Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb
|
Attach thoracic limb to axial skeleton:
-Superficial pectoral -Deep Pectoral -Omotransversarius -Trapezius -Rhomboideus -Latissimus dorsi -Serratus ventralis |
|
|
|
Superficial pectoral muscles
|
-Descending/Transverse Pectorals
-under skin between cranial end of sternum and the humerus -caudal border is thin -cranial border is thick, rounded and forms the caudal border of a triangle at the base of the neck -ACTION: to adduct the limb when it is not bearing weight or to prevent the limb from being abducted when bearing weight INNERTVATION: cranial pectoral nerves (C7, C8) |
|
|
|
Descending pectoral
|
superficial to transverse (crosses obliquely)
ORIGIN: first sternebra INSERTION: crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus ACTION: to adduct the limb/ prevent from being abducted when bearing weight INNERVATION: cranial pectoral nerves (C7, C8) |
|
|
|
Transverse Pectoral
|
ORIGIN: first two or three sternebrae
INSERTION: further distal on the greater tubercle o fthe humerus |
|
|
|
Deep Pectoral Muscle
|
-lies under skin, thoracic mammae, and the ventral portion of the cutaneus trunci
-ORIGIN: ventral sternum/ fibrous raphe between fellow muscles; deep abdominal fascia near xiphoid cartilage INSERTION: lesser tubercle and its crest; an aponeurosis to greater tubercle and crest; caudal portion to medial brachial fascia ACTION: 1. to pull the trunk cranially and to extend the shoulder joint 2. to draw the limb caudally and flex the shoulder (to adduct the limb) INNERVATION: Caudal pectoral nerves (C8, T1) |
|
|
|
Brachiocephalicus
|
-AKA Cleidobrachialis: attaches to humerus
, cleidocephalicus: attaches to the neck and head, has two parts, pars cervicalis, and pars mastoidea -a developmentally compound muscle extending from the arm to the head and neck - |
Origin of whole muscle is considered the clavicle for purposes of naming the muscles
-Cleidocephalicus: ORIGIN: cranial half of the mid-sorsal fibrous raphe/ nuchal crest (Mastoid process: attaches to the mastoid process) INSERTION: distal end of cranial border of the humerus ACTION: to advance the limb, extend the shoulder joint, and draw the neck and head to the side INNERVATION: accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves |
|
|
Sternocephalicus
|
ORIGIN: first sternebra/manubrium
INSERTION: pars mastoideus=mastoid part of the temporal bone; pars occipitalis= nuchal crest ACTION: to draw head and neck to the side INNERVATION: accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Sternohyoideus
|
ORIGIN: first sternebra and first costal cartilage
INSERTION: the basihyoid bone ACTION: pull the tongue and larynx caudally INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Sternothyroideus
|
ORIGIN: the first costal cartilage
INSERTION: the caudolateral surface of the thyroid cartilage ACTION: draw the larynx and tongue caudally INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Omotransversarius
|
ORIGIN: distal end of the spine of scapula
INSERTION: the transverse wing of the atlas ACTION: advance the limb or flex the neck laterally INNERVATION: accessory nerve |
|
|
|
Carotid Sheath
|
deep fascia that covers the common carotid artery, vagosympathetic nerve trunk, internal jugular vein an dtracheal lymphatic trunk
|
|
|
|
Rhomboideus
|
ORIGIN: nuchal crest of the occipital bone, the median raphe of neck, spinous processes of first sevne thoracic vertebrae
INSERTION: dorsal border and adjacent surfaces of the scapula ACTION: to elevate the forelimb and draw the scapula against the trunk INNERVATION: Ventral branches of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Latissimus dorsi
|
ORIGIN: the thoracolumbar fascia from the spinous processes of the lumbar and last 7/8 throacic; a muscular attachment to the last 2/3 ribs
INSERTION: the teres major tuberosity of the humerus and the teres major tendon ACTION:T draw the free limb caudaly as in digging; flex the shoulder joint INNERVATION: thoracodorsal nerve |
|
|
|
Serratus Ventralis
|
Cervicis and Thoracis
