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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
PIG PRODUCING COUNTRIES
TOP 6 |
China
EU USA Brazil Canada Russia Japan |
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PIG EATERS
TOP 6 |
China
EU USA Japan Russia Brazil Mexico |
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CANADIAN PORK PRODUCTION
BY PROVINCE |
Quebec
Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta B.C. |
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ADVANTAGE WESTERN CANADA
5 |
Abundant and low feed costs
~~ 50 - 60% of production costs Large Land base ~~ location and manure disposal Low Pig Density ~~ disease transmission ~~ odours Good Climate ~~ ie temperate - pigs like it cool Good people ~~ excellent work ethics |
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HOG DENSITIES ANINMALS / SQ MILE ARABLE LAND
3 US 5 CANADIAN |
North Carolina
~~ 1200 Iowa ~~ 380 Minnesota ~~ 160 Quebec ~~ 554 Ontario ~~ 235 Manitoba ~~ 100 Alberta ~~ 42 Saskatchewan ~~ 14 |
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DISADVANTAGE WESTERN CANADA
5 |
Environmental Concerns
~~ odour ~~ manure disposal Lack of Expansion Capital Shortage of Labour Higher Costs ~~ construction ~~ labour Distance from retail markets |
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MAJOR ISSUES IN SWINE INDUSTRY
6 |
Welfare
~~ stalls ~~ vices Environmental ~~ odour ~~ manure ~~ disposal Public Health ~~ zoonosis ~~ influenza ~~ Step suis Water Availability Appreciation of Canadian Dollar FAD ~~ |
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SOW
|
A female that has farrowed at least once
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DRY SOW
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A sow that is NOT lactating
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BOAR
|
An intact male pig
~~ generally post pubertal |
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GILT
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A femal pig that has NOT yet farrowed
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BARROW
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A castrated male pig
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PIGLET
|
A young pig
~~ generally pre weaning |
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WEANER PIG
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A pig recently weaned
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FEEDER PIG
|
A pig old enough to enter the grower barn
~~ 25 kg ~~ 8 weeks |
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MARKET PIG
|
A pig large enough to be processed
~~ 115 kg |
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FARROW
|
To give birth
~~ gestation interval is 115 -117 days |
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WEAN
|
remove litter from dam
~~ 14 - 28 days |
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BREEDING HERD
|
Areas and Animals that are
~~ breeding ~~ gestating ~~ farrowing |
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FEEDING HERD
|
Areas and Animals that are
~~ nursing in the farrowing barn ~~ growing in the nurseries ~~ more growing in the grower barns ~~ finishing (aka more growing) in the finishing barns |
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FARROWING BARN
|
Where sows
~~ farrow ~~ nurse litters ~~--~~ 2 - 4 weeks |
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NURSERY
|
aka WEANER barn
Where pigs are raised after weaning ~~ 5 - 8 weeks |
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GROW - FINISH BARN
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Where pigs are raised
~~ after leaving the nursery ~~ and before processing ~~ 8 weeks as growers ~~ 8 weeks as finishers |
