __ as part of the pathogenesis of the disease. Dogs or cats with adult onset generalized demodicosis most likely have __ as part of the pathogenesis of the disease.
|
genetic disease
an underlying systemic disease (IMMUNOSUPPRESSION). |
|
• Prognosis for generalized demodicosis is always __ for cure.
|
poor
|
|
• The most serious complication with generalized demodicosis is __.
|
Sepsis leading to death
|
|
• Diagnosis of generalized demodicosis is by __.
|
deep skin scrape.
Skin scrapings • Multiple—3 scrapes/ lesion • #10 blade, Mineral oil, Slides and cover slip, Microscope o Use 10x objective and LOWER the condenser • DEEP scraping—WANT BLOOD on blade b/c live in follicle o Superficial scrape for superficial mites, like scabies! • Squeeze to extrude mites and then scrape o Dull blade first o Don’t squeeze during scrape • Hair plucks • 50% sensitivity so not that good • Eyes and feet • Histo/Bx—show folliculitis, furunculosis, +/- mites • Shar pei, old English sheepdogs, Scottish terriers may need bx to dx demodex b/c of mucin |
|
• The only approved treatment for demodicosis is __.
|
mitaban dips once weekly (off label).
|
|
o Side effects of ivermectin include:
|
• Neurotoxicity, mydriasis (earliest sign!), anorexia, ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma, death
|
|
o Side effects of mitaban include:
|
• Sedation, disorientation, bradycardia, ataxia, hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), hypothermia, vomiting/diarrhea, pruritis *Don’t use with sedation!*
|
|
o Side effects of milbemycin include:
|
• Neuro side effects—tremors, ataxia
• A little safer than ivermectin, especially with collies |
|
o Rule of thumb for duration of demodex txt is
|
1 month past 2 negative scrapings that are 1 month apart (so min. of 12 weeks) – minimum = 3 months!
|
|
o The clinical sign most commonly associated w/ D. gatoi in cats is __.
|
pruritis
|
|
o Best txt for D. gatoi in cats is __.
|
lime sulfur dips weekly for 6 weeks minimum and txt all cats in household.
|
|
o Dermatophytosis is __ in the dog. It is __ in the cat.
|
Rare
Common |
|
o The most common clinical presentation of dermatophyte in dog is
|
kerions (dermatophyte furunculosis).
|
|
__are a common source of dermatophyte infections in dogs.
|
Cats
|
|
o Classic dermatophyte lesions in dogs are probably __.
|
pyoderma! staph lesions (expanding circular lesions w/ patchy alopecia and erythema w/ central healing(. However, dermatophyte is overdiagnosed in dogs! Look for pyoderma and demodex!
|
|
__ immunity is most important.
|
Cell-mediated
|
|
• Treatment of Dermatophytosis should be continued until __ (usually a minimum of __ weeks).
|
• Txt of dermatophytosis should be continued until 2-3 negative fungal cultures 1-2 weeks apart, usually a minimum of 8 weeks
|
|
• Cats usually require __ treatment for Dermatophytosis
|
systemic AND topical
|
|
o Spot txt of dermatophyte lesions should not contain
|
steroids
|
|
• __ topical treatments are preferred to spot treating lesions.
|
full body topical treatments
|
|
• Systemic therapy is indicated with __.
|
cats, immunosuppressed, and multiple lesions – multi-focal to generalized lesions.
|
|
• A major source of reinfection is __.
|
the environment
|
|
• Only __ will fluoresce with woods lamp, but not all will fluoresce.
|
M. canis
|
|
• __ spores are found on infected hairs.
|
o Ectothrix arthrospores
|
|
• Dermatophyte __ are only found in culture, not on pet.
|
macroconidia
|
|
• The best way to culture an asymptomatic cat is __.
|
sterile toothbrush technique and vigourously brush all of cat, even whiskers.
|
|
• Media color change with dermatophyte is __. Definitive? __
|
Red. No.
|
|
• A pigmented colony __ dermatophyte.
|
NOT
|
|
• Definitive diagnosis requires identification of __ on culture plates with microscopic examination.
|
macroconidia
|
|
• Dermatophyte macroconidia with __ segments are likely M. canis while ones with __ segments are likely M. gypseum.
|
o Dermatophyte macroconidia with > 7 segments is likely M. canis while ones with <7 segments are likely M. gypseum.
|
|
o Disorders of hair growth typically affect __ phase of hair cycle.
|
anagen
|
|
o Hair cycle abnormalities typically are associated w/ hairs remaining in __ phase of hair cycle.
|
Telogen
|
|
o Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia sparing head and feet—think
|
non-inflammatory causes.
|
|
__ does not always have classic endocrine alopecia, but has alopecia on __
|
Hypothyroidism
tail and areas of wear and where clipped and bridge of nose. |
|
o Dermatoses with a non-inflammatory pattern of alopecia such as alopecia X, pattern alopecia, cyclic flank alopecia, and post-clipping alopecia cannot be definitively diagnosed without first ruling out __ and __.
|
hypothyroidism and Cushings.
