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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
BREEDING WEIGHTS SOWS
4 CATAGORIES |
Light
`` 115 - 150 kg Medium `` 150 - 175 kg Heavy `` 175 - 200 kg Very Heavy `` 200 - 225 kg |
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GESTATIONAL FEEDING
EARLY LATE GILTS SOWS |
Sows normally fed 1 - 2 x per day
`` 4 - 6 x per day for automatic systems Early Gestation `` Gilts `` `` Overfeeding (>2.5 kg/day) `` `` `` reduces progesterone `` `` `` tf increase embryo mortality `` Multiparous sows `` `` feed according to body condition Late Gestation `` Gilts and Sows from 100 day to farrowing `` `` feed levels increased by 1 - 1.5 kg/day `` `` `` support fetal growth `` `` `` avoid mobilization of body fat |
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LACTATION FEEDING STRAGEGIES
5 |
Sows fed 2 - 4 x per day
Sows generally have a low intake on day of farrowing Water flow rates `` >= 2L / min Feed intake `` gradually increased `` esp during 1st week of lactation |
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LACTATING SOWS...
SUCCESFUL HERD PERFORMANCE... |
Is Dependent on Maximizing feed intake as Early as possible
|
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RECCOMMENDE FEEDING LEVELS DURING LACTATION
5 TIME INTERVALS |
Kg / day
Day of Farrowing `` 1.5 to 2.0 Day 1 and 2 `` 3.5 Day 3 - 7 `` Increase feed intake daily `` meet minimum target by day 7 Day 8 - 13 `` Hold at MINIMIMUM target level Day 12 - Weaning `` Increase gradulally to sow appetite `` may require 3 meals / day |
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UNDER FEEDING LACTATION SOWS
4 CONSEQUENCES |
Poor reproductive performance
`` sows take longer to return to estrus `` reduced pregnancy rate `` increased embryo mortality Early Culling form herd `` lower % of sows return to estrus Excessive weight loss Reduced milk yield `` reduced weaning weights |
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NUTRIENT RESTICTION IN ANY WEEK OF LACTATION...
|
Will significantly reduce
`` sow fertility `` subsequent litter's `` `` weight gain `` `` embryo survival weight |
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WEIGHT LOSS IN LACTATING SOWS
TARGETS FACTOIDS |
Target
`` to have enough protein to sustain lactation and maintain fertility `` 175 kg live weight at first farrowing `` `` exclude conceptus and placenta `` tf 135 kg at breeding Sow weight loss in lactation usually consists of both protein and fat Subsequent Reproductive Performance `` Maternal protein is more important than lipid loss `` tf Protein is sow's most valuable resource |
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SOW LACTATION FEED INTAKE
5 GENERAL FACTORS |
Ambient Environment
`` Air velocity `` Temp `` Evaporative Cooling `` Humidity `` Ventilation Rates Facilities and Equipment `` Feeder Design `` Floor Surface `` Crate Design Sow Factors `` Lactation Length `` Litter Size `` Genetics `` Parity `` Disease Gestation Feed Intake `` overfeeding in gestation reduces lactation intake Feeding Management `` Feeding Frequency `` Amount per feeding `` Feed Monitoriing |
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SOW LACTATION FEED INTAKE
6 EXAM WORTHY FACTORS |
Body Condition at Farrowing
`` consequence of gestational intake `` lactation intake declines when backfat levels exceed 18 - 19 mm `` severe when > 24 - 25 mm `` depends on genotype and maybe parity Over feeding in early lactation `` tranisent reductions in intake `` `` not significant `` long term reductions in intake `` `` > 48 hrs potentially significant Sow and Litter Illness `` systemic disease in sow `` sow constipation `` udder congestion and aglactia `` Mastitis `` MMA - Mastitis, Metritis & Aglactia Syndrome `` scours in litter Parity `` Gilts eat less than sows `` finicky when first enter crate Room Temperature `` heat reduces intake `` 18 - 19 deg C `` `` warm enough to pervent piglet chilling `` `` cool enough to stimulate appetite Feed Form and Availablility `` feeding frequency stimulates appetite `` `` early 2x/d `` `` late 3x/d `` Wet feed stimulates appetite `` water flow 2L/min `` add water to feed trough |
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CALCULATING DAY 7 MINIMUM TARGET
|
1.5 kg for sow maintenance
Plus 0.5 kg per piglet |
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ROOM FLOW
3 CONSIDERATIONS |
Sanitation
`` wash `` disinfect `` dry prior to entry `` `` washing aerosolizes pathogens Pig Movement `` preferably AIAO `` continuous flow out of vogue `` `` old or small farms `` `` overflow rooms Room number increases with weaning age |
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FARROWING SOWS INDIVIDUALLY HOUSED
3 WHYS |
Reduces Preweaning Mortality
`` crushes `` injuries `` savaging Enables indiviual sow feeding `` remember magic day 7 minimum Creates Micro Environment for Piglets `` Room 18 - 19 deg C `` Piglet Creep `` `` 35 deg C at farrowing `` `` gradually reduced |
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FARROWING CRATE DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS 4 |
Farrowing Crate