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PIG BREEDS
4 DEFINITIONS |
Purebreds
~~ regisered ~~ unregistered ~~--~~ the majority Crossbred ~~ 2 way ~~ 3 way ~~ back cross F1 ~~ cross between two purebreds Synthetics ~~ company proprietary lines ~~ start with 4 breeds ~~ mix and cross breed ~~ rebreed cross breeds over many generations until "pure" |
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MATERNAL BREED
SELECTION CRITERIA 2 |
Fecundity
Mothering Ability |
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PATERNAL BREED
SELECTION CRITERIA 2 |
aka TERMINAL
Growth ~~ feed efficiency Carcass and Meat Quality ~~ high protein ~~ low fat |
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MATERNAL BREEDS
5 |
Chines Meishan
~~ 20 live piglets ~~ high fat Meishan Synthetic ~~ less fat but still too high ~~ retains high fecundity ~~ 12.5% Meishan Landrace ~~ white ~~ floppy ears ~~ cadallac female line Large White York F1 ~~ Landrace x Large White York ~~ in majority of NA pig barns ~~ 14 live piglets |
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PATERNAL BREEDS
4 |
Pietrain
~~ very heavy set ham ~~ Europeans like big hams ~~ but NA values lion tf not common ~~ porcine stress syndrom Hampshire ~~ Canadian strains have problem with RN gene ~~--~~ acidic meat ~~--~~ similar to porcine stress syndrome Duroc ~~ most common terminal sire ~~ well muscled ~~ well marbled ~~ red meat ~~--~~ tf Japanese Market White Synthetic ~~ ie PIC 337 ~~ Duroc and Pietrain combo |
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WHERE ARE THE GENETIC NUCLEI OF MAJOR CANADIAN GENETIC COMPANIES
NAME A FEW |
Saskatchewan or Manitoba
PIC Topigs Mansanto Choice Genetics Hypor Genetiporc Fast Pigs INc Designed Genetics Inc Danbred North America |
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GENETIC PYRAMID
GENETIC NUCLEUS |
Purebred Farms
~~ genetic testing and selection ~~ high cost Great Great Grandparents GGGPs ~~ Maternal ~~--~~ GGGP genetics take 2 years to reach market ~~ Paternal ~~--~~ GGGP genetics take 6 months to reach market ~~ LR x LR ; LW x LW ; DU x DU Terminal Sires ~~ breed in commercial barns Boars ~~ 30 matings then ~~--~~ slaughter ~~--~~ down tier Sows ~~ each produces 6 sows in daughter nucleus |
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GENETIC PYRAMID
DAUGHTER NUCLEUS |
Purebred Multiplication
~~ minimal genetic testing Great Grandparents GGPs ~~ Maternal ~~ LR x LR ; LW x LW Boars to slaughter Sows ~~ each produces 6 sows in Multiplication |
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GENETIC PYRAMID
MULTIPLICATION |
Crossbred Multiplication
~~ no genetic testing Grandparents GPs ~~ Maternal ~~ LR x LW ~~ Produce F1s Boars to slaughter |
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GENETIC PYRAMID
COMMERCIAL |
Commercial Productiom
Parents ~~ Maternal ~~ LR x LW ~~ Terminal Sire ~~ Produce Market Population ~~--~~ 25% LR, 25% LW, 50% Terminal Sire All progeny to slaughter |
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PRODUCTION PHASES
4 NAME EM |
Breeding - Gestation
~~ BG Farrowing ~~ F or FAR Nursery ~~ N or Nur Grower and Finisher ~~ GF or Gr or Fin |
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BREEDING GESTATION
5 BULLETS |
Gilts
~~ entry ~~ pubertal stimulation ~~ breeding Sows ~~ weaning ~~ breeding Breeding ~~ natural ~~ AI Semen ~~ in house collection ~~ in house processing Implantation ~~ 11 - 21 days 14 days avg ~~ followed by gestation TO farrowing |
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FARROWING
5 BULLETS |
Farrowing
Piglet Processing - Fe injection - teeth clipping - castration - tail clipping Lactation Creep feeding of piglets Weaning ~~ 14 - 28 days ~~ sow back to Breeding - Gestation |
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NURSERY