|
|
__, __, and __ are seen with hyperestrogenism, while __, __, __, and __ are seen with hyperandrogenism.
|
o Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, linear preputial dermatosis, and macular melanosis
hyperplasia of circum-anal glands and tail glands, seborrhea oleosa, and rarely alopecia |
|
o Color dilution alopecia is diagnosed by
|
clinical signs then trichogram (microscopic exam), then histo path showing abnormal melanin clumping in hair shaft and periadnexally, and color restricted hair loss.
|
|
o Pattern alopecia is typically seen in __ breeds.
|
dachshunds, greyhounds, Portuguese water dogs and boston
|
|
__is a useful treatment for many of these non-inflammatory alopecias.
|
Melatonin
|
|
o Focal or patchy alopecia are more likely due to __ alopecias such as __ than non-inflammatory causes of alopecia.
|
demodex, dermatophyte, and pyoderma
|
|
Everything to know about post-clipping alopecia
|
• Failure to regrow hair post-clipping
• 2 scenarios: o 1—Plush coated breeds like huskies and malamutes o 2—Areas that were prepped for sx and epidurals • Hair normally grows back w/n 1 year • Theories: o Anagen/telogen arrest from epidural or scrubbing o Hair at wrong point in cycle—in normal telogen phase b/w losing and growing new haircoat • Bx: may show all hairs in telogen, or hairs in agagen and know hair coat is about to grow back • Dx: rule out endocrinopathies!! • Txt: Time and melatonin |
|
Everything to know about Cyclic flank alopecia
|
• Seasonal truncal alopecia
o Periods of SHORT daylight • Doesn’t always happen every year • Resolves w/n several months but can be prolonged or permanent • Hairloss occurs in winter or spring • Signs: o Symmetrical hairloss on flanks o Skin becomes hyperpigmented o Mainly in neutered animals • Dx: rule out endocrinopathies o Bx: deformed follicles—witches foot • Weird telogen follicles • Follicular keratosis • Melanized sebaceous glands and ducts • Txt: melatonin |
|
Everything to know about telogen defluxion
|
illness causes abrupt cessation of anagen and synchronizes hair follicles into telogen stage
• 1-3 months later get massive shed!! b/c lose large number of telogen hairs at once! • See in small animals • Ask about history of stressful event 1-3 months before |
|
o The major cause of skin disease in dogs and cats is due to
|
flea allergy dermatitis.
|
|
__life cycle stage of flea can survive freezing.
|
No
|
|
o Adult fleas live __
|
on the host ALWAYS.
|
|
o Flea allergy is associated with __
|
type I and IV hypersensitivity, usually both! Cutaneous basophil
|
|
o What 3 factors favor development of flea allergy?
|
• Atopic
• Intermittent exposure • Exposed later in life |
|
o Flea allergy usually causes pruritis of
|
caudal dorsal back, ventral abdomen, caudal and inner thighs in dogs.
|
|
o The most common lesions associated w/ flea allergy in the cat is
|
miliary dermatitis and pruritis.
|
|
o Dx of flea allergy is based on __
|
response to strict flea control for 4-6 weeks.
|
|
o Aggressive flea control consists of __
|
On-animal adulticides, insect growth regulators, insect development inhibitors; goals: prevent egg laying and prevent continued exposure to adult flea saliva! Kill fleas prior to repeated feedings!
• Ex. Topical products q 3 weeks + EOD Capstar for 1 mo OR Comfortis +/- Sentinel or Program • Dogs • Topical product every 3 weeks o There is natural decay curve at end of 30 day period for all products so decreases efficacy at end of month • Capstar every other day for 30 days - OR- • Comfortis monthly • Cats • Revolution every 2 weeks for 3 treatments, then once a month • Advantage every 2-3 weeks • Capstar EOD or every 3 days |
|
o Managing pruritis in flea allergic animal consists of
|
treating secondary infection, steroids, maybe antihistamines (cat more than dog), keep pet and other animals on flea control!
|
|
o Environmental flea txt should be considered when have __
|
Flea infestation (especially with FAD patient); when there are environmental “point sources”
• Have allergic animal and there are shady, cool areas where pet likes to hang out or have wildlife sources around. |
|
o The most pruritic dermatosis in the dog is
|
scabies
|
|
o Dogs with scabies are usually pruritic on
|
ear margins, lateral hock, and elbows.
|
|
o Diagnosis of scabies includes
|
history, physical exam, pinnal-pedal reflex, intense pruritis, visualizing mites from superficial skin scrape, or response to treatment!
|
|
o Cats with Notoedres are usually pruritic on
|
on head, ears, and neck region.
|
|
o Clinical signs associated with Cheyletiellosis include moderate
|
pruritis, seborrhea, more severe in puppies and cats get same signs plus miliary dermatitis and symmetrical self-induced alopecia.
|
|
o Treatment of pruritic mites includes __
|
miticides (Selamectin, imidacloprid/moxidectin, milbemycin, amitrax, lime sulfer, fipronil spray), treating all animals in household, and occasional environmental treatment.
|