`` 24" width `` 7.5' - 8' length `` 5' - 6' pen width Flooring `` non slip `` plastic warm for piglets `` cast iron or metal `` `` repels sleepy piglets `` `` cool for sow Feed `` Bucket Feed `` dry or wet Water `` Sow nipples `` `` 2 L/min `` `` 75 - 90 cm height `` `` close to feeder `` piglet nipples optional |
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NORMAL GESTATION LENGTH
|
Normal Range
`` 111 - 119 days Majority `` 114 - 116 days Move into crates `` 4 - 5 days in advance of normal |
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PRE FARROWING PROCEDURES
5 |
Vaccinate
`` prevent piglet scours `` `` E coli, rotavirus `` prevent erysipelas (diamond skid disease) `` `` Gilts 5 & 2 weeks pre farrow `` `` sows 2 weeks pre farrow Reduce Feed Intake `` empty GI `` lower dystocia Transfer sows to farrowing room `` day 110 - 112 Scrape manure behind sows daily `` want piglets to get colostrum before manure Raise Room Temp for farrowing `` 21 - 23 deg C (from 18) `` 35 is what piglets would like |
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FETAL CORTISOL AND PARTUITION
WHY FETAL EFFECTS 4 |
Natural rise in fetal cortisol is required
`` farrowing iduction `` maturation of fetal tissue Effects `` Liver - glycogen deposition `` GIT - AB absoption `` Lung - surfactant production `` Skeletal muscle - maturation |
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FARROWING INDUCTION
5 WHYS |
Facilitate cross fostering and neonatal care
`` via syncronized farrowing Improve staff efficiency `` work during day `` avoid weekend work Stillbirth Control Avoid straggler sows (over 116 days) `` tf get farrowing rooms cleaned up on schedule Increase Weaning Age `` ie all will be weaned at same date |
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FARROWING INDUCTION
WHAT HOW 5 HOW MUCH |
Products
`` Planate `` Estrumate `` Lutalyse Routes `` IM Neck (label) `` `` hard to do bc habituated via vaccinations `` Vulvomucosal `` Lateral Vulvar `` `` high fat region `` Peri anal `` `` high fat region `` Abdominal oblique `` `` best bc muscle Doses `` Planate 1ml = 87.5 microg `` Estrumate 0.75 - 1 ml = 188 - 250 microgram `` Lutalyse 2 ml = 10 mg |
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PARTUITION
4 IMPENDING SIGNS |
Serete Milk
Nesting behaviour `` restlessness Raised Rectal Temp Reduced Feed Intake |
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PARTUITION
PROCESS 3 |
2 - 3 HRS
Piglets expelled 5 - 20 min `` 15 average `` 20 min = impending dystocia Placent `` generally expelled after last piglet |
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STILL BORNS
WHAT 4 RISK FACTORS |
Fetuses that are live until term
`` die DURING farrowing Higher Parity Overweight Season `` heat in summer Higher Birth Order `` Farrowing Fatique Note - Float lungs to differentiate `` stillbirth `` postnatal death |
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FETAL MUMMIFICATION
WHAT INFECTIOUS 4 NON IFECTIOUS 3 |
Fetuses that die prior to term
`` After skeletal calfication begins `` `` 30 - 40 days `` Inspissated remains of fetal tissues `` age determined by crown-rump lenght Infectious `` parvo `` Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) `` Porcine Rabies Virus (PRV) `` Lepto Non Infectious `` parity `` litter size `` mycotoxins |
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LITTE TARGETS
5 |
Birth Weight
`` 1.3 - 1.5 kg Total Born `` 12 - 12.5 Live Born `` 11 - 11.5 Stillborn `` 6 - 8% Mummies `` 1 - 2% |
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LITTER SIZE
INFLUENCING FACTORS 6 |
Parity
Genetics `` sow `` boar Breeding Management `` timing with ovulation Previous Lactation `` sow feeding `` length Previous Wean to Service Interval `` nutrition Disease `` embryonic `` fetal death loses |
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BIRTH WEIGHT
4 INFLUENCING FACTORS |
Placnetation and intrauterine spacing
Genetics Litter Size `` total born Gestational Feeding `` beyond day 100 |
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NEONATAL PIGLET CARE
KEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO REDUCED PRE WEANING MORTALITY 4 |
Encourage Colostrum Consumption
`` Epichorial Placenta `` `` tf no AB transfer Provide Warmth `` creeps Reduce Competion `` cross fostering Minimize other stressful activities |
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COLOSTRUM
WHAT WHY |
24 - 48 Hrs
High Level of IgG `` mainly blood resident `` tf systemic immunity `` ie Arthritis `` `` most common disease of baby pigs Absorbed through GIT Replaced by IgA in milk ~~ mainly mucosal `` tf GI protection - diarrhea `` provides immunity throughout lactation |
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ENHANCE COLSTRAL COMSUMPTION
3 WAYS |
Split Suckle
`` sequester larger piglets `` `` 2 hrs at a time Collect and Store `` fresh `` frozen `` via farrowing = continual oxitocin production `` `` tf continual milk letdown Supplement at Risk piglets `` via tube or syringe `` Small birth weigh `` late birth order |
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PIGLET CHILLING
3 WHYS 4 PREVENTIONS |
Pglets lack Brown Fat reserves
