• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/85

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
__ lesions are indicative of the disease process.
Primary lesions
Lesions that indicate chronicity include __.
Lichenification (callous)
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperkeratosis
An epidermal collarette is a useful secondary lesion because it tells you that a __ primary lesion was present.
Pustule (think infection)
Your diagnostic plan should be based on your __.
Differentials
Always make sure you address the __.
Primary complaint
Skin issues associated with Cushing's
• Epidermal atrophy
• Hyperpigmentation
• Dermal atrophy
• Calcinosus cutis
• Follicular/adnexa atrophy
4 patterns of inflammatory disorders of dermis
• 1—Perivascular dermatitis
• 2—Vasculitis
• 3—Interface dermatitis
• 4—Nodule and diffuse dermatitis
Inferface dermatitis obscures the __.
Dermo-epidermal junction
Bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis are __ in dogs, __ in cats.
Common; rare
__ is the main pathogen in dogs and often produces __ that confers resistance to select antibiotics.
S. pseudintermedius
B-lactamase
The major 3 differentials for PATCHY alopecia in dogs are __.
Pyoderma
Demodex
Dermatophyte
Bacterial folliculitis (superficial pyoderma) causing multi-focal areas of alopecia are often misdiagnosed as __ in dogs.
Dermatophyte
Pyoderma is a __ after ruling out your major differentials – even if you don’t find bacteria.
Clinical diagnosis
• Pruritis associated with Pyoderma should NOT be managed with __.
Steroids
• Always look for __ in cases of recurrent pyoderma.
an underlying cause
• Most superficial pyodermas need __ weeks of therapy, __week(s) past clinical remission. Deep pyodermas take __ weeks minimum, __ weeks past clinical remission.
3-4 weeks of therapy, 1 week past clinical remission.

6-12 weeks (4-6 weeks minimum), 2 weeks past clinical remission.
• __, __, __, __, and __ are frequent causes of pyodermas failing to respond to treatment.
o Resistance, inappropriate dose, wrong drug, wrong diagnosis, poor compliance, and too short of course
• __, __, __, __, and __ are frequent causes of recurrence of infection.
Resistance, inappropriate dose, too short duration of txt, wrong diagnosis, idiopathic, not finding underlying cause, giving steroids
• Reasons to culture an infection include __.
• DEEP PYODERMAS—always
• Cytology shows mixed infection
• Poor response to empirical therapy
• Recurrent infections—don’t change Abs w/o C/S!!
• Immunosuppression
• Previous MRSP
• Which antibiotic should only be used based on culture and susceptibility results?
• 2nd and 3rd line ABs
• Tetracyclines
• Fluroquinolones
• First generation cephalosporins
• Clavamox
• Chloramphenicol
• Rifampin
• Amikacin
• 3rd generation cephalosporins
• Under what circumstances should a fluoroquinolone antibiotic be used to treat staphylococcal infections?
If C/S say it’s the best or only drug that will work – last resort or mixed infection (Staph/Pseudomonas).
• Which antibiotics should NOT be used empirically to treat pyoderma?
• Penicillin
• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin
• Tetracyclines
• Fluoroquinolones
• Demodex mites are transmitted from __ to __ in the first 3 days of life.
mother to puppy/kitten
• Demodicosis __ a contagious disease.
is NOT
• Localized demodicosis primarily occurs in __ age dogs
dogs < 1 year
• Dogs with juvenile onset generalized demodicosis most likely have __ as part of the pathogenesis of the disease. Dogs or cats with adult onset generalized demodicosis most likely have __ as part of the pathogenesis of the disease.
genetic disease

an underlying systemic disease (IMMUNOSUPPRESSION).
• Prognosis for generalized demodicosis is always __ for cure.
poor
• The most serious complication with generalized demodicosis is __.
Sepsis leading to death
• Diagnosis of generalized demodicosis is by __.
deep skin scrape.

