Viticulture Week 2

Front 1

What are the main elements of terroir?

Back 1

Climate
Soil
Grape Variety
Vintage and Wine Making

Front 2

Four important factors influencing terroir in viticulture.

Back 2

water status and nitrogen fertility

vine physiology and adaption to different environments

human factors

ports and population centers

Front 3

* Viticulture is mostly concerned with what factors?

Back 3

climate - temp, precip, humidity

soils - fertility & water holding capacity

site - understanding unique characteristics

Front 4

* What are the main organs of a vine?

Back 4

root
shoots
leaves
fruit

Front 5

* What happens when roots begin to grow?

Back 5

soil warms to 50 F

Enzymes break down starches into sugars

Sugars create a gradient that causes water to flow into the plant

Front 6

Define osmosis.

Back 6

The movement of water from one side of a semi-permeable membrane to another. An osmotic gradient is created when one side of a membrane has a higher concentration of a solute than the other.

Front 7

What is the difference between symplastic and apoplastic pathways?

Back 7

Symplastic Movement - Movement of water and solutes through the continuous connection of cytoplasm (though plasmodesmata)


Apoplastic Movement - Movement of water and solutes through the cell walls and the intercellular spaces

Front 8

* Three types of roots.

Back 8

Frame
Permanent
Fibrous or Absorbing

Front 9

* What are Frame roots?

Back 9

6 - 100 mm wide existing about 35 mm below the surface; fully established after 3 years

Front 10

* What are permanent roots?

Back 10

2 - 6 mm these grow out of the Frame roots and grow horizontally or downward

Front 11

* Fibrous Roots?

Back 11

smallest roots - responsible for absorbing water

large percentage of the root mass

20 - 50 cm depth

Front 12

Rooting zone.

Back 12

80% of the root mass in the 20 - 50 cm range

Front 13

Xylem and Phloem

Back 13

Xylem - water transport through root pressure and transpirational pull through dead cells

Phloem - transport of sap via living cells

Front 14

Where does shoot growth begin?

Back 14

Begins in the bud with the growth of the apical meristem

Front 15

* Two types of buds.

Back 15

Prompt - grows in the same season as it is formed. grows into a lateral shoot.

Latent - on the primary shoot. it sponsors growth the following year. there can be secondary and tertiary buds within.

Front 16

When does the dormant bud begin the grow?

Back 16

In the spring.

200 hours below 50 F

Front 17

* Trace bud development.

Back 17

Initiation and differentiation of inflorescences. (Season 1 Spring/Summer - Induction and initiation, Fruit Set, Veraison)

Bud dormancy (Season 1 Summer/Fall - Harvest)

Inflorescence development and flower maturation (Season 2 Winter/Spring - Bud Burst,

Flowering (Season 2 Spring)

Berry formation (Season 2 Summer - Veraison)

Berry ripening(Season 2 Summer/Fall - Harvest)

Front 18

What hormone does the apex produce?

Back 18

Auxin - stimulates growth towards light and inhibits later bud growth.

Front 19

What hormone do the roots produce?

Back 19

Abscisic Acid - at times of water stress. Slows/stops shoot growth and and reduce stomatal conductance.

Front 20

* How do shoots express apical dominance?

Back 20

Shoot tip hormonally blocks the growth of laterals.

Front 21

How do laterals grow if the distal apex is intact?

Back 21

Basally, away from the apex.

Front 22

Grapevine shoots express acrotony or growth at the top of the plant most at what time.

Back 22

If the growing apex is removed.

Front 23

Name the major shoot growth principles.

Back 23

End Point
Prunk Proximity
Highest Point
Root to Shoot

Front 24

What is the end point principle?

Back 24

Shoots at the end of a cane are more vigorous.
End buds have preferential growth.

Front 25

What is the trunk proximity principle?

Back 25

Shoots close to the trunk have a growth advantage.
Grow from a replacement spur or from the "head" of the vine.

Front 26

Which type of pruning promotes the most even growth?

Back 26

Spur pruning.

Front 27

What is the highest point principle?

Back 27

Shoots originating from buds at the highest point may have an advantage.
Likely influenced by gravity-offers a method for promoting more even growth - create an apex.

Front 28

What is the Root to Shoot principle?

Back 28

Ratio of root mass to shoot mass tends to stay the same.
Heavily pruned plants with large root masses will be more vigorous.
Small rooted plants with a large number of buds have weak shoot growth.
Vines pruned according to their vigor tend to be more balanced.

Front 29

* Name the goals of shoot growth.

Back 29

Even growth across the vine.
Enough vigor to supply canopy architecture.
Limited lateral growth.
Desired fruit composition.

Front 30

In cool climates which buds grow under the most favorable conditions?

Back 30

Buds 4 - 5 nodes away from the base of the cane.

Front 31

Shoot growth principles apply to what pruning method?

Back 31

Cane pruning.

Front 32

What is a vine's ability to ripen fruit dependent on?

Back 32

The balance between vegetative growth and fruit development.

Front 33

What plant organs produce sugars?

Back 33

Leaves.

Front 34

What is the effect of appropriate levels of hydric stress?

Back 34

fruit growth
carbon assimilation
limit vigorous vegetative growth

Front 35

What does good weather promote?

Back 35

Bud fertility.

Front 36

* What is the goal of shoot growth?

Back 36

Balanced growth.