Rely on shivering for homethermy Low birht weight piglets `` significant risk `` high SA to mass ratio Increase farrowing Room Temp `` for 2 - 3 days Dry piglets at birth Provide Supplementary heat `` heat lamp Provide Creep Area `` creep box or cover `` creep heat Pad |
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REDUCE PIGLET COMPETITION
|
Cross Foster
`` transfer piglets to litters/sows `` `` best fit to compromised piglets needs Birth - 24 hrs `` sort litters `` `` size `` `` number 7 - 10 Days `` small piglets to new born litter `` regrouping runts/small piglets onto nurse sows |
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SUCKLING ORDER
|
Established with 24 hrs of farrowing
Front and Middle Mammary glands preferential Rear Glands `` lower milk production `` higher crushing risk via hind legs Unused glands `` dry up if not occupied within 48 hrs `` tf cannot foster after Cannot add piglets to intact litters |
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PIGLET PROCESSING
4 |
Wolf Teeth Clipping
`` at birth `` sharp side cutter `` tip only `` to gums `` `` increased risk of infection `` `` `` tooth fracture `` `` `` cut gum `` Some farms dont clip `` `` descidus - fall out 4 - 6 weeks Iron Admin `` sows milk deficient `` 200 mg/piglet `` befor day 4 `` 20 ga x 1/2" needle `` Dxtran `` `` 1000 or 200 mg/ml `` Gleptoferrin `` `` 200 mg/ml Dock Tails `` bith - 4 days `` prevent tail chwing in GF `` side cutters `` butane powered cauterizer `` leave 2 - 3 cm Identification `` breeding stock reseach `` `` ear tattoo `` `` ear notches `` `` ear tags |
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PIGLET CASTRATION
WHY HOW |
Prevent Boar Taint
`` reproductive hormones `` `` skatole `` `` indole `` `` androsterone `` present in all post pupertal intact males `` adverse taste after cooking for some people Open Technique `` incise skin and vaginal tunic `` 2 vertical or 1 horizontal incision `` scapel or sharp side cutters `` potential source of infection Lower growth rate than boars |
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PWMT
WHAT TARGET |
Pre Weaning Mortality
` mortality occuring between birth and weaning Overall - 8 - 10% `` 70% in first 3 days `` 15% day 4 - 7 `` 15% day 7 to weaning |
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PWMT
NON INFECTIVE 6 CAUSES AND TARGETS |
Applicable to all farms
Trauma, Injury, Crushing, Laid on `` 52% `` mainly laid on by sow Starvation `` 17% `` piglet of avg/above avg wt dies of malnutrion Low Viability `` low birth wt that fails to compete with littermates Chilling `` common low birth wt piglets `` target 35 deg Savaging `` young sows - mainly gilts `` delayed expression of maternal behaviour Splay Legs `` myofibrillar hypoplasia `` inablility to adduct legs `` mainly hind `` tape |
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PWMT
INFECTIVE 2 CAUSES AND TARGETS |
Farm Dependent
Scours Diarrhea `` 9% multiple viral and bacterial causes `` E. coli most common `` death via dehydration Arthritis and Lameness `` follows bactermia `` usually lower joints of front and hind legs |
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PWMT
CHECKLIST WHEN LIST 7 |
Check if PWMT > 10%
Identify & address primary cause Ensure proper neonate care `` warmth `` colustrum `` timely fostering Cull high risk sows `` higheer parity `` poor maternal ability `` poor genetics Avoid extremes of temp Adequate facilities and equipment Adequate Husbandry `` training `` equipment `` nutrition Control Diseases `` biosecurity |
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WEANING PROCEDURES
4 |
Sows moved back to breeding barn
Piglets transferred to nursery Day of week important `` predetermines `` `` day sows bred `` `` next farrowing day `` wean wed / thur `` `` bred mon tues `` `` farrwow thurs fri `` important to avoid weekend work Weaning age Controversial `` range 12 - 28 days `` avg 17 - 25 days |
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EARLY WEANING < 18 DAYS
ADVANTAGE 5 |
Improved Disease Control
`` < 10 days `` didnt work Increase litters / sow / yr `` but WSI is extended `` didnt work Avoid excessive late lactation weight loss `` requires proper nutrition before and during `` fewer days to regain positive nutrient balance if underfed Fewer days piglets at ris of PWMT Eliminates need for Creep Feeding |
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EARLY WEANING < 18 DAYS
DISADVANTAGE 5 |
Lower Weaning Weight
Nursery diets `` more expensive `` more nutrient dense Specialized nursery facilities and intensive management Reduced Nursery feed consumption `` lower post weaning growth rates Reduces reproductive Performance `` <16 days `` extend WSI |
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LACTATION PERFORMANCE
6 METRICS 6 TARGEST |
Weaning Weights
`` 5 - 8 kg / pigglet `` `` age `` `` parity `` `` litter size Adjusted 21 Day litter weaning weights `` 65 - 70 kg `` adjust for `` `` pairity `` `` age `` `` liter size Litter Growth Rates `` 2.5kg / litter /day `` `` depends on litter size Per Weaning Mortality `` < 10% `` `` starvation cushes scours Sow Lactation Feed INtake `` 6 - 9 kg /day `` depends on `` `` lactation length `` `` diet Sow Reproductive Performance `` 4 - 6 day WSI `` also subsequent litter size |