ORIGIN: the transverse processes of the last five cervical vertebrae and the first 7/8 ribs ventral to their middle INSERTION: the dorsomedial third of the scapula (serrated face) ACTION: to support the trunk and depress the scapula INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve |
|
|
|
Trapezius
|
Cervical and Thoracic parts, separated by an aponeurosis
ORIGIN: the median raphe of the neck and the supraspinous ligament from C3 to T9 INSERTION: the spine of the scapula ACTION: to elevate and abduct the forelimb INNERVATION: Accessory Nerve |
|
|
|
Axial Muscles
|
Hypaxial: located ventral to the transverse processes and include those of the abominal and thoracic walls
Epaxial: lie dorsal to transverse processes and are extensors of the vertebral column |
|
|
|
Longus Capitus
|
lateral surface of the vertebrae, lateral to longus colli
-AKA rectus capitus ventralis major ORIGIN: transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae INSERTION: muscular tubercle on ventral surface of basiooccipital bone of skull |
flexes atlanto-occipital joint
-flex neckdownward or bend side to side, supplement intertransverse muscles and ligaments -reinforce ventral long. ligament |
|
|
Longus colli
|
ORIGIN:covers ventral surfaces of vertebral bodies from T6 to atlas;
INSERTION: consists of overlapping fascicles; most cranial attachment at atlas ACTION: neck flexion, and supplements ventral long ligament |
|
|
|
Scalenus
|
ATTACHMENTS: first few ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
-muscle of inspiration -divided into several slips |
|
|
|
Serratus ventralis
|
-cervicus and thoracis
-large, fan-shaped ORIGIN: trans. proc. of last 5 cerv. vertebrae and R1-7/8 INSERTION: facies serrata ACTION: elevate trunk, support trunk, "depress" scapula INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves AND the LOOONG thoracic nerve (C7) |
|
|
|
Serratus dorsalis
|
-cranial and caudal
ORIGIN: broad aponeurosis from the tendinous raphe of neck, thoracic and lumbar spines INSERTION: proximal portions of the ribs ACTION: lifts ribs for inspiration, caudalis lifts last 3 ribs caudally for expiration |
|
|
|
External Intercostal muscles
|
12 on each side of thoracic wall
-draw ribs together -fibers run caudoventrally |
|
|
|
Internal Intercostal muscles
|
-fibers run cranioventrally
-draw ribs together |
|
|
|
Abdominal Muscles
|
Outward in:
1. External abdominal oblique 2. internal abdominal oblique 3. rectus abdominus 4. transversus abdominis Aid in urination, defecation, parturition, respiration and/or locomotion |
|
|
|
External Abdominal Oblique
|
Fibers run caudoventrally
ORIGIN: last rib and thoracolumbar fascia INSERTION: linea alba by means of aponeruosis and prepubic tendon |
|
|
|
Internal Abdominal Oblique
|
ORIGIN: superficial leaf of thoracolumbar fascia to last rib and tuber coxae
-fibers run cranioventrally INSERTION: costal arch, rectus abdominis, linea alba, prepubic tendon via aponeurosis -fuses with aponeurosis of EAOs to form sheath of rectus abdominis |
|
|
|
Transverse abdominis
|
-fibers run transversely
ORIGIN: medial surfaces of the last 4-5 ribs, transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae INSERTION: linea alba -all but most caudal make up internal sheath of rectus abdominis |
|
|
|
Rectus Abdominis
|
ORIGIN: pectin of pubis
INSERTION: sternum ACTION: flexes thoracolumbar vertebral column |
|
|
|
Transversus Thoracis
|
flat fleshy muscle on medial surface of costal cartilages of ribs 2-8, costochondral junction to sternum
|
|
|
|
Cutaneous Colli
|
ATTACHEMENTS: cartilage of manubrium and cervical fascia and skin
-wraps neck -works in conjunction with platysma in dogs -Facial nerve (3; cranial nerve VII) |
|
|
|
Cutaneous omobrachialis
|
ATTACHMENTS: skin and fascia of shoulder, brachium and proximal antebrachium
-muscle fibers oriented vertically -fuses caudally w/ trunci -CARNIVORES: ABSENT |
|
|
|
Cutaneous trunci
|
ATTACHMENTS: fascia of the shoulder and arm, skin and facia of trunk. (HORSES-tendon attaches to lesser tubercle of humerus)