4 BULLETS |
Removed From Sow
~~ ie 5 kgs @ 17 days Regrouped and Sorted ~~ size ~~ sex ~~ breed Transition from milk to dry feed ~~ enzyme changes Growth ~~ 5 kg to 30 kg ~~ 6 - 8 weeks |
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GROWER AND FINISHER
5 BULLETS |
Regrouped and Sorted
~~ size ~~ sex ~~ breed Small Pens ~~ 12 - 25 hogs Large Pens ~~ 50 to 700 hogs ~~ don't fight bc can't count over 30 tf no recognition ~~ easier to find optimum micro environment Efficient Growth ~~ 25 - 115 kg ~~ 16 weeks Weigh and Market |
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PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
SIX ALL TOGETHER SO YOU CAN COMPARE AND CONTRAST |
Farrow to Finish
~~ 1200 sows max ~~ Genetics ~~--~~ Gilts ~~--~~ Boars ~~--~~ Semen ~~ Breeder ~~ Farrow ~~ Grower Finisher ~~ All on one site ~~--~~ can be under one roof Classic ~~ 2 Sites ~~ Single Source ~~ Site One - Breeder Gestation, Farrowing and Nursery ~~ Site - Grower Finisher ~~--~~ Works for Grain Producer ~~ pigs transfered at 25 kg ~~--~~ tf high transport cost ~~--~~ tf high transport stress 2 Site Wean - Finish Isowean System ~~ single or multiple sourced ~~ Site One - Breeder Gestation and Farrowing ~~ Site Two - Nursery and Grower Finishing ~~ transport at 5 kg ~~--~~ tf low transportation cost ~~--~~ tf low transportation stress ~~ superior growth weight vs Classic 3 Site Segregated Weaning ~~ Single Source ~~ Site One - Breeder Gestation and Farrow ~~ Site Two - Nursery ~~ Site Three - Grower Finisher ~~ Isolates weaners at time when colostral immunity lowest ~~ two transport points tf stress and growth interruption ~~ three buildings/sites to maintain ~~ tf not economic Multi-Source Isowean ~~ multiple sites and sizes of Breeder Gestation and Farrowing units ~~ multiple nursery sites filled weekly in sequence from all BGFs ~~ multiple grower finisher sites filled in weekly to biweekly sequence from Nurseries ~~ each batch stays together from nursery on Parity Segregated Productin System ~~ Gilt herd is isolated and produces into Seperate Isolated Nursery and Grower Finisher Barns ~~ Parity 1 weaned sows then join Parity 2+ sow herds producing into P2+ Nurseries and Grower Finisher Barns ~~ younger sows produce less immunity in progeny ~~--~~ tf isolate progeny of gilts |
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PIG FLOW SYSTEMS
TWO |
Continuous Flow
~~ large air space ~~ comingled ages ~~ multiple weeks of production in one room ~~ pigs enter and exit airspace on weekly basis ~~ tf oldest pigs contaminate youngest All In All Out ~~ small air spaces containing one weeks production ~~ compartmentalized ~~--~~ by room or by building |
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HUMANE PROCESSING
12 STEPS TO THE VANISHING POINT |
6 - 8 processing plants in Western Canada
~~ tightly regulated by CFIA Delivery to plant by producer ~~ traceable tattoo in left shoulder provides traceability Assembled in yard to 12 -18 hours ~~ dissapate lactic acid from Porcine Stress Syndrome Stunned by Electrocution ~~ low current - high voltage ~~ just enough to stun for 2 minutes ~~ too much bursts blood vessels Shackled and Hung ~~ rear fetlocks Bled via cervical vena cava ~~ thoracic inlet via knife Scalded, dehaired and washed Eviscerated Chilled 24 Hours Primal Cuts ~~ Ham ~~ Loin ~~ Shoulder ~ ~ butt (proximal) ~ ~ picnic (distal) ~~ Belly ~ ~ ribs and bacon Trimmed or Retail Cuts Further processing ~~ wieners, sausage, pepperoni and breakfast sausage (50% fat from jowls)etc ~~ Curing / Smoking - bacon and ham Rendered Product ~~ offal, trim, bones etc |
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CONDEMNATION
CFIA'S 9 FAVOURITES ARE THE TOP 3 INCREASING |
Abscess
Arthritis Peritonitis Pneumonia Scepticemia Icterus Bruising Overscald Contamination YES |