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GOALS OF NURSERY UNIT
4 |
Provide a low stress environment after weaning
Successful transition from milk to solid feed Maintain health and low mortality Provide optimum conditions for growth |
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PERIOD OF MINIMUM INMMUNITY
|
3 - 4 Weeks
tf nursery piglets susceptible to manny diseases |
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SANITATION
4 STEP PROGRAM |
Pre-soak
High pressure wash `` remove biofilms Disinfect Dry prior to entry |
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BACTERIAL FILMS
|
Communities of microorganisms that populate environmental surfaces
`` organic matter and moisture provide excellent substrate `` encased in matrix of bacterial polysacchardies and mineral scale `` protected from disinfectnst Sanitation products used to break down biofilms `` degreaser and detergent `` acid and alkali washes for the scale |
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AGRICULTURAL DISINFECTANTS
5 TYPES 3 METHODS |
Iodophors
Hypochlorites Quaternary Ammoniums Formaldeydes Creosols Premixed `` backpack sprayer or pull cart `` best to get right [ ] in right place Garden Spraye `` dial dilution setting Pressure Washer `` faoming best bc sticks to walls |
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NURSERY PIG FLOW
|
Segregation of weanded pigs from sows and finisher pigs
`` enhances disease control `` facilitates expansion `` facilitates specialization Onsite Nursery `` seperate rooms under one roof `` some transmsission to nursery Off Site Nursery `` very little disease transmission With every nursery farm `` segragation by age `` each production week in seperate room If pigs from multiple barns are mixed at weaning `` AIAO by site provides optimum disease control `` `` by room in same building - good `` `` by building on same site - better `` by site - best but highest cost |
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NURSERY FACILITIES
3 KEY FEATURES |
Animal Housing
`` 6 - 8 weeks `` growth from 5 - 30 kg 12 - 50 pigs / pen `` 3 - 3.2 sqft / pig `` 28 - 30 deg Penning `` flooring porous plastic or metal `` Self Feeders `` `` dry or wet feed `` Water `` `` nipple or bowls Good Ventilation Critical `` Exhaust moisture and gases `` supply fresh air `` provide supplementary heat |
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VENTILATION SYSTEM
5 COMPONENTS |
Exhaust Fans
Inlets Heaters Controller and Sensors Recirculation Ducts `` optional |
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NURSERY
3 BASIC PROCEDURES |
Termperatures
`` weaning 28 - 30 deg C `` dropped 1 - 1.5 deg per week `` minimum 20 - 22 deg Water Flow `` 0.5 to 1.0 L /min `` gentle pressure `` shoulder height `` `` 30 - 50 cm Lighting `` 8 hry / day typical `` nightlights recommended |
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RECENTLY WEANED PIGS
3 PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS |
Weaning Age and Weight
GIT Development `` enzymes lactase switching to proteases and amylase `` villi health Social Stresse `` weaning `` relocation `` mixing |
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WEANING AGE AND WEIGHT
|
Considerable variation
Improper fostering Older and heavier pigs `` always competitive advantage `` better GI enzyme activity |
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GIT ENZYMES
|
Considerable enxymatic changes concide with weaning
Decreased lactase `` 3 - 7 weeks Increased Amylase and protease `` 2 - 7 weeks |
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VILLI HEALTH
WHAT HAPPENS 6 FACTORS |
Blunting via
malabsorptition - tf osmotic diarrhea Weaning Weaning Stress Soybean meal hypersensitivity Starvation / anorexia disease `` scours via TGE virsu Environmental Stress ``` chilling |
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NURSERY FEEDING
2 PRINCIPLES |
Extremely Important Period
`` transition from sow's regular calls for fluid food (milk) to self serve dry food `` samll appetite `` `` tf every mouthfull counts `` radical change in ingredients required to match changing enzymes `` Inadequeate nutrition can trigger scours Feed Presentation `` 3 - 4 x per day for 5 - 7 days post weaning `` creep feeders, trays, floors, feeders `` variation in social maturity tf 5 - 7 feeding stations per 30 pigs `` wet feed or gruel preferred by some |
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NURSERY FEEDING STAGES
|
Minimum 3 Stages
`` 7 - 8 weeks in nursery 5 - 30 kg Growth Reduced complexity with growth Reduced costs with `` growth `` increased ADFI |
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NURSERY FEED
STAGE 1 |
Complex Diet
`` 5 - 7 days Expensive $1.50 - $1.8 /kg First Exposure to dry feed Pelleted or crumbled Purchased from Feed Company Many complex ingredients to match changing enzymes `` plasmas protein `` whey or lactose `` fishmeal `` soybean meal 5 - 10% `` oats and oat groats `` wheat or corn `` fat or oil `` vitamins or minerals High Nutrient Density High palitiablilty |
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NURSERY FEED
STAGE 2 |
Transition Diet