Skin scrapings
• Multiple—3 scrapes/ lesion
• #10 blade, Mineral oil, Slides and cover slip, Microscope
o Use 10x objective and LOWER the condenser
• DEEP scraping—WANT BLOOD on blade b/c live in follicle
o Superficial scrape for superficial mites, like scabies!
• Squeeze to extrude mites and then scrape
o Dull blade first
o Don’t squeeze during scrape
• Hair plucks
• 50% sensitivity so not that good
• Eyes and feet
• Histo/Bx—show folliculitis, furunculosis, +/- mites
• Shar pei, old English sheepdogs, Scottish terriers may need bx to dx demodex b/c of mucin
• The only approved treatment for demodicosis is __.
mitaban dips once weekly (off label).
o Side effects of ivermectin include:
• Neurotoxicity, mydriasis (earliest sign!), anorexia, ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma, death
o Side effects of mitaban include:
• Sedation, disorientation, bradycardia, ataxia, hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), hypothermia, vomiting/diarrhea, pruritis *Don’t use with sedation!*
o Side effects of milbemycin include:
• Neuro side effects—tremors, ataxia
• A little safer than ivermectin, especially with collies
o Rule of thumb for duration of demodex txt is
1 month past 2 negative scrapings that are 1 month apart (so min. of 12 weeks) – minimum = 3 months!
o The clinical sign most commonly associated w/ D. gatoi in cats is __.
pruritis
o Best txt for D. gatoi in cats is __.
lime sulfur dips weekly for 6 weeks minimum and txt all cats in household.
o Dermatophytosis is __ in the dog. It is __ in the cat.
Rare
Common
o The most common clinical presentation of dermatophyte in dog is
kerions (dermatophyte furunculosis).
__are a common source of dermatophyte infections in dogs.
Cats
o Classic dermatophyte lesions in dogs are probably __.
pyoderma! staph lesions (expanding circular lesions w/ patchy alopecia and erythema w/ central healing(. However, dermatophyte is overdiagnosed in dogs! Look for pyoderma and demodex!
__ immunity is most important.
Cell-mediated
• Treatment of Dermatophytosis should be continued until __ (usually a minimum of __ weeks).
• Txt of dermatophytosis should be continued until 2-3 negative fungal cultures 1-2 weeks apart, usually a minimum of 8 weeks
• Cats usually require __ treatment for Dermatophytosis
systemic AND topical
o Spot txt of dermatophyte lesions should not contain
steroids
• __ topical treatments are preferred to spot treating lesions.
full body topical treatments
• Systemic therapy is indicated with __.
cats, immunosuppressed, and multiple lesions – multi-focal to generalized lesions.
• A major source of reinfection is __.
the environment
• Only __ will fluoresce with woods lamp, but not all will fluoresce.
M. canis
• __ spores are found on infected hairs.
o Ectothrix arthrospores
• Dermatophyte __ are only found in culture, not on pet.
macroconidia
• The best way to culture an asymptomatic cat is __.
sterile toothbrush technique and vigourously brush all of cat, even whiskers.
• Media color change with dermatophyte is __. Definitive? __
Red. No.
• A pigmented colony __ dermatophyte.
NOT
• Definitive diagnosis requires identification of __ on culture plates with microscopic examination.
macroconidia
• Dermatophyte macroconidia with __ segments are likely M. canis while ones with __ segments are likely M. gypseum.
o Dermatophyte macroconidia with > 7 segments is likely M. canis while ones with <7 segments are likely M. gypseum.
o Disorders of hair growth typically affect __ phase of hair cycle.
anagen
o Hair cycle abnormalities typically are associated w/ hairs remaining in __ phase of hair cycle.
Telogen
o Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia sparing head and feet—think
non-inflammatory causes.
__ does not always have classic endocrine alopecia, but has alopecia on __
Hypothyroidism

tail and areas of wear and where clipped and bridge of nose.
o Dermatoses with a non-inflammatory pattern of alopecia such as alopecia X, pattern alopecia, cyclic flank alopecia, and post-clipping alopecia cannot be definitively diagnosed without first ruling out __ and __.
hypothyroidism and Cushings.
__, __, and __ are seen with hyperestrogenism, while __, __, __, and __ are seen with hyperandrogenism.
o Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, linear preputial dermatosis, and macular melanosis