-fibers run mostly longitudinally -blends w/ ascending pectoral ventrally -extends to femoral fascia on lateral aspect of thigh -forms fold of flank -NERVE: lateral thoracic nerve (from brachial plexus) -BVs: Lateral thoracic vessels (from brachial plexus) and cranial epigastric vessels HORSES: accessory lateral thoracic vein (spur vein) DOG & BULL: cranial (protracter) preputial muscles BULL: caudal (retractor) preputial muscles |
|
|
|
Brachiocephalicus: Cow, Goat, Sheep, Pig
|
Cleidobrachialis
Cleidocephalicius: -pars mastoideus -pars occipitalis |
|
|
|
Brachiocephalicus: Horse
|
Cleidobrachialis
Cleidocephalicus: -pars mastoideus -"omotransversarius" --no acromion in horses, so no acromial pt of attachment for omotransversarius. instead fuses w/ part of cleidocephalicus |
|
|
|
Subclavius
|
O: sternum
I: fascia of the cranial angle of the scapula HORSES, PIGS |
|
|
|
Omohyoideus
|
HORSE: O-fascia of scapula
I- basihyoid bone A-retract the tongue RUMINANTS: cervicohyoideus, fascia attaching to transverse processes of C3-4 |
|
|
|
Intertranversarius
|
-short muscles connecting adjacent transverse processes
-largest in CERVICAL/LUMBAR, nonexistant in sacrum -stabilize vertebral column INNERVATIONS: dorsal branches of spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Serratus Dorsalis Cranialis (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Thoracolumbar fascia
***H-and dorsoscapular ligament INSERTION: Cranial and lateral surfaces of R5-6 to R11-12 ACTION: Inspiration INNERVATION:? ***G-reduced or absent |
|
|
|
Serratus Dorsalis Caudalis (Ruminant)
|
ORIGIN: Thoracolumbar fascia
INSERTION: last 3 ribs ACTION: draw ribcage caudally in expiration INNERVATION: long thoracic nerve |
|
|
|
Serratus Dorsalis Caudalis (Horse
|
ORIGIN: Thoracolumbar fascia
INSERTION: last 7-8 ribs ACTION: Same INNERVATION? **well-developed w/ 8-9 muscle slips -> some ribs have both cranialis and caudalis attached (only 1 overlap visible) |
|
|
|
Scalenus (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Transverse proccess of last few cervical vertebrae
INSERTION: ribs ACTION: Inspiration- fix 1st rib; flexes neck, turns laterally INNERVATION: ***H-C4-R1 ***R-C3-R4 |
|
|
|
Longus Colli (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Skull
INSERTION: T5/T6 ACTION: neck flexor/ ventral stabilizer of vertebral column INNERVATION? |
|
|
|
Longus Capitus (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Transverse processes of C2-3 to C6
INSERTION: Muscular tubercles of occipital bone ACTION: flexes neck; singly turns head and neck to side INNERVATION` |
|
|
|
Muscles of Trunk
|
1,Serratus Dorsalis (Cranial and Caudal)
2. Scalenus 3. Longus Colli 4. Longus Capitus |
|
|
|
Epaxial Muscles
|
1. Splenius Muscle
2. Iliocostalis System 3. Longissimus System 4. Transversopinalis System |
|
|
|
Splenius (LA)
|
ORIGIN: H-dorsoscapular ligament; R-spoinous processes of T1-T3 and nuchal ligament
INSERTION: Nuchal crest mastoid process, transverse processes of first few cervical vertebrae ACTION: INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Iliocostalis System (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Crest of Ilium
INSERTION: Transverse processes of lumbar, ribs and cervical ACTION: fix/extend the vertebral column; move column laterally, aid in inspiration by pulling ribs caudally INNERVATION: |
|
|
|
Longissimus System
|
ORIGIN: H/R- fascicle attaches to wing of atlas=longissimus atlantis; otherwise same as dog
-longissimus thoracis et lumborum: crest and medial surface of wing of ilium, supraspinous ligament, spines of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae -longissimus cervicis: 4 fascicles, ribs and thoracic vert. -longissimus capitis: 1st 3 thoracic vert INSERTIONS: -Thoracis and Lumborum: lumbar/thoracic vertebrae, ribs, 7th cerv. vert. -Cervicis: transverse processes of last few cervical vertebrae -Capitis: mastoid process ACTION: extends vertebral column and produces lateral movements of trunk when 1 side contracted |
Intermediate portion of epaxial muscles
Extends from ilium to head in three sections: -throacolumbar, cervical and capitis |
|
|
Transversospinalis System (LA)
|