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MANURE STORAGE
|
Short Term
~~ in barn storage ~~ shallow 2' pits ~~ slatted floor ~~ pit plug lifted weekly to drain Long Term ~~ Deep Pits 8' ~~ ~~ limited long term storage ~~ Concrete Tanks ~~ Earthen Manure Storage (EMS) ~ ~ clay or plastic liners ~ ~ allows spreading once per year ~ ~ lagoons covered with plastic or straw ~ ~ manure injected into soil Noxious Gases ~~ H2S ~ ~ problem with deep pits ~~ Ammonia |
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MANURE
A RENEWABLE RESOURCE |
Good but variable source of plant nutrients
~~ Nitrogen 0.3 - 5.8 kg/1000 L ~~ Phosphorus 0.04 - 2.9 kg/1000 L Nutrient composition varies with ~~ climate ~~ production practices ~~ diets ~~ storage techniques Liquid and Solid systems Biodgesters ~~ early adoption phase ~~ reduce green house gas emissions ~~ energy production |
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RENDERING
PROTEIN RECYCLING WHAT CAN AND CAN NOT YOU DO |
Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) available as ingredient for
~~ swine ~~ poultry ~~ other non ruminants Source of protein, fat (lard), calcium, phosphorus Feeding MBM derived from ruminants back to ruminants is banned Ruminant MBM can be fed to swine if Specified Risk Materials (SRM) are removed |
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RENDERED PRODUCT
RISK NAME THE 7 DEADLY SRMS |
Specified Risk Materials (SRMs)
~~ tissues in BSE infected cattle constain the BSE prion and must be removed Removal of SR<'s for all animal feeds (livestock and pets) as of Jul 06 SRMs ~~ skull ~~ brain ~~ spinal cord ~~ trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia ~~ eyes ~~ tonsils of 30+ month cattle ~~ distal ileum of all ages of cattle MBM and Tallow (beef fat) traditionly avaoided in high health swine units due to biosecurity Views may be changing due to cost and evironmental stewardship |
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FEED PROCESSING
|
Feed represents 50 - 60% of production costs
~~ $60 $70 per pig Total Mixed Ration Grains ground to 500 - 700 microns Western Canadian Feed Ingredients ~~ Protein via soybean, canola and fish meals and field peas ~~ Carbs via wheat, barle corn ~~ fats via tallow, canola oil ~~ Vitamins ~~ Minerals ~~ Salt |
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SEMEN PROCESSING
7 FACTS FOR SUCCESS |
Purchased or Collected on Farm
Fresh ~~ frozen reduces farrowing rates Usually Pooled ~~ several boars per dose Dose ~~ 3 Billion sperm per dose ~~ 2 - 3 doses per sow ~~ 10 - 35 doses per ejaculate approx 250 mls ~~ 10 -15 min per ejaculate Storage ~~ 12 Deg C ~~ protect from light Transported in Styrofoam Coolers Extenders ~~ 10 day most common ~~ 3 day and 5 - 7 day |
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WHAT 8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION WOULD YOU CONSULT SHOULD YOU WANT TO HAVE THE HIGHEST T4 OF CLASS OF 09 IN 2010
|
Canadian Pork Council
canadian Pork International canadian Meat Council Farm Animal Care Saskatchewan Provincial Pork Loppy and Marketing Organizations ~~ Sask Pork ~~ Alberta Pork ~~ Manitoba Pork National Prok Producers Council Prarie Swine Centre CFIA |
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STALLED HOUSING SYSTEMS
|
Most Common
Reduce aggression Improve feeding consistency Strongly entrenched in NA industry Banned in some EU countries Best stystem to prevent aggression |
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GROUP HOUSING SYSTEMS
|
Many Types
~~ access to outside pastures, sheds, bedding ~~ Group size from 6 - 60 ~~ many feeding methods ~~ varied group dynamics Ad lib feeding via self feeders not possible ~~ sows will consume more feed than required ~~ fat sows have farrowing problems |
