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88 Cards in this Set
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Roots
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diffuse and fibrous, often growing to great depths in search of water. Feeder roots are continually produced during the growing season. Other roots mature and become part of the root system.*
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Trunk
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The main stem or body of a vine between the roots and the place where it divides to form branches.
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permanent stem of the vine, can branch into cordons.
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Cordon
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The horizontal branch of the vine usually attached to a support wire and from which the fruiting units form.
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are named after their rope-like structure.
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Spur
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A short fruiting unit of one-year growth usually consisting of one to three nodes and retained at pruning.
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the short fruiting unit of one year's growth, usually consisting of the 2 or 3 nodes retained after pruning.
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Shoot
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The current season's stem growth that bears leaves, buds, clusters, and tendrils.
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arise from spurs in the current season of growth, and become canes as they mature.
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Cane
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A mature, lignified (woody) shoot. Can also be a long fruiting unit retained at pruning for fruit production, generally 12 to 15 nodes long.
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are cut back to the buds that produce next year's fruit.
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Node
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The enlarged portion of the shoot or cane on which leaves, clusters, tendrils, and/or buds are located.
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are the areas that the leaves, tendrils and clusters arise from.
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Internode
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The portion of a shoot or cane between two adjacent nodes.
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the region between the nodes.
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Diaphragm
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of woody tissue interrupts the node of most Vitis species, with the exception of Muscadinia rotundifolia.*
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Buds
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are compressed shoots. Every leaf axil has an axillary or lateral bud.*
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Leaf axil
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the point where the leaf attaches to the shoot.*
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Axillary or lateral bud
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The pointed bud in each leaf axil that gives rise to lateral shoots or abscises during the year of production.
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grows out to become shoots in the current season or drops off.
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Dormant or latent bud
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Usually a dormant bud, located on wood more than one year old.
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forms in the basal axil of the lateral bud, and develops during the year to become the large woody bud that produces the next year's shoots and fruit.
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Tendril
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A slender, usually branched two or more times structure that coils around objects and supports the shoot. They originate opposite the leaves at the nodes and can differentiate into small clusters.
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act to support the vine and are produced opposite the leaves.They are undeveloped clusters and are usually produced in a discontinuous manner on the cane, except for V. lubrusca which normally has tendrils or clusters at each node - continuous. Depending upon the hormonal regulation within the vine clusters cane be more or less branched, but M. rotundifolia "always" has simple (unbranched) tendrils.
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Petiole
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The stem that attaches the leaf blade to the shoot.
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attaches the leaf to the shoot.
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Blade or lamina
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The expanded portion of the leaf.
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is the expanded part of the leaf
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Leaf bracts
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are small scales at the base of the petiole and they drop off early in development.*
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Diagnostic leaf features are: (3)
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the 5 major veins that radiate out from the petiole and produce a palmate leaf
the teeth or serrations at the leaf edge the sinuses, lobing from entire to deeply lobed* |
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Palmate
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(of a leaf) having several lobes (typically 5–7) whose midribs all radiate from one point.*
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Serrations
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Teeth-like indentations at the margins of a leaf.
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Sinus
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Gaps in the leaf margin that separate the leaf lobes.
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The lateral sinus closest to the petiole are referred to as "inferior," and those neat the apical lobe are "superior."
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Lobe
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Grape leaves are divided into five lobes centered around the five main leaf veins and separated by sinuses of varying degrees.
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The leaf surface can be: (4)
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smooth
rugose (wrinkled, bumpy) pinched closed (concave) rolled over (convex)* |
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Rugose
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A wrinkled or puckered leaf surface.
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wrinkled, bumpy
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Hairs on the leaf
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primarily seen on the lower surface and on the shoot tips. Range from glaborous (hairless) to cobwebby (aracnose) sparsely placed hairs, to pubescent (peach fuss, fine short hairs), to downy (hairy but the leaf surface is visable) to tomentose (covered with soft wool-like hairs) to felty (leaf surface is not visable).*
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Glaborous
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Smooth leaves, not rough, pubescent or hairy.
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hairless
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Pubescent
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Leaves and stems covered with short hairs.
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peach fuss, fine short hairs
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Tomentum
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Short to long hair often densely mated on the leaf or shoot surface.
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covered with soft wool-like hairs
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Cluster
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are held to the trunk by the peduncle, which develops into the rachis, the framework of the cluster, and ends in the pedicel, the berry stem.*
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Peduncle
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The stem that attaches the rachis (cluster framework) to the shoot/cane at the node.