Most Complex
Semispinalis Capitis Spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis muscle |
|
|
|
Semispinalis Capitis (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Thoracic and Cervical Vertebrae
INSERTION: Occipital Bone **Not readily divisible into 2 parts, although dorsal section is crossed by oblique tendinous intersections **Deep Cervical Artery and Vein |
|
|
|
Spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis muscle
|
ORIGIN: spinous processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
INSERTION: thoracic and cervical spinous processes as far cranially as C4 ACTION: extend the vertebral column and produce lateral movements of trunk INNERVATION |
|
|
|
External Jugular Vein
|
Caudodorsally: Sternocephalicus
Cranioventrally: brachiocephalicus H- Deeply: omohyoideus Superficially: cutaneous colli **Preferred site of injection and obtaining blood samples in LA EXCEPT pigs (brachiocephalic) |
|
|
|
Thymus
|
Present in ruminants: extensive cervical section
Equines: gen confined to cranial thoracic cavity |
|
|
|
Carotid Sheath (LA)
|
1. Common Carotid Artery
2. Vagosympathetic Trunk-DORSAL surface of artery 3. Recurrent laryngeal nerve: VENTRAL to artery 4. Internal Jugular Vein (R only)-superficial to artery |
|
|
|
Intercostals and Abdominal Wall
|
1. External Intercostals
2. Internal Intercostals 3. Transversus Thoracis 4. External Abdominal Oblique 5. Internal Abdominal Oblique 6. Transversus Abdominus 7. Rectus Abdominus 8. Rectus Thoracis |
|
|
|
External Intercostal Muscles
|
ORIGIN: caudal border of ribs
INSERTION: cranial/lateral border of succeeding ribs ACTION: assist in inspiration ***epaxial to costochondral junction **run caudo-ventrally |
|
|
|
Internal Intercostal Muscles
|
ORIGIN: Cranial borders of ribs/cartilages
INSERTION: Caudal borders of preceding ribs/cartilags ACTION: assist in expiration ***Run cranioventrally |
|
|
|
Transversus thoracis (LA)
|
ORIGIN: midline of sternum, inside ribcage
INSERTION: costochondral junctions and ventral parts of ribs ACTION: stabilizes rib cage, assists in expiration |
|
|
|
Flank (LA)
|
Borders:
-CRANIAL: last rib -DORSAL: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae -CAUDAL: cranial aspect of thigh/ tensor fasciae of latae muscle -VENTRAL: horizontal line extending cranially on same level as stifle |
|
|
|
Paralumbar fossa (LA)
|
**most prominent in mature dairy cattle
-triangular depression in dorsal part of flank -Dorsal and Cranial boundaries= flank -Ventral boundary: internal ab oblique that extends cranioventrally from tuber coxae to last rib |
|
|
|
Abdominal Tunic (LA)
|
AKA Tunica flava abdominis
a wide sheet of elastic connective tissue that assists abdominal muscles in supporting the weight of the viscera |
|
|
|
External Abdominal Oblique (LA)
|
ORIGIN: thoracolumbar fascia, lateral surfaces of ribs up to T5
INSERTION: linea alba, prepubic tendon, medial femoral fascia, body of the ilium, tuber coxae |
|
|
|
Internal Abdominal Oblique (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Tuber coxae (STRONG)
INSERTION: prepubic tendon, linea alba ACTION: INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery
|
Between Internal Abdominal Muscle and Transversus Abdominis
|
|
|
|
Transversus Abdominis (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Thoracolumbar fascia, cartliage of asternal ribs
INSERTION: via aponeurosis below rectus abdominis to linea alba ACTION: INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Rectus Abdominis (LA)
|
ORIGIN: Pectin ossis pubis
INSERTION: sternum/ R4-5 ACTION: INNERVATION **inscribed with tendinous intersections **lies w/in rectus sheath (CT) **contributes to prepubic tendon at pubis |
|
|
|
Rectus Thoracis (LA)
|
ORIGIN: R1 ventral to scalenus
INSERTION: R4-5 ACTION: INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Hypaxial Muscles
|
1. Psoas major
2. Psoas minor 3. Quadratus lumborum 4. Illiacus (Also tech, longus colli and capitus) |
|
|
|
Psoas Minor
|
ORIGIN: last thoracic and first few lumbar vertebral bodies
