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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS SIX EVENTS |
Nutrient Deficiency
Biochemical Deficiency Functional Defect Microscopic Anatomical Defect Macroscopic Anataomical Defect Morbidity, Death |
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PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES
WENDE SYSTEM SIX |
WATER
CRUDE PROTEIN(CP)total protein in feed - assumes crude protein is 16% N - tf %N x 6.25 = %CP - True Protein ie made from amino acids - Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) ETHER EXTRACT(EE) Fat - chloroform/methanol used to remove fat from animal sources ASH minerals - what remains in furnace CRUDE FIBRE (CF)cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT (NFE) non fibre carbohydrate - calculate via 100% less the % of water, CP, EE, Ash and CF |
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CRUDE PROTEIN(CP)
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- assumes crude protein is 16% N
- total protein in feed - tf %N x 6.25 = %CP - True Protein ie made from amino acids |
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NPN
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- Non Protein Nitrogen
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ETHER EXTRACT(EE)
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- Fat
- chloroform/methanol used to remove fat from animal sources |
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ASH
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minerals
- what remains in furnace |
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CRUDE FIBRE (CF)
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- cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
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ADF
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- Acid Detergent Fibre
- fibre extracted with acid detergent - remains after extraction of hemicellulose - tf CELLULOSE and LIGNIN - tf low digestibility - tf use full for determining enery of feed |
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NDF
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- neutral detergent
- Acid Detergent Fibre - fibre extracted with neutral detergent - plant cell wall tf HEMI CELLULOSE, CELLULOSE and LIGNIN - higher digestibility than ADF - used to determine LIMIT OF INTAKE ie Beef and Dariy cows max 1.3% of BW NDF per day |
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BW
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Body Weight
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GE
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Gross Energy
- heat released when feed completely oxidized in bomb calorimetor |
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DIGESTIBILITY OF CARBOHYDRATES
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STARCH
- All Species 80% - 90% NDF - Ruminants 50% - 90% - Horse 35% - 50% - Poultry 25% - 35% - Pig 5%-30% - Dog 10% - 30% - Human 25% - 40% |
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HE
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Hay Equivalent
- 90% Dry Matter (DM) as most hay is about 10% water |
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WATER CONTENT OF FEEDS
3 WAYS |
As Is = As Fed = Air Dry
- the actual amount of water in feed as it is fed to animal Adjusted to 90% Dry Mater (DM) - aka Hay Equivalent (HE) - 10% moisture in feed Dry Matter (DM) Basis - 0% moisture in feed |
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DM
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Dry Matter (DM) Basis
- 0% moisture in feed |
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WATER CONTENT EXAMPLE
35% DM and 3% CP As Fed WHAT IS CP ON DM BASIS WHAT IS CP as HE |
35% DM means 65% Water
CP (100% DM Basis) = 3%CP x (100%DM / 35%DM) = 8.57% CP on 100% Dry Matter Basis HE = 90% DM - start with 100% DM Basis HE = 8.57% x 90% = 7.7% CP as HE (90% DM) |
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CONCENTRATES
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Feeds that primarily supply ENERGY
- high energy, low fibre (<18%), low protein (<20%) - Cereal Grains: Barley, corn, oats, wheat - Grain milling by products: wheat bran, rice bran. Note for ruminants can be >18% fibre if fine particles because too small to act as forage - Food Processing By Products: molasses, distillers and brewers byproducts - Roots and Tubers: trunips, potatoes cassava |
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PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
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Feeds that contain >20% protein on DM Basis
- Oilseed Meals: canola, soybean, cottonseed, linseed (flax)left over from oil extraction - Grain Legumes: peas, lentils, beans, lupins - Animal Proteins: fishmeal, meat and bone meal, feather meal, NPN for ruminants - Rumen Bypass Protein: dehydrated alfalfa, corn gluten meal. Note usually heat treated to make insoluble so inaccessable to rumen bacteria |
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ROUGHAGES
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Bulky material with HIGH FIBRE content and low nutrient density
- Pasture: grass or legumes - Silage - anaerobically fermented vegetative material. Preserved at low pH via acetic and lactic acid. Sourkraut for Cows. Hay - cut and dried pasture Straw - stalks of ceral grain crops. Very low protein |
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FEED ADDITIVES
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- Mineral supplements
- Vitamin supplements - Amino Acids: especially lysine and methionine for pigs and poultry - Perservatives: Antioxidants such as Vit C & E to protect other vitamins, mold inhibitors, Bytylate Hydroxy Tolune (BHT), acids to lower pH - Buffers: sodium bicarbonate - Flavors: Anise, Fenugreed, Licorice for palatibility or preference - Pellet Binders: lignosulfonate, bentonite |
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FOUR FEED CLASSIFICATIONS
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CONCENTRATES
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS ROUGHAGES FEED ADDITIVES |
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RATION CHARACTERISTICS
SWINE |
- Cereal Grains 70 - 80%
- Oil Meals soy or canola for protein - Mineral & Vitamin Supplements - Synthetic Amino Acids: lysine, methionine, cysteine |
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RATION CHARACTERISTICS
DAIRY COWS |
- Forages (Hay, Silage Pasture) 40% lactating - 90% dry
- Cereal Grains - Oil Meals and byproduct feeds for bypass protein - Mineral & Vitamin Supplements - Buffers - sodium bicarb |
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DIGESTABILITY
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Proportion of the feed not excreted in the feces.
tf assumed to be absorbed. Not a great assumption becasue of urine and gaseous losses. |
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METHODS OF DETERMINING DIGESTABILITY
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MEASUREMENT
- Total Collection: Apparent Digestibiliy and True Digestability - Indicator Methods ESTIMATION - Chemical analysis ie ADF - Enzyme Laboritory methods ie solubility - Artificial Rumen (in vitro) - Rumen Nylon Bag (in sacco) pore and particle size important. - Mobile Nulon bag moves through all or part (duodenum to avoid femrnetation effects) of intestine in surgically altered animals |
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