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GESTATION HOUSING SYSTEMS
|
Discrete Areas in BG Barn
Weaned Sow housing Breeding area ~~ sows ~~ boars Implantation and Gestation ~~ 21 - 115 days Gilt Development and Breeding Quarantine / Acclimation area ~~ biosecurity ~~ controlled exposure to barn pathogens |
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5 IMPORTANT WELFARE CRITERIA
SOW HOUSING KNOW EM COLD |
Freedom of Movement
~~ stalls vs groups Freedom from Aggression ~~ stalls vs groups Control over Individual Feed Intake ~~ seems like a freedom for the producer to me Environmental Enrichment Static Space ~~ minimums |
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WHAT DID GONYOU SAY IN O4
|
Neither stall nor group systems satisfy all requirements all of the time, but some systems offer welfare superiour environments and compete in terms of productivity
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FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
|
Group Housing
~~ Give animal sense of control to select an appropriate micro environment ~~ Provides opportunity for exercise ~~ increased muscle size and tone ~~ shorter 4.6 vs 7.2(stall)hr farrowing ~~ lower cull rate 1% vs 4(stall)% Stall Housing - stalls seem to be silent on this topic |
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FREEDOM FROM AGRESSION
|
Group Housing
~~ occurs during regrouping and feeding ~~ similar to aggression seen throughout production cycle during regrouping ~~ -- ~~ nursery, grower, assembly yards Reproductive impact greater if mixed pre implant vs post implant Stall Housing ~~ aggression virtually eliminated ~~ major reason for adoption of stall housing |
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CONTROL OVER INDIVIDUAL FEED INTAKE
|
Commercial production requires control over absolute amount and composition of feed
Nutrient intake is based on the individual needs of the sow ~~ size ~~ condition ~~ parity Group Housing ~~ Floor dropped - aggression reduced if multiple feedings ~~ Electronic Sow Feeder Systems (ESF) ~~ -- ~~ individual feeding of sows ~~ -- ~~ aggression from dominant sows at begining of feeding cycle Stall Housing ~~ provide safe and seperate feeding space ~~ bulk feeding systems lack individual control ~~ drop systems control volume but are not accurate ~~ generally one feed composition per barn ~~ individual diets not feasible |
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT
|
Group Housing
~~ Straw and Bedding Provide ~~ -- ~~ Thremoregulation ~~ -- ~~ Reduced Hunger ~~ -- ~~ Protection from floor ~~ -- ~~ Increases activity level ~~ EU requires pigs have access to manipulable material ~~ -- ~~ creates biosecurity, manure and labour problems ~~ -- ~~ tf no pig industry in Britan and no enrichment in NA Stall Housing ~~ some barns have a little piece of chain at the front of the stall |
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STATIC SPACE REQUIREMENTS
|
Space Requirements voluntary in NA
Group Housing ~~ Floor plan and space/sow critical for success of system ~~ distinct areas required for ~~ - ~~ feeding ~~ - ~~ sleeping ~~ - ~~ dunging Stall Housing ~~ 60% of time spent in lateral recumbrancy during last 2 weeks of pregnancy ~~ most tradional stalls too small 20 - 24" ~~ minimum requirements ~~ - ~~ 24" small sows ~~ - ~~ 26" medium sows ~~ - ~~ 28" large sows ~~ if stalls to wide sows can turn around or get stuck |
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TRADITIONAL FLOOR FEEDING
|
Feed usually dropped 1 -2 times per day can be as high as 6 - 8 drops
~~ increasing drops reduces aggression Fighting is higher in smaller group sizes ~~ < 10 worst ~~ > 30 best Dominant sows monopolize feed ~~ tf group similar sized sows ~~ tf provide larger feeding space ~~ use generally static groups |