INSERTION: iliopectineal eminence on arcuate line of pelvis ACTION: flex lumbar part of vertebral column, pull ventral part of pelvis cranially INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Psoas Major/ Iliacus/ Iliopsoas
|
ORIGIN: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
INSERTION: joins w/ Iliacus at ventral surface of wing of ilium and goes to lesser trochanter of femur ACTION: flex hip joint/ advance pelvic limb during locomotion, flex lumbar vertebral column INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Quadratus Lumborum
|
ORIGIN: ventral surface of the bodies of the last few thoracic/lumbar, last 2-3 ribs, and transverse processes of lumbar
INSERTION: ventral/medial surface of wing of ilium near auricular surface, cranial to iliacus ACTION: INNERVATION |
|
|
|
Trapezius (LA)
|
ORIGIN: dorsal neck and thorax, axis to 10th(H) or last (R) throracic
INSERTION: spine of scapula; close to omotransversarius (R) ACTION: elevate and abduct the forelimb INNERVATION: dorsal branch of accessory nerve ***thin, fan-shaped, cervical and thoracic portions |
|
|
|
Brachiocephalicus (LA)
|
ATTACHMENTS: mastoid region, nuchal crest of skull and distal cranial humerus
H-cleidomastoideus/omotransversarius R-cleidomastoideus/pars occipitalis ACTION: advnace the limbextend the shoulder joint, and draw the neck and head to the side INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves AND accessory nerve ***Distinct distal groove houses: H/G- cephalic vein Ox-median cubital vein |
|
|
|
Omotransversarius (LA)
|
ATTACHMENTS:
H-clavicular intersection and transverse processes of C1-4 R- spine of scapula and wing of atlas ACTION: advance the limb or flex the neck laterally INNERVATION: Accessory nerve |
|
|
|
Omohyoideus
|
**Horses only
**smaller Cervicohyoideus in ruminants ORIGIN: subscapular fascia near shoulder joint INSERTION:basihyoid bone ACTION: INNERVATION: **floor of jugular furrow, but does not really protect carotid artery |
|
|
|
Latissimus Dorsi (LA)
|
ORIGIN: thoracolumbar fascia
INSERTION: teres major tuberosity ACTION: draw limb caudally INNERVATION: thoracodorsal nerve |
|
|
|
Rhomboideus (LA)
|
ORIGIN: dorsal midline of the neck and thorax
H-part of dorsoscapular ligament INSERTION: dorsomedial border of scapula and scapular cartilage ACTION: to elevate the forelimb and draw the scapula against the trunk INNERVATION:Ventral branches of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves **cervical and thoracic NO capitus |
|
|
|
Sternocephalicus (LA)
|
ORIGIN: sternum
INSERTION: Ox-ramus of mandible (pars mandibularis), mastoid process of temporal bone (pars mastoideus) Goat- mastoid/zygomatic H-mandibularis Pigs/sheep: mastoideus ACTION: to draw head and neck to side INNERVATION; accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Sternothyroideus/ Sternohyoideus
|
ORIGIN: sternum
INSERTION: thyroid/basihyoid ACTION: pull the tongue and larynx caudally INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves |
|
|
|
Superficial Pectoral Muscle: Descending
|
ORIGIN: Sternum
INSERTION: cranial border of humerus (next to brachiocephalicus) ACTION: to adduct the limb when it is not bearing weight or to prevent the limb from being abducted when bearing weight INNERVATION: cranial pectoral nerves |
|
|
|
Superficial Pectoral Muscle: Transverse
|
ORIGIN: sternum
INSERTION: antebrachial fascia ACTION: to adduct the limb when it is not bearing weight or to prevent the limb from being abducted when bearing weight INNERVATION: cranial pectoral nerves |
|
|
|
Deep (ascending) Pectoral muscle (LA)
|
ORIGIN: sternum
INSERTION: greater and lesser tubercles of humerus ACTION: draw the limb caudally INNERVATION: caudal pectoral nerves |
|
|
|
Subclavius (LA)
|
**prominent in horses and pigs
ORIGIN: sternum INSERTION: scapular fascia and the aponeurosis covering the proximal part of the supraspinatus muscle, towards cranial angle of scapula ACTION: stabilizes shoulder joint, suspends trunk INNERVATION: cranial pectoral nerve |
|
|
|
dorsoscapular ligament
|
portion of deep thoracolumbar fascia medial to the scapula,