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Rachis
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The branched cluster framework attached to the shoot or cane by the peduncle.
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the framework of the cluster.
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Pedicel
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The small stem that attaches the berry to the rachis (cluster framework).
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the berry stem.
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Cluster shapes are diagnostic and are determined by the length of the branches within the rachis. (3)
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The clusters can be described as shouldered to winged to double clustered, depending on the length of the lateral branch originating near the peduncle.*
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The number of berries that develop determines how well the cluster is filled (3)
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loose
well-filled compact* |
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Berries
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the fruit of the grapevine, a fleshy-pulpy fruit with immersed seeds. Berries range widely in shape from variety to variety, but are consistent within a variety and can be diagnostic.*
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Capstem
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The pedicel of the flower and the stem attachment of the berry to the rachis.
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where the berries are attached to the rachis.
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Lenticel
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A tiny, pore-like opening surrounded by corky tissue, often seen on grape berries and pedicels.
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small pores on the berry surface and on the pedicels. They may or may not be visible,
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Bloom
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The waxy coating on a mature grape berry, which often gives a frosted appearance to dark colored varieties.
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the waxy coating on the berry epidermis.
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Ampelography
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The art of identifying grape varieties by observation of leaf and fruit characteristics; also a compilation of morphological descriptions of grape varieties.
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grapevine description, using vine characteristics such as leaves, shoot tips and fruit morphology.
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Ampelography is important for: (4)
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planting decisions
winery decisions veracity of winery and nursery shipments avoiding nomenclatural mistakes* |
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Degree Day Concept and Heat Accumulation
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The mean daily temperature in F minus 50 summed from April 1 to October 31.
Region I <2500; Region II 2500-3000; Region III 3000-3500; Region IV 3500-4000; Region V >4000 |
Influenced by 1) amount of sunshine, 2) day length, 3) extremes of temperature and effect on average temperature, 4( wind, and 5) spring frost.
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Viticultural Regions (7)
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North Coast
Central Coast South Coast Foothills Northern San Joaquin Southern San Joaquin Desert |
North Coast
Central Coast South Coast Foothills Northern San Joaquin Southern San Joaquin Desert |
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Vitis rupestris
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South-central US, Sand grape, St. George, AXR#1, 110R, 3309, phylloxera resistance and drought tolerance, easy to root
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Rootstock
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Vitis riparia
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Frost grape, east of the Rocky Mtns., pure species rootstock, Riparia Gloire, and in hybrids 5C, SO4, 3309, very resistant to phylloxera, drought susceptible, very easy to propagate, also used in fruiting hybrid production, cold tolerant and disease resistant
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Rootstock
Fruiting or Hybrid |
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Vitis berlandieri
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the Spanish Grape, Texas limestone soils, phylloxera resistant, lime tolerant, hard to root and graft so used as a hybrid, 5C, 110R. Now thought to be a type of cinerea (V. cinerea var. helleri)
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Rootstock
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Vitis champinii
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Calcaire Grape on Texas limestone, high nematode resistance, drought adaptation, some selections are difficult to root, SJV rootstocks Dog Ridge and Salt Creek (Ramsey)
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Rootstock
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Vitis longii
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the Gully Grape, solonis is a type of this, and now more correctly called acerifolia. Texas, New Mexico, Mexico, good drought tolerance and nematode resistance, moderate phylloxera resistance, easy to root
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Rootstock
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Vitis vinifera
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European bunch (wine/table) grapes, susceptible to all problems except drought, and lime-induced chlorosis
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Fruiting or Hybrid
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Vitis labrusca
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the Fox Grape, Concords, Welsh's grape juice, NE US, moderate phylloxera resistance
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Fruiting or Hybrid
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Vitis (Muscadinia) rotundifolia
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Muscadine grapes, SE US, resistant to most pests and pathogens of vinifera. Has been used in some rootstocks (O39-16) and will be used in the future
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Fruiting or Hybrid
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Vitis aestivalis
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Summer Grape, used in hybrids, east US to Texas, sources of resistance to phylloxera, nematodes, drought, difficult to root