`` 10 - 14 days Expensive but less cost than stage 1 Less expensive plant based proteins `` plasma prodein is reduced `` whey or lactose reduced `` soybean meal increased `` oats oat groats `` wheat or corn increased `` fat or oil `` vitamins minerals Pelleted or meal High Nutrient Density Feed intake of piglet is increased Reduced Palitablility `` bc increased appetite |
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NURSERY FEED
STAGE 3 |
Simple Diet
`` 3 - 4 weeks Least cost formulated `` best value ingredients Pelleted or Meal Lowwer nutrient Density `` plasma protien - none `` whey or lactose - none `` fishmeal - ususlly none `` soybean meal - increased `` oats oat groats - possible `` wheat or corn - increased `` barley - possible but high fibre `` fat or oil `` vialmins / minerals Increased Appetite `` tf reduced palitablility |
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NURSERY FEED BUDGET
|
Weight of feed per stage
Number of days for each stage Depends on `` farm `` weaning age `` weaning weight |
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PLASMA PROTEINS
VS PLANT PROTEINS |
Some plant proteins esp soybean meal can be hyper allergenic
`` tf introduce early at low levels Plamsa protein `` porcine blood only post BSE `` highly palatable `` stimulates feed intake `` contains AB - effect uncertain `` very expensive `` hygenic collection from slaughter plants `` spray drying reduces pathogenic potential |
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NURSERY
7 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH RATE AND FEED INTAKE |
Temperature
`` 28 deg C `` `` inversely proportional to feed intake Feed presention trays, feeder `` 1:3 ratio of feeding stns Frequency of feeding `` 3 - 4 times per day `` staff emulates sow call for nursing Pend Density Feeder `` space `` type `` size Water `` availability `` $2 nipples vs $30 bowls `` delivery Disease |
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NURSERY PERFORMANCE TARGETS
5 |
Average Daily Gain ADG
`` 4.5 - 7.5 kg = 210 - 230 g/d `` 7.5 - 10 kg = 325 - 370 g/d `` 10 - 25 kg = 575 - 650 g/d `` Average = 450 g/d Feed:Gain Ratio FCR `` 1.4 - 1.5 Feed Cost `` $10 - $12 / pig Weight at Dispatch `` 28 - 30 kg Mortality `` < 2% |
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GROWER FINISH UNIT
8 GOALS |
Growth
`` 25 - 115 (123) kg Feed Efficency `` 60% of cost to produce pig Market at optimum weight Idendification prior to marketing `` shoulder tattoo Control Disease `` minimize mortality Ensure Food Safety `` historically trichinella `` currently salmonella `` `` 4% of food salmonella Ensure Animal Welfare `` vets validate Select Breeding Gilts `` if gilt multiplication |
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GF PIG FLOW
|
Animal Flow
`` 16 - 18 wks total May be moved between Stages or Single Stage Room Sanitation AIAO `` by room `` by building `` by site `` some pigs may leave system at nursery stage as feeder pigs `` `` helps maintain AIAO integrity bc of room size limits |
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FINSHSER FACILITIES
3 FEATURES |
Animal Housing
`` conventional pens 12 - 18 `` large group pens 50 - 500 flooring `` concrete `` partial slats `` total slats Space `` Gower 5 sqtf `` Finisher 8 sqft `` Rule of Thumb `` `` 1 sqft per 10 kg live weight |
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LARGE GROUP PENS
6 CONSIDERATIONS |
Recent innovation
`` reduce labour costs `` weighing and sorting for market Large Pens `` 400 - 700 per pen May include Auto Sorter `` scale and gate `` Feeding phase all open `` marketing phase - heavey pighs go to marketing pen |
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GF BASIC HUSBANDRY
3 |
Room Temp
`` 20 - 22 deg C at entry `` 14 deg by by 50 - 60 kg `` slat and bedding type affect required temp `` Behavior indicates effective temp `` `` huddling = cold `` `` tail biting = drafts or wrong temp Water `` swinger (play tf drink) or staionary nipples `` 1 L/min gentle press `` shoulder height 60 - 75 cm `` may be additional nipples in wet/dry feeder Lighing `` 8 hr / day `` nightlights reccomended |
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PIG GROWTH PHYSIOLOGY
|
Growth Not Linear
`` sigmoidal from farrowing `` lean tissue (muscle and bone) `` fat Genetically Advanced Pigs `` proprotionately more lean growth Proportion of fat growth increases with feed intake |
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GRWOTH RATE FACTORS
6 |
Genotype
Gender `` boar > barrows > gilts Helath Pen Density Environment Nutrition |
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FAT & LEAN MEASUREMENTS
WHY 3 WHERE TARGET |
Ensure Genetic progress
Help Formulate Diets `` estimation of AA requirements Estimate Lean Content `` carcass premium to producer P2 Site `` last rib `` 5 cm off midline Fat `` 14 - 20 mm Lion `` 55 - 70 mm |
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FEEDING GF PIGS
6 PRINCIPLES |
Nutritional program must be adapted
`` 30 - 120 kg pigs Appetite increases with `` age `` weight Male appetite > female Barrows have higher fat deposition Restricted feed intake `` reduces fat depostion Gender differences `` apparent > 75 - 80 kg live weight `` split sex feeding |