becomes thinner dorsally and more elastic (yellow) -lamellae leave lateral aspect of ligament, pass through serratus ventralis muscle to scapula -keeps scapula closely applied to body -divides into 3 below lamellae: 1. superficial lamina: origin for serratus dorsalis cranialis 2. middle lamina, between iliocostalis and longissimus muscles to ribs 3. deep lamina between longissimus and spinalis et semispinalis to tp of T6-7 |
|
|
|
Serratus Ventralis
|
ORIGIN: last several cervical vertebrae and ribs
INSERTION: facies serrata ACTION: elevate trunk (acts as sling) INNERVATION: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve |
|
|
|
Superficial cervical Lymph nodes
|
lie in fat deep to brachiocephalicus and omotransversarius muscles, slightly above shoulder joint, cranial to supraspinatus muscle in R and subclavius in H
-R: 1 large, 1-2 smaller -H: numerous small in chain to thoracic inlet |
|
|
|
Radiography
Ultrasound MRI Scintigraphy Computed Tomography |
x-rays
sound waves magnetic radiowaves gamma rays x-rays on cylinder functional imaging radioisotopes tagged to a chemical |
|
|
|
Differential absorption
|
Premise by which radiography works: s-rays generated by an x-ray tube are directed through the patient and are differentially absorbed by structures in the body which alter the beam such that the emerging beam is a reflection of the structures traversed
Determined by: Physical density, Atomic number (Z), and thickness |
|
|
|
X-ray interaction w/ Patient
|
We control:
-intensity of X-Ray beam (# of ray photons) -Energy of X-Ray beam Patient dependent: -thickness of object -composition of object (absorption coefficient) |
|
|
|
Radiopacity vs Thickness
|
If the beam is directed at two different thicknesses of the same material, the # of rays transmitted through the thin part will be greater than the number transmitted through the think part -> subject contrast
|
|
|
|
Radiogaphic Image
|
presents an inverse grey scale image of the intensity of the x-ray beam
-areas w/ high exposure (air/little absorption) = black -areas w/ little/no exposure (metal) = white |
|
|
|
Radiolucent
|
blackness on radiographic image
|
|
|
|
Radiopaque
|
whiteness on radiographic image
(inc w/ atomic number and physical density) |
|
|
|
Radiographic Opacities
|
Air: lung, GI gas, Negative Contrast Media
Fat: Retroperitoneal, Falciform, Infrapatellar Fat Pad Soft Tissue: Kidney, Brain, Liver, Spleen, Urine/Blood/Water Bone: skeleton, mineral Metal: "heavy metal", positive contrast media, Pepto, BB's |
|
|
|
Differential Interface
|
A visible margin is seen when specific structures are surrounded by material of a different opacity
|
|
|
|
Silhouette Sign
|
Two objects of same radiopacity in close anatomic contact cannot be visualized radiographically as seperate structures if their borders merge into a single structure
|
|
|
|
Summation Effect
|
Two structures in same x-ray plane, but not physically touching will have an additive effect on their opacities (although borders are still visible)
|
|
|
|
Radiographic Geometry
|
Magnification: Enlargement of image relative to actual size: determined by distance of object from the film and tube from film
Distortion: Misrepresentation of subject relative to size and shape due to unequal magnification of different parts of same object or malalighnment of objects w/in x-ray beam; countered by standard positioning for specific body parts Loss of depth perception:need 2 radiographs taken at 90 degree angles to each other, allows triangulation |
|
|
|
Naming Radiographs
|
Point of Entrance/Point of Exit
|
|
|
|
Lymphatic Vessels of Horse/Ruminant
|
Tracheal trunk: drains head and neck
Thoracic duct: drains rest of body |
|
|
|
Equine Lymph Nodes
|
1. superficial cervical: similar to dog
2. Cranial deep cervical 3. Middle deep cervical 4. Caudal deep cervical ...drain to tracheal trunk |
|
|
|
Ruminant Lymph Nodes
|
1. superficial cervical: similar to dog
2. Cranial deep cervical 3. Middle deep cervical 4. Caudal deep cervical 5. Lateral Retropharyngeal 6. Accessory Superficial Cervical ...drain to tracheal trunk 7. Costocervical ... drains to Thoracic duct |
|