hyperplasia of circum-anal glands and tail glands, seborrhea oleosa, and rarely alopecia
o Color dilution alopecia is diagnosed by
clinical signs then trichogram (microscopic exam), then histo path showing abnormal melanin clumping in hair shaft and periadnexally, and color restricted hair loss.
o Pattern alopecia is typically seen in __ breeds.
dachshunds, greyhounds, Portuguese water dogs and boston
__is a useful treatment for many of these non-inflammatory alopecias.
Melatonin
o Focal or patchy alopecia are more likely due to __ alopecias such as __ than non-inflammatory causes of alopecia.
demodex, dermatophyte, and pyoderma
Everything to know about post-clipping alopecia
• Failure to regrow hair post-clipping
• 2 scenarios:
o 1—Plush coated breeds like huskies and malamutes
o 2—Areas that were prepped for sx and epidurals
• Hair normally grows back w/n 1 year
• Theories:
o Anagen/telogen arrest from epidural or scrubbing
o Hair at wrong point in cycle—in normal telogen phase b/w losing and growing new haircoat
• Bx: may show all hairs in telogen, or hairs in agagen and know hair coat is about to grow back
• Dx: rule out endocrinopathies!!
• Txt: Time and melatonin
Everything to know about Cyclic flank alopecia
• Seasonal truncal alopecia
o Periods of SHORT daylight
• Doesn’t always happen every year
• Resolves w/n several months but can be prolonged or permanent
• Hairloss occurs in winter or spring
• Signs:
o Symmetrical hairloss on flanks
o Skin becomes hyperpigmented
o Mainly in neutered animals
• Dx: rule out endocrinopathies
o Bx: deformed follicles—witches foot
• Weird telogen follicles
• Follicular keratosis
• Melanized sebaceous glands and ducts
• Txt: melatonin
Everything to know about telogen defluxion
illness causes abrupt cessation of anagen and synchronizes hair follicles into telogen stage
• 1-3 months later get massive shed!! b/c lose large number of telogen hairs at once!
• See in small animals
• Ask about history of stressful event 1-3 months before
o The major cause of skin disease in dogs and cats is due to
flea allergy dermatitis.
__life cycle stage of flea can survive freezing.
No
o Adult fleas live __
on the host ALWAYS.
o Flea allergy is associated with __
type I and IV hypersensitivity, usually both! Cutaneous basophil
o What 3 factors favor development of flea allergy?
• Atopic
• Intermittent exposure
• Exposed later in life
o Flea allergy usually causes pruritis of
caudal dorsal back, ventral abdomen, caudal and inner thighs in dogs.
o The most common lesions associated w/ flea allergy in the cat is
miliary dermatitis and pruritis.
o Dx of flea allergy is based on __
response to strict flea control for 4-6 weeks.
o Aggressive flea control consists of __
On-animal adulticides, insect growth regulators, insect development inhibitors; goals: prevent egg laying and prevent continued exposure to adult flea saliva! Kill fleas prior to repeated feedings!

• Ex. Topical products q 3 weeks + EOD Capstar for 1 mo OR Comfortis +/- Sentinel or Program
• Dogs
• Topical product every 3 weeks
o There is natural decay curve at end of 30 day period for all products so decreases efficacy at end of month
• Capstar every other day for 30 days - OR-
• Comfortis monthly
• Cats
• Revolution every 2 weeks for 3 treatments, then once a month
• Advantage every 2-3 weeks
• Capstar EOD or every 3 days
o Managing pruritis in flea allergic animal consists of
treating secondary infection, steroids, maybe antihistamines (cat more than dog), keep pet and other animals on flea control!
o Environmental flea txt should be considered when have __
Flea infestation (especially with FAD patient); when there are environmental “point sources”
• Have allergic animal and there are shady, cool areas where pet likes to hang out or have wildlife sources around.
o The most pruritic dermatosis in the dog is
scabies
o Dogs with scabies are usually pruritic on
ear margins, lateral hock, and elbows.
o Diagnosis of scabies includes
history, physical exam, pinnal-pedal reflex, intense pruritis, visualizing mites from superficial skin scrape, or response to treatment!
o Cats with Notoedres are usually pruritic on
on head, ears, and neck region.
o Clinical signs associated with Cheyletiellosis include moderate
pruritis, seborrhea, more severe in puppies and cats get same signs plus miliary dermatitis and symmetrical self-induced alopecia.
o Treatment of pruritic mites includes __
miticides (Selamectin, imidacloprid/moxidectin, milbemycin, amitrax, lime sulfer, fipronil spray), treating all animals in household, and occasional environmental treatment.