Vitamins And Zinc Olsow

Front 1

Anti oxidant and collagen synthesis

Back 1

C

Front 2

B1

Back 2

Thiamine

Front 3

B2

Back 3

Riboflavin

Front 4

B3

Back 4

Niacin

Front 5

B5

Back 5

Pantothenic acid

Front 6

B6

Back 6

Pyridoxine

Front 7

B7

Back 7

Biotin

Front 8

Associated with malabsorption syndromes, cystic fibrosis, sprue, and mineral oil intake

Back 8

A,D,E,K deficiencies

Front 9

All the water soluble vitamins wash out easily from the body except B12 and folate. Why?

Back 9

Stored in the liver

Front 10

4 functions of vit. A

Back 10

1. antioxidant
2. used to treat measles
3. constituent of visual pigments
4. Essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissues

Front 11

2 deficiency effects of vit A

Back 11

1. Night blindness
2. Dry skin

Front 12

7 effects of vit A excess

Back 12

arthralgias, headaches, fatigue, sore throat, alopecia, skin changes, teratogenic

Front 13

Vit A used in severe acne

Back 13

Isotretinoin

Front 14

T/F pregnancy test before prescribing isotretinoin?

Back 14

True

Front 15

Another name for vit A

Back 15

Retinol

Front 16

Another topical use of vit A

Back 16

wrinkles

Front 17

2 sources of vit A

Back 17

liver and leafy vegetables

Front 18

In what form does thiamine function as cofactor for several enzymes

Back 18

TPP = Thiamine pyrophosphate

Front 19

The 4 enzymes that require thiamine as cofactor are

Back 19

1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis)
2. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
3. Transketolase (HMP shunt)
4. Branched chain AA dehydrogenase

Front 20

2 conditions for B1 deficiency

Back 20

Malnutrition and alcoholism

Front 21

The mechanism of B1 deficiency effects

Back 21

Impaired glucose breakdown leading to ATP depletion

Front 22

The brain and the heart are affected first in B1 deficiency. Why?

Back 22

They are highly aerobic

Front 23

2 effects of B1 deficiency

Back 23

Beriberi and Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

Front 24

The two parts of the brain damaged in B1 deficiency are

Back 24

1. Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus
2. Mamillary bodies

Front 25

6 effects of wernicke korsakoff syndrome

Back 25

Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, confabulation, personality changes, memory loss.

Front 26

T/F The memory loss in wernicke korsakoff syndrome is reversible

Back 26

F. It is irreversible

Front 27

The 2 types of beri beri

Back 27

Wet and Dry

Front 28

2 effects of dry beri beri

Back 28

1. Polyneuritis
2. Symmetrical muscle wasting

Front 29

2 effects of wet beri beri

Back 29

1. High output cardiac failue (dilated cardiomyopathy)
2. Edema

Front 30

Cofactor in redox reactions

Back 30

B2 (riboflavin)

Front 31

FAD and FMN are derived from

Back 31

Riboflavin B2

Front 32

2 effects of vit B2 deficiency

Back 32

1. Cheilosis
2. Corneal vascularization

Front 33

2 characteristics of cheilosis

Back 33

1. Inflammation of the lips
2. Scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth.

Front 34

The 1 function of vit B2

Back 34

Cofactor in redox reactions

Front 35

One function of B3 (niacin)

Back 35

Constituent of NAD+ and NADP+ used in redox reactions

Front 36

B3 is derived from which amino acid

Back 36

Tryptophan

Front 37

The vitamin required for the synthesis of B3

Back 37

B6

Front 38

B3(niacin) deficiency results in one mild and one severe effect. what are they?

Back 38

1. Mild= glossitis
2. Pellagra

Front 39

The 3 D's of pellagra

Back 39

Diarrhea, Dementia and Dermatitis

Front 40

Pellagra can be seen in these 3 situations

Back 40

1. Hartnup disease
2. Malignant carcinoid syndrome
3. INH use

Front 41

Why does Hartnup disease cause pellagra

Back 41

Decreased tryptophan absorption from which B3 is derived

Front 42

How does malignant carcinoid syndrome cause pellagra

Back 42

Increased tryptophan metabolism

Front 43

How does INH use cause pellagra

Back 43

Decrease vit B6 required for B3 synthesis

Front 44

One effect of B3 excess

Back 44

Facial flushing (due to pharmacological doses used in the treatment of hyperlipidemias).