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SPLIT SEX FEEDING
|
Lower nutrient levels supplied to Barrows > 75 kg
Greater appetites Hiper fat deposition Lower lean deposition Reduce feed Costs `` $2 - $3 per pig |
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PHASE FEEDING
|
Stepwise reduction in nutrient levels over time to best match pig growth rate and feed intake
Reduce Feed Cost `` $5 - $6 per pig Increase Barley Reduce Wheat |
|
AMINO ACID BALANCE
|
Balance for AAs not Crude Protein
Limiting AAs `` Lysine `` Threonine `` Methionine `` Total Methionine + Cysteine `` Tryptophan |
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IDEAL PROTEIN BALANCE
|
AA supplied at levels that best meet the demands for
`` maintenance `` protein growth Supplied to match levels in muscle protein `` Ideal Protein AA supplied in excess are excreted `` requires energy Diets balanced from Lysine requirements |
|
NUTRIENTS AND INGREDIENTS
4 CATAGORIES AND TYPICALS |
Protein
`` soybean meal `` canola meal `` peas `` synthetic AAs `` `` lysine, threeonine, methionine Energy ie Fat and Carb `` vegetable oil, tallow `` Grains - wheat barley corn Macroninerals - salt calcium phosphorus `` Salt - sodium & potassium `` Calcium - limestone `` phosphourus - dical, monocal Microminerals and vitamins `` premix `` vitamines `` micromineral mix |
|
GF
FEED INTAKE AND EFFICIENCY |
Both critical to succes of GF unit
`` ADFI drives growth rate `` FCR influences cost per pig `` `` 2.8 optimal average `` `` weaner 1.2 `` `` market 4.0 Feed = 60% of cost of production |
|
GF FEED INTAKE AND EFFICIENCY
8 FACTORS AFFECTING ADFI AND FCR |
Older and larger
`` ADFI better `` FCR worse Feed Wastage `` ADFI better `` FCR worse Feed Restriction `` ADFI worse `` FCR worse Water Restriction `` ADFI worse `` FCR worse Higher Energy in diet `` ADFI variable `` FCR better Smaller Particle Size `` ADFI varialble `` FCR better Gilt vs Barrow `` ADFI worse `` FCR better Higher temp `` ADFI worse `` FCR worse Disease `` ADFI worse `` FCR worse |
|
GF PERFORMANCE TARGETS
6 |
ADG
`` 800 - 900 g/day FCR `` 2.7 - 3.0 Feed Cost `` $30 - $40 per pig Weight at Dispatch `` 115 live / 93 dressed Mortality `` < 3% Turns (cycles / yr) `` 3 ie 52/17 `` 120 day GF cycle % Marketed in Core `` 90 - 95% |
|
HEALTH STATUS
3 CATEGORIES |
Convential Health
`` normal barn High Health Status `` SPF - Specific Pathogen Free `` MD - Minimal Diseas Gnotobiotic `` research `` CS and no Colosturm `` `` tf no ABs `` tf 35 day life max |
|
SPF DERVIVATIONS
WHY 5 HOWS |
Breeding Farms
`` objective to prevent disease transmission from sow to piglets `` partuition and lactation Piglets relacated away from sow Surgical bays divided via water bath `` dirty sow `` clean piglets Does not prevent vertically transmitted diseases CDCD `` c section derived and colostrum deprived CD `` c section derived Hysterctomy Medicated Early Weaning Embryo Transfer |
|
CDCD
|
C section Derived Colostrum Deprived
Gnotobiotics for Research sow is anethetized `` tf piglets sleep 12 hrs Piglets indivudually delivered by CS Immediately remove from sow Reared in incubators or bubbles DO NOT receive colostrum |
|
CD
|
C section derived
`` hysterotomy sow is anethetized `` tf piglets sleep 12 hrs `` tf no colstrum for 12 hrs Piglets indivudually delivered by CS Immediately remove from sow |
|
HYSTERECTOMY
|
Sow Super Oxeygenated
Sow paralyzed via succinyl choline Sow stunned via captive bolt Gravid uterus is removed and transfed to clean area Piglet removed from uterus Fostered onto nurse sows at recipient barn Piglets receive colostrum Must be delivered in 2 minutes from time of stunning Piglets always inside on dirty side low cost |
|
MEDICATED EARLY WEANING
|
Sows farrow normmally
Piglets must consume adequate colstrum Piglets weaned early Reared offsite or isolated site Weaning age based on diseases to be eliminated Sowas and / or piglets may be medicated or vaccinnated Used to eliminate specific pathogens Some pathogens NOT eliminated |
|
EMBRYO TRANSFER
|
Approaching commercial application for breeding stock
Fresh Embryos only `` 4 - 8 cell stage Collection `` surgical `` slaughter recipients `` typically surgical bc place at uterine tip `` also non surgical |
|
BIO SECURITY
DEFINITION |
Procedures that are enforced for the purpose of preventing disease introduction
External `` into a farm Internal `` within a farm `` rooms, areas, ages |
|
MAINTAINING BIOSECURITY
INTERNAL 6 |
Proper Pig Flow
`` AIAO rooms `` minimize age mixing `` no hold backs Ensure timely and judicious treatment of sick animals Ensure timely euthanasia of chronic animimals Boot Baths Personnel Hygeine when handling sick pigs Adequate room sanitation and drying procedures |
|
BIO SECURITY
DEFINITION |
Procedures that are enforced for the purpose of preventing disease introduction
External `` into a farm Internal `` within a farm `` rooms, areas, ages |
|
BIOSECURITY
EXTERNAL 8 |
Isolate or Quarantine replacement stock