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Fruiting or Hybrid
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Vitis amurenis
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a Chinese species with great cold and disease tolerance, used in China for jams and jellies, now being hybrid, no phylloxera resistance
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Fruiting or Hybrid
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St George
Rootstock |
Resistant to phylloxera, roots and grafts easily, vigorous, drought tolerance combined with vigor makes it an excellent choice for hillside locations, but not if the soils are too shallow, not resistant to nematodes, does not do well in wet areas, high vigor causes fruitfulness problems, symptomless carrier of corky bark and leaf roll
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Phylloxera-resistant
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AXR#1
Rootstock |
Less vigor than St George, broadly adaptable, tolerant of grape viruses, not resistant to phylloxera
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Phylloxera-resistant
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110R
(berlandieri x rupestris) Rootstock |
high phylloxera resistance, lime tolerance, good drought tolerance, moderate vigor without water (high vigor on deep moist and fertile soils). On high vigor soils can produce veggie, high pH wines. Slow to establish, vigor increases over time, prone to virus induced graft incompatibility
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Phylloxera-resistant
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1103P
(berlandieri x rupestris) Rootstock |
selected for drought tolerance and ability to grow well on lime-based soils. Suited for dry-farmed vineyards, and it is reported to have more drought tolerance than 110R. good phylloxera resistance, root-knot nematode resistance, susceptible to dagger nematode, easy to propagate
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Phylloxera-resistant
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3309C
(riparia x rupestris) Rootstock |
excellent phylloxera resistance, low lime tolerance, adapted to wet soils, relatively low vigor, particularly if dry-farmed, susceptible to nematodes
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Phylloxera-resistant
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101-14 Mgt
(riparia x rupestris) Rootstock |
more vigorous than 3309C, but low to moderate overall vigor, good phylloxera resistance and root-knot nematode
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Phylloxera-resistant
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5C
(berlandieri x riparia) Rootstock |
good phylloxera resistance, growth easily regulated with irrigation, sensitive to drought, moderate vigor, relatively good nematode resistance
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Phylloxera-resistant
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5BB
(berlandieri x riparia) Rootstock |
good phylloxera resistance and nematode resistance, problems with virus-induced graft incompatibility
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Phylloxera-resistant
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Riparia Gloire
Rootstock |
very good phylloxera resistance, wet and cold tolerant, low vigor and hastens ripening, poor lime tolerance, no drought tolerance
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Phylloxera-resistant
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1613C
(solonis x Othello) Rootstock |
root-knot nematode resistance, insufficient phylloxera resistance, moderate vigor on deep sandy soils, adaptable and has been used in the SJV for wine, table and raisins but too vigorous on more fertile soils
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Nematode resistant
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Dog Ridge
(champinii) Rootstock |
good nematode resistance, high vigor, good for light, sandy, infertile soils, with high yielding scions, otherwise too vigorous, difficult to root, but rooted grafts relatively easily, phylloxera resistance unknown
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Nematode resistant
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Ramsey
(champinii) Rootstock |
good nematode resistance, high vigor, good for light, sandy, infertile soils, with high yielding scions, otherwise too vigorous, easy to root, phylloxera resistance unknown
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Nematode resistant
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Harmony/Freedom
Rootstock |
better root-knot and phylloxera resistance than 1613C, but susceptible to phylloxera, moderate vigor, excellent choice with relatively low vigor soils and high nematode pressure
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Nematode resistant
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O39-16
(vinifera x rotundifolia) Rootstock |
high vigor, good dagger nematode resistance, tolerates GFLV, difficult to root and graft, resistant to phylloxera, susceptible to root-knot nematode, sensitive to irrigation, poor drought tolerance, slow to go into dormancy, can lead to winter can dieback
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Fanleaf Degeneration resistant
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Phylloxera
(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) |
root aphids, native to the US, most common east of the Rocky Mtns, however they have found their way throughout the southwest US and south to Peru, Argentina, etc
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Phylloxera invaded California and Europe about the same time (1850s to 1860s) - from Europe or with early settlers and their local varieties.
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Phylloxera Life Cycle
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Phylloxera have a two-stage life cycle, a below-ground stage and an above ground stage. In California we have below ground phylloxera - all are parthenogenic females (the asexual part of the life cycle).
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Phylloxera Damage
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feeding causes swellings and deformities known as nodosities and tuberosities... the nodosities occur on the smaller roots and the tuberosities on the larger roots. These crack and allow the entry of soil pathogens - fungi and bacteria - which may be the cause of vine death. Nodosities are less damaging and can be found on many rootstocks. Tuberosities are more damaging - they allow large colony development, persistent damage and root cracking leading to secondary attack.