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TRICKLE FEEDING
|
Sows fed individually in partial stalls that protect head and shoulders
Feed metered at set rate coinciding with eating speed of sow ~~ feed is consumed as dispensed ~~ tf sows stay in stalls Sows must be sorted by eating rate and requirements ~~ tf increased labour ~~ tf not practicle in large barns |
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FEED STALLS
|
Full sized feeding stalls
~~ feeding pen ~~ or in group pen Set amount of feed ~~ top up for individuals Sows sorted by ~~ size ~~ gestation point ~~ aggressiveness ~~ tf increased labour cost Works best with static groups |
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ELECTRONIC SOW FEEDERS
|
Greatest control over individual feed intake
Computer controls amount and type of diet Daily allowances are automatically adjusted for the stage and condition of sow Techically complex Sow ID ear tags or collars can be problematic Entire group completess feeding in 14 - 18 hrs ~~ some aggression at start of feed cycle Best suited for large farms |
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DESIRED FREEDOM +/- CHART
STALLS |
- FoM
+ FoA Feed + FoA Regroup +/- CoFI Amount - CoFI Composition - EE - SS |
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DESIRED FREEDOM +/- CHART
ELECTRONIC FEED SYSTEM |
+ FoM
+ FoA Feed - FoA Regroup + CoFI Amount + CoFI Composition +/- EE + SS |
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DESIRED FREEDOM +/- CHART
FLOOR FEED |
+ FoM
- FoA Feed - FoA Regroup - CoFI Amount - CoFI Composition +/- EE + SS |
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DESIRED FREEDOM +/- CHART
TRICKLE FEED |
+ FoM
+ FoA Feed - FoA Regroup +/- CoFI Amount - CoFI Composition +/- EE + SS |
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DESIRED FREEDOM +/- CHART
FEED STALLS |
+ FoM
+ FoA Feed - FoA Regroup + CoFI Amount +/- CoFI Composition +/- EE + SS |
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BREEDING MANAGEMENT
GILTS |
First Fertile Breeding
~~ min age 210 - 240 days ~~ or 2nd or 3rd observed estrus ~~ or min weight 135 kg regardless of age or weight Litter size increases by 0.5 pgs for each subsequent estrus ~~ 2nd estrus best balance between cost and litter size |
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BREEDING MANAGEMENT
WEANED SOWS |
Housed in pens or stalls after weaning
Estrus checks performed with boars 1 - 2 /day ~~ pheromones in saliva stimulate estrus Most cycle 4 - 7 days after weaning ~~ old 1 day ~~ parity 2 5 days Standing Heat ~~ mate AI or natural service every 12 - 24 hrs until out of standing heat ~~ usually 2 - 3 matings |
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HEAT CYCLE
|
- 48 hrs
~~ vulva reddens, swells and subsides over 4 days -24 hrs ~~ honking ~~ mounting behaviour 0 hrs ~~ Start of Standing (heat) period ~~ lasts 24 - 90 hrs ~~ ovulation 2/3 into cycle 24 hr ~~ stands to back pressure ~~ first insemination 36 hr ~~ 2nd insemination |
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BOAR POWER
3 WAYS |
Natural Service Barns
~~ maintain 1 Boar / 20 Females ~~ replacement rate 50% / yr due to genetic advancement AI Service Barns ~~ 90% of industry ~~ maintain population of STERILE (vasecto or epididiomy)Boars ~~ - ~~ 1 / 200 sows ~~ - ~~ test induce sows ~~ replacment rate 30 - 50% year ~~ - ~~ cull for size and pheromone production AI Studs ~~ replacement rate 75% - 100% / yr ~~ cull mainly on genetic advancement ~~ also cull performance, health |
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POST BREEDING MANAGEMENT
|
Sows may be regrouped into group pens