`` quarantine barns reccomended `` > 100 m `` 30 - 60 days `` `` clinical signs `` `` serological verification Isolated Site `` production > 3.2 km `` breeding > 8 km Deterrents `` signage `` gates `` fences Rigid Entry procedures `` sign in book `` pig freedom period `` shower `` `` forces change of clothes `` disinfection `` `` supplies `` `` toos Biosecure Feed Manufacturing and Delivery `` Auddit feed manufacturing and delivery protocols `` inspect commerical and on fram mills `` `` salmonella `` prevent corss contamination during delivery `` seal access from wild birds and poultry units Biosecure Dead Stock Removal `` Rendering `` `` mulitple stops tf risk `` `` truck snaitation `` `` safe pickup zone `` Composting `` `` safe location `` `` thoroughness `` `` wild life access Rodent Control `` mice rats birds dogs cats `` baiting and sighting logs `` inlet screens Load Out and Transportation `` drivers `` `` stay outside `` `` clean boots and clothes `` one way flow from barn to truck `` wash and disinfect trailer each load `` specific trailer for barn |
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NON INFECTIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS
6 |
Hernias
Cryptorchids `` ridglings Splay legs Aural hematomas Vices Procine Stress Sysndrome PSS |
|
SCROTAL HERNIAS
|
Common congenital defect
Detected at castration Primarily males and unilateral Enlarge and potentially strangulate SI INguinal rind closure `` 10 - 15 kg `` remove tsticle `` replace SI `` close ring `` producers trained Inguinal Ring Taping `` castrate pig normally `` replace SI into abdomen `` 3 strips adhesive tape `` figure 8 starting at inguinar ring `` high success rate |
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UMBILICAL HERNIAS
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Often start as umblical abscesses
Either gender Association with umbilical stress Difficult to detect in early nursery Baseball size in early grower Basketball size in finisher Excoriation = active infection = condemnation Surgery not done Market hogs early Euthenize if skin ulcerated |
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RIDGLINGS
|
Cryptorchids
Generally unilateral Detected at castration May descend on own Surgery - 15 kg `` sedation and local anesthesia `` post surgical AB `` producers trained `` 50% - 85% success |
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MYOFIBRILLAR HYPOPLASIA
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Splay Legs
`` immature skeletal muscles Multifactorial Inherited `` low birth weight `` prenatal maternal stress or malnutrition `` premature farrowing induction `` males more susceptable 2 0r 4 legs affected Succumb to malnutrition and chilling Tape hind legs `` flexed `` `` 3 - 4 hrs and release `` `` repeate 1 - 2 x `` above hocks continually for 2 - 3 days |
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AURAL HEMATOMAS
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Picking pig up by ear
Early nurser stage Fighting Shrinks when healed `` cauliflower ear Do nothing `` preffered Lance `` lilely to refill `` possible abscess Suture and pressure bandage `` not feasible or tolerated |
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BEHAVIORAL VICES
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Tailbiting and Flankbiting
Multifactorial Trigger `` enviro stress `` boredom `` overcrowding `` feed and water deprivation Noted late nuresry to marketing Highly variable incidenc Huge industry animal welfare issue Misdirected natural rooting and chewing behavior Eventually develops into blood lust Prevention `` dock tails `` provide enrichment `` `` toys, straw `` eliminate stresses Treatment `` elastrate tail `` remove biting pigs if found `` parentera AB |
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PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME
|
Genetic mutation in ryr-1 gene
`` adjacent ot halothane induced malignant hypothermia gene Hal 1843 Autosomal Recessive Results in `` heavy muscling `` susceptibilty to stress `` death `` inferior pork PSE Pale Soft Exudative Genetic Testing Available Control gene in populations `` eliminated from commercial herds |
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VACCINATION PROGRAMS
WHY TYPES WHEN |
Vaccination stimulates active immunity
Multivalent vaccinines contain multiple diseases Attenuated `` modified live `` mix with saline `` `` then limited shelf life `` usually avoided during pregnancy `` `` placental transfer Killed - virus and bacteria `` prone to freezing Pre Breeding `` sows and gilts `` protect conceptus form disease tha infect sow and corss placenta `` ie Parvovirus, PRRS Pre Farrowing `` sows and gilts `` protect young piglets by enhancing passive immunity `` colostral and milk AB `` ie E. coli Feeding Herd `` pigs from birht to marketing `` protect pigs by stimulating Active Immunity prior to anticipated exposure `` ie erysiplas Good econimics to vaccinate sow rather than piglets Highest risk is needle breakage |
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CQA
|
CANADIAN QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
HACCP based on farm food sfety program Developed 1998 by Cdn Pork Council `` identification of hazards `` `` chemical - drug residues `` `` physical - needles `` `` biological - salmonella `` steps to elimate or minimize `` documentation of production practices `` implementation of Good Production Practices Verification and Validation `` usually via DVMS Voluntary Animal Care Assesssment `` stalls not addressed `` Validated via DVMs |