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Phylloxera Spread
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rooted cuttings and rootstocks, People and farm implements including tires and boots, irrigation water, wind
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Phylloxera Pre Transport Treatment (2)
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Hot water soak for 3-5 minutes at 125F
Pre-treatment at 110F for 5 minutes followed by 125-130F for 3-5 minutes |
One of these treatments is requires prior to shipment of rooted materials from phylloxerated soils, or from any area into a phylloxera quarantine area such as Lake county or Oregon
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Phylloxera Control (5)
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Rootstocks
Fumigants Enzone Furdan (carbofuran) Approch grafting and interplanting |
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Phylloxera Developments (4)
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Biotypes and strains
All pylloxerated areas Deep planting / grafting Foliar Phylloxera |
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Phylloxera Symptoms and Detection (2)
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Lack of vigor, general vine weakening, poor growth, reduced crop and water stress
Check the root for insect presence |
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Grape Damaging Nematodes
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Root-knot nematode
Dagger nematode (also citrus, ring and lesion nematodes) |
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Root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne spp.) Occurrence and Spread |
Root-knot nematodes are a major problem in the sandy soils of the San Joaquin Valley, but are also found on other coarse textured soils around the state.
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Root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne spp.) Life Cycle |
Root-knot nematodes are endoparasitic (feed from within the root). Both males and females are found but males are uncommon, most egg production is parthenogentic. After the eggs hatch to the soil they go through 4 larval stages. The second stage re-enters to feed. It penetrates behind the root tip and matures inside the root to become an egg laying female. Feeding causes large gall-like swellings. The egg masses are extruded from the roots within a gelatinous matrix.
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Root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne spp.) Feeding Damage |
The galling of the roots gives this pest its name - root knot - the roots appear beaded. The feeding of the larvae initiates giant cell formation. These cells become primary food centers for the nematode - they are also multinucleate; hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The above ground symptoms are similar to phylloxera damage - general malaise, weakened plants, water stress, reduced yields.
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Dagger nematode
(Xiphinema index) Occurrence and Spread |
Xiphinema index is the vector of fanleaf virus, X. americanum spreads tomato ringspot virus. X. index is one of the largest plant parasitic nematodes 60% larger than X. americanum. There is a characteristic peg on the tail of X. index not found on X. americanum.
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Dagger nematode
(Xiphinema index) Life Cycle |
Dagger nematodes exist primarily as females and are parthenogenetic - sexual reproduction is very rare. They are ectoparastic and complete their life cycle outside of the roots.
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Dagger nematode
(Xiphinema index) Feeding Damage and Symptoms |
The feeding damage of the dagger nematode is severe and causes the roots to form a twisted mass. Nematodes feed at the root tops and cause galls and swelling, the root tips die and as they branch from behind the tip they are attacked and killed again. Giant cells form and these may be important in the establishment and eventual spread of GFLV in the plant. Effective vectors of the viruses because of their feeding nature - they constantly probe and search out new feeding sites increasing the chances of transmitting the virus and increasing the virus and increasing the spread from plant to plant.
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Ring nematodes
(Mesocriconema xenoplax) |
Common nematode on perennial plants, has distictive ring ornamentation; occurs on many soil types, associated with water-logging. More frequent reports of damage on grapes, particularly grape following grape with fallow
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Root Lesion nematode
(Pratylenchus vulnus) |
Migrates into and out of roots; found scattered through out California. Less severe than root-knot damage; dark-colored lesions on the roots and not many roots; need to confirm with sampling
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Citrus nematode
(Tylenchus semipenetrans) |
Has a relatively narrow host range - citrus, persimmons, olive and grape, and feeds behind the root tip. A sedentary ectoparasite. Roots appear dirty due to attached egg matrices. can develop high numbers in vineyards, favors loamy souls, common on the east side of the SJV. Reduced vine vigor and yield.
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Pin nematode
(Paratylenchus hamatus) |
Smallest plant parasitic nematode, common in SSJV but apparently is not associated with grape damage although high numbers can be found in vineyards.
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Nematode control (3)
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Nematicides and fumigants
Fallow Rootstocks |
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Nematode Detection
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Soil tests are not completely reliable for dagger nematodes, although root-knot is easily detected since it is associated with the roots. Dagger nematode numbers seem to come and go and we do not know when the best sampling times are. Both nematodes cause characteristic feeding damage.
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Red Leaf Causes
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Virus
Esca/Measles/Old Vine Decline Root health - planting and irrigation practices Physical damage/girdling Nutrient deficiency Mite feeding Variety specific responses |
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