Feeding level is reduced ~~ 1.8 to 2.2 kg/day until day 21 ~~ high feed levels increase embryonic death Minimal stress during implantation period ~~ 12 - 21 days ~~ minimize embryonic death ~~ tf no movement or regrouping ~~ tf no overcrowding ~~ tf provide proper environment |
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PREGNANCY EXAMINATION
|
Perform heat checks ad day 21 and 42
~~ must use boar Ultrasonic Pregnancy Examination ~~ day 18 - 35 depending on equipment Real Time Ultra Sound ~~ day 18 - 25 Doppler ~~ day 30 - 32 A-Mode ~~ day 30 - 35 |
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LIFE CYCLE OF GILT
|
Gilt (P0)
5 Month ~~ enter system ~~ vaccinate ~~ - ~~ parvo ~~ - ~~ lepto ~~ - ~~ erysipelas 7 - 8 Months ~~ Puberty ~~ sterile mating to induce cycling via pheromones ~~ vaccinate ~~ - ~~ parvo ~~ - ~~ lepto ~~ - ~~ erysipelas 7 - 8 Months ~~ 2 - 3 Fertile Matings ~~ implantation Gestation ~~ 115 days ~~ vaccinate twice for ~~ - ~~ e coli ~~ - ~~ rota virus Farrow (P1) Lactation ~~ 14 - 28 Days ~~ vaccinate booster ~~ - ~~ parvo ~~ - ~~ lepto ~~ - ~~ erysipelas WSI Weaned to Service Interval ~~ 5 - 8 days Rebreed |
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LIFE CYCLE OF SOW
|
Gilt (P1+)
Rebreed ~~ 2 - 3 Fertile Matings ~~ implantation Gestation ~~ 115 days ~~ vaccinate booster ~~ - ~~ e coli ~~ - ~~ rota virus Farrow (P2) Lactation ~~ 14 - 28 Days ~~ vaccinate booster ~~ - ~~ parvo ~~ - ~~ lepto ~~ - ~~ erysipelas WSI Weaned to Service Interval ~~ 5 - 8 days Rebreed Cull after P4 - P7 |
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SIGNIFICANT EVENTS PREGNANCY
POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES PRENATAL DEATH |
Day 0
~~ mating Day 0 - 35 ~~ readsorption Day 14 ~~ placentation begins Day 14 - Day 115 ~~ abortion (dead piglets) Day 18 - 24 ~~ regular return Day 25 - 37 ~~ irregular return Day 35 ~~ skeletal mineralization Day 37 - 115 ~~ fetal mummification Day 38 - 42 ~~ Regular Return Day 43 - 115 ~~ pseudo pregnancy and late return Day 70 ~~ functional fetal immunity Day 100 - 115 ~~ not in pig NIP Day 113 - 115 ~~ premature farrowing ~~ live piglets Day 115 ~~ farrowing |
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ENIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PIG FLOW |
Buildings are continuous flow
Facilities generally washed 1 - 2 x per year ~~ Canadian Quality Assurance (QCA) Program of Canadian Pork Council Pens emptied and refilled in batches |
|
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
BOARS |
Individually housed to prevent fighting
Territorial and dominant ~~ will fight to death in confined quarters |
|
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
LIGHTING |
Indigenous pigs are seasonal breeders
~~ farrow in spring domestic pigs are stimulated by SHORTENING PHOTO PERIOD Seasonal INFERTILITY peaks when summer breeding for fall farrowing Most fertile period ~~ fall and winter ~~ max decrease photo period Maintain 16 hr / day light ~~ breeding barns ~~ gestation barns |
|
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
TEMPERATURE |
Barn Temp
~~ 15 - 20 deg C Stalls ~~ 18 - 20 deg C ~~ individual housing ~~ cant escape adverse environment ~~ floor moisture Group Housed ~~ bedded 15 deg C ~~ concrete 17 deg C Pregnant sows prone to heat stress ~~ sweat glands nose only Hosing, Drip nozzels, Misters ~~ require air flow for evaporative cooling and aviod humidity |
|
GILT MANAGEMENT
|
40% Sows culled per year
Repacements required to ensure breeding targets Proper age distribution required in herd to manintain immunity ~~ younger produce less colostral AB ~~ tf progeny have poor immunity Replacements ~~ Raised on Farm ~~ - ~~ in house multiplication ~~ purchased from breeding company |
|
GILT SELECTION
FOUR WAYS TO GET PHYSICAL |
Gilts are selected on basis of their