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GLOBAL PORK TRADE
IMPORTERS |
Japan
`` affluent `` premium product Russia `` 65% of Brazilian Exports `` low cost of labour, environment, feed `` low health status Mexico USA Korea |
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GLOBAL PORK TRADE
EXPORTERS |
EU
`` mainly Dennmark USA Canada `` vunerable `` `` trade barriers `` `` FADs ie Foot and Mouth Brazil China |
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CANADIAN PORK EXPORTS
|
50 -60% of production exported
Dramatic Growth in last 15 yrs Competitiveness drivig force behind WC expansion USA Canadas #1 trading partner signifcant increase in <50 kg pigs to USA `` easy access to processing plants `` cheap feeds - corn `` closer consumer `` `` ship small pigs Future Trends `` Sow units in Canada `` Feeder units in USA 4 Year Price Cycles `` historically driven `` supply and demand `` hog futures market |
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PRICES
|
Daily price establishe by Provincial Marketing Board
`` Sask Pork International Market Hogs sold Live Weight `` 110 - 123 kg `` $130 - $160 per 100 kg Produces Paid on Dressed Weight `` head on `` 78 - 80% of live Paid Premium based on carcass quality `` INDEX Culled Animals `` live weight basis `` no carcass index `` all further processing `` Boars - $10 per 100 kg `` sows - $100 per 100 kg All Boars and most sows exported to USA Many sows sold to local abattoirs `` increase price in fall `` `` blend game sausage |
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REVENUE SOURCES OF PRODUCERS
4 |
Isoweans
`` piglets at weaning `` 5 - 8 kg Feeder Pigs `` pigs at nursery dispatch `` 25 - 30 kg Live Market Hogs `` end of finisher `` 110 - 123 kg Culls - sows and boars |
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PRODUCER PAYMENT
3 WAYS |
Isoweans and Feeders
`` contract price established by broker `` per head or live weight `` isoweans - $30 -$40 each `` feeders - $50 - $80 each Sows and Boars `` live weight x current market price `` less transport and marketing costs `` sow $63/100 kg `` boar $22/100 kg Market Hogs `` Dressed Wieght `` Carcass Index `` `` Backfat `` `` lion muscle depth `` `` Loin - fat Spread `` Market Price `` Premiums `` `` Health `` `` Weight `` Demerits `` `` trim losses ie absceses |
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MARKET HOG CARCASS
GRADING AND PRICING |
Dressed Carcass Weight
`` warm `` eviscerated `` head on `` 78% - 80% of live weight Ultrasonically probed at P2 `` backfat `` lion Assigned Carcass Index `` warm carcass weight `` Estimated Lean Yield % Estimated Lean Yield % `` bone and muscle on carcass `` backfat and loin measurements `` funky formula Add Premiums `` Weight over 85 kg `` Loin Spread (loin - backfat) |
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PRODUCTION COST
BY COUNTRY |
Brazil
canada Ireland Spain US |
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MAJOR EXPENSES
|
Feed
`` 48% Payroll `` 13% Interest and Depreciation `` 12% Utilities Insurance Taxes `` 8% Administration `` 5% etc etc Veterinary Supplies and Services `` 3% |
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TOTAL EXPENSE PER HOG
|
$125 - $150
|
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VETERINARY EXPENSES
|
Low but not insignificant
Increase rapidly during disease outbreaks When vets do not produce value `` constantly challenged to reduce costs Producer ROI is 18% `` tf vets need to deliver this value on vet expenses |
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HOG UNIT PROFITABILITY
|
Market Price
`` most important Pig Flow `` 2nd most important ROI is 18% `` tf vets must focus on providing this value on expenses `` improve productivity ie throughput `` improve effiency `` `` reduce feed costs etc `` reduce expenses `` `` including veterinary costs |
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VETERINARY SEVICES
4 CATAGORIES |
Traditional Professional Services
`` biosecrurity and sanitation `` Disease Treatement `` `` diagnostics `` `` control `` `` prevention `` Quality Assurance (CQA) Non-Traditional Proffesional Services `` Production `` `` records `` `` reproduction `` `` throughput `` `` efficiency `` Nutrition `` diet formulation `` `` quality control `` Human Resources Management `` training `` hiring and firing Animal Health Products `` Pharmaceutical `` Vaccines `` Disinfectants `` Supplies Diagnostics `` In house bacterial culture `` External `` `` serology `` `` necropsy `` `` culture `` |
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VETERINARIAN PAYMENT
3 WAYS |
Proffesional Services
`` Hourly or per diem `` Travel and Milage `` time on farm `` time in office ie reports and phone Animal Health Products `` Competitive `` `` high margin low volume `` `` Feed Lot Health sells lower than Veterinary cost `` low mark ups 5% - 10% `` `` 7% minimum inventory cost Diagnostics `` Fee for Service Basis `` surcharge per submission |