Front 45

2 functions of vit B5 (pantothenate)

Back 45

1. Essential component of CoA
2. Essential component of fatty acid synthase

Front 46

4 effects of B5 deficiency

Back 46

alopecia, enteritis, dermatitis, adrenal insufficiency

Front 47

The active form of vit. B6 (pyridoxine) is

Back 47

Pyridoxal phosphate

Front 48

Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor in these 5 reactions

Back 48

1. Transamination (ALT & AST)
2. Decarboxylation
3. Glycogen phosphorylase
4. Heme synthesis
5. Cystathionine synthesis

Front 49

T/F: Vit. B6 is required for the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

Back 49

True

Front 50

4 effects of vit B6 deficiency

Back 50

convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, and sideroblastic anemias.

Front 51

Vit B6 deficiency can be induced by

Back 51

INH and oral contraceptives

Front 52

The vitamin involved in methylation reactions is?

Back 52

Vit. B12

Front 53

Vit. B12 is cofactor for these 2 enzymes

Back 53

1. Homocysteine methytransferase
2. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Front 54

B12 transfers methyl groups as

Back 54

methylcobalamin

Front 55

The 3 effects of B12 deficiency

Back 55

1. Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
2.Hypersegmented PMNs
3. Neurologic symptoms

Front 56

T/F: The neurological symptoms in B12 deficiency is due to abnormal myelin?

Back 56

True

Front 57

2 of the neurological effects of B12 deficiency

Back 57

1. Paresthesias
2. Subacute combined degeneration

Front 58

T/F: Prolonged B12 deficiency results in irreversible nervous system damage?

Back 58

True

Front 59

Food sources of vit B12

Back 59

Animal products

Front 60

T/F: Humans can synthesize B12

Back 60

False. Synthesized only by microorganisms.

Front 61

T/F: Vit. B12 has a very small reserve pool

Back 61

False. Very large reserve pool. (several yrs to become deficient)

Front 62

T/F: Vit. B12 is stored primarily in the muscles

Back 62

False. Stored primarily in the liver

Front 63

3 causes of B12 deficiency

Back 63

1. Malabsorption
2. Lack of intrinsic factor
3. Absence of terminal ileum

Front 64

The malabsorption in B12 deficiency can be due to these 3 factors

Back 64

1. Sprue
2. Enteritis
3. Diphyllobothrium latum

Front 65

The absence of terminal ileum in B12 deficiency can be due to this factor

Back 65

Crohn's disease

Front 66

The lack of intrinsic factor in B12 deficiency can be due to these 2 factors

Back 66

1. Pernicious anemia
2. Gastric bypass surgery

Front 67

What test detects the etiology of B12 deficiency

Back 67

Schilling test

Front 68

The vitamin involved in one carbon transfer/methylation reactions is

Back 68

Folic acid

Front 69

The active form of folic acid is

Back 69

THF= Tetrahydrofolate

Front 70

T/F: THF is an enzyme in 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions

Back 70

False. It is a coenzyme

Front 71

Folic acid is important in the synthesis of what for DNA and RNA?

Back 71

Nitrogenous bases

Front 72

The one effect of Folic acid deficiency is

Back 72

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

Front 73

In what two conditions will folic acid deficiency be seen

Back 73

Alcoholism and pregnancy

Front 74

T/F: Vit B12 deficiency is the most common vitamin deficiency in the United states

Back 74

False. Folic acid deficiency is the most common

Front 75

Natural source of folic acid

Back 75

Green leaves

Front 76

T/F: Folic acid is stored in the liver with a large reserve pool.

Back 76

False: Stored in the liver but with a small reserve pool.