~~ physical condition ~~ genetic merits for superior reproduction Physical selection 80 - 100 kg / 4 - 5 months ~~ feet and leg conformation ~~ underline ~~ - ~~ min 12 - 14 well spaced nipples ~~ external genitalia ~~ Defects ~~ - ~~ hernias ~~ - ~~ hermaphrodites |
|
GILT PURCHASE AND ACCLIMATION
|
Match health status of recipient and source farms
vaccinate pre-entry ~~ specific to recipient farm needs ~~ may include antibiotics Place in semi-isolation ~~ area of barn where disease activity is low ~~ gestation not grower Use post arrival antimicrobials ~~ typically day 3 - 5 |
|
ACCLIMATION
|
Controlled exposure to the pathogens present in recipient farm to allow sufficient immune development without clinical illness
|
|
QUARANTINE
|
Isolate gilts in a separate building, a convenient distance from nain unit for 30 - 60 days prior to entry to the breeding barn
|
|
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS |
Improper (under / over)feeding in one phase will have significant affects in other phases
Overfeeding in gestation adversely impacts lactation performance ~~ tf weaning weight Underfeeding during lactation adversely impacts ~~ litter size ~~ Wean to Service Interval (WSI) |
|
NORMAL FOLLICULAR GROWTH
LACTATION |
Prolactin is inhibitory to FSH in early lactation
FSH and Estrogen rise in late lactation Frequency of LH pulses increase in late lactation Waves of follicular growth occur prior to weaning Some breeds cycle during lactation ~~ problematic |
|
HORMONAL AND NUTRITIONAL
INTERACTIONS |
Interaction amoung feed intake, body composition, neurotransmitters, hypotalamus and ovaries is COMPLEX
~~ Intake - feed, energy protein ~~ Neurotransmitters and Hormones in plasma ~~ Body weight - Fat and Protein composition ~~ Hypothalamus ~~ Ovaries Underfeeding ~~ Effect on follicular development and oocyte maturation ~~ - ~~ male / female ratio ~~ Endorcrine effects in the late follicular phse of the estrous cycle ~~ Changes in early luteal function and progesterone status ~~ Early embryonic development in the oviduct and uterus Note Fat Sows dont eat `` tf overfeeding is a problem as well |
|
BODY CONDITIONING
GESTATING SOWS NUMBERS WHERE AND HOW |
~~ 14 mm P2 backfat for Gilts
~~ 18 - 19 mm P2 backfate for all parity sows at farrowing ~~ tf put on 4 mm P2 Scoring ~~ visual and palpation ~~ ultrasound ~~ - ~~ real time ~~ - ~~ A-Mode |
|
P2 SITE
|
5 cm lateral to midline
Last Rib Perpendicular to skin Measures Longisimus Dorsi ~~ aka the pork chop |
|
GESTATION DIET
|
Lower Energy and Protein
Crude Protein ~~ 13.5% Energy (DE) ~~ 3.0 - 3.1 Mcal Crude Fibre ~~ 5% Crude Fat ~~ 3% Calcium ~~ 0.85% Phosphorus ~~ 0.7% Total Lysine ~~ 0.6% Note Most Fetal Growth in Last 2 Weeks |
|
LACTATION DIET
|
Higher Energy and Protein
Crude Protein ~~ 18 - 22% Energy (DE) ~~ 3.3 - 3.5 Mcal Crude Fibre ~~ 4% Crude Fat ~~ 4% Calcium ~~ 0.9% Phosphorus ~~ 0.75% Total Lysine ~~ 1.0% Note Sows still lose fat via backfat and protein |
|
SOW DIET COMPOSITION
WESTERN CANADA |
Protein Sources
~~ Soybean meal ~~ Canola meal ~~ Field Peas Carb Sources ~~ Wheat ~~ Barley ~~ Corn Fat Sources ~~ Canola oil ~~ Tallow Vitamins and Minerals ~~ Limestone (Ca) ~~ Monocalcium Phosphate ~~ Salt ~~ Micro Minerals ~~ Vitamins |
|
PRINCIPLES OF FEEDING SOWS
FOUR |
Sow weight and target gain
Sow body condition Milk yield in lactation ~~ related to litter size Stage of production ~~ lactation vs gestation |
|
FEEDING STRATEGY FOR SOWS
5 STEPS |
Drop after Breeding 72 hrs
~~ increases progesterone ~~ gilts dropped more than sows Feed to Body Condition All sows fed 1 1.5 kg more Day 100 - 112 ~~ support fetal growth All sows fed 1 1.5 kg LESS Day 112 - Farrowing ~~ reduce dystocia via emptying GI tract Feed intake increased during lactation Use weight and P2 backfat to choose a feeding bracket |