Front 77

Folic acid deficiency can be caused by these 3 drugs

Back 77

Phenytoin, methotrexate, sulfonamides

Front 78

ATP + Methionine =

Back 78

SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine)

Front 79

2 functions of SAM

Back 79

1. Transfers methyl units
2. Required in the conversion of NE to epinephrine

Front 80

Regeneration of methionine (SAM) requires these two vitamins

Back 80

Folic acid and B12

Front 81

T/F SAM is required in the conversion of epinephrine to NE

Back 81

False. SAM is required in the conversion of NE to epinephrine.

Front 82

The vitamin that is a cofactor for carboxylation enzymes is

Back 82

B7 (biotin)

Front 83

The 3 carboxylation enzymes for biotin are

Back 83

1. Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate)
2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA)
3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (Propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA)

Front 84

3 effects of B7(biotin) deficiency (a rare deficiency)

Back 84

Alopecia, enteritis and dermatitis

Front 85

2 causes of biotin (B7) deficiency

Back 85

1. Antibiotic use
2. Excessive consumption of raw eggs

Front 86

Natural sources of Vit C

Back 86

Fruits and vegetables

Front 87

4 functions of Vit C.

Back 87

1. Antioxidant
2. Facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the reduced state Fe2+ (more absorbable)
3. Necessary for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
4. Necessary for dopamine beta-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to norepinephrine

Front 88

The 2 effects of vit C deficiency are

Back 88

1. Scurvy
2. Weakened immune response

Front 89

5 symptoms of scurvy

Back 89

Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, hemarthrosis, anemia.

Front 90

The 4 forms of vitamin D and their names

Back 90

1. D2 = Ergocalciferol
2. D3 = Cholecalciferol
3. 25-OH-D3
4. 1,25-OH-D3 = calcitriol

Front 91

The active form of vitamin D

Back 91

1,25-OH-D3 (calcitriol)

Front 92

The form of vit D consumed in milk

Back 92

D3 (cholecalciferol)

Front 93

The form of vit D ingested from plants

Back 93

D2 (ergocalciferol)

Front 94

The storage form of vit D

Back 94

25-OH-D3

Front 95

The form of vit formed in sun exposed skin

Back 95

D3 (cholecalciferol)

Front 96

The 2 functions of vit D are

Back 96

1. Increased intestinal absorption of Ca and phosphate
2. Increased bone resorption

Front 97

3 effects of vit D deficiency

Back 97

1. Rickets in children (bending bones)
2. Osteomalacia in adults (soft bones)
3. Hypocalcemic tetany

Front 98

T/F Breast milk is high in vit D

Back 98

False. Low

Front 99

T/F: White skinned people need more vit. D supplements than dark skinned people

Back 99

False. Dark skinned people need more supplements

Front 100

4 effects of excess vit D

Back 100

Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor.

Front 101

The one disease where excess vit D is seen

Back 101

Sarcoidosis

Front 102

Why the excess vit D in Sarcoidosis

Back 102

Increased activation of vit D by epithelioid macrophages.

Front 103

The antioxidant effect of vit E is

Back 103

Protecting erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage

Front 104

3 effects of vit E deficiency

Back 104

1. Increased RBC fragility (hemolytic anemia)
2. Dorsal column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
3. Muscle weakness

Front 105

Vit K is synthesized by

Back 105

intestinal flora

Front 106

What does vit K do the various proteins concerned with blood clottin?

Back 106

Catalyzes the gamma carboxylation of their glutamic acid residues.

Front 107

What is the one effect of vit K deficiency

Back 107

Neonatal hemorrhage

Front 108

When can you see vit K deficiency in adults

Back 108

In prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics

Front 109

The effects of vit K deficiency on PT, PTT and bleeding time

Back 109

Increased PT and PTT
Normal bleeding time

Front 110

Vit K is necessary in the synthesis of these 6 clotting factors

Back 110

Factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S

Front 111

T/F: Warfarin and vit K are synergistic

Back 111

False. Warfarin in a vit. K antagonist

Front 112

2 functions of zinc

Back 112

1. Essential in the activities of 100+ enzymes
2. Formation of zinc fingers (transcription factor motif)

Front 113

5 effects of zinc deficiency

Back 113

Dysgeusia, anosmia, delayed wound healing, decreased adult hair and hypogonadism

Front 114

T/F: Zinc deficiency may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis

Back 114

True.