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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vitamin A is a cofactor for what?
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PTH
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What is Vit A necessary for the production of?
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CSF production
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What is the most unique function of Vit A?
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night vision
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What are the 3 major problems from a Vit A deficiency?
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poor night vision, hypoparathyroidism, and decreased CSF production (asymptomatic)
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If PTH levels are low, what are Ca and P levels?
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decreased Ca and increased P
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What 2 major problems does a Vit A excess cause?
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hyperparathyroidism and pseudotumor cerebri
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What are the symptoms and signs of pseudotumor cerebri?
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headache, papilledema, blindness
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What is the main complication of pseudotumor cerebri?
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blindness
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What are the 4 classic signs of hyperparathyroidism?
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moans, groans, stones, bones
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What are obese people given when losing weight to avoid increased CSF production?
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acetazolamide
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What do you do before giving a lumbar puncture? Why?
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CT scan- to make sure there isn't a tumor because the brain can herniate due to the pressure
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What is the only cause of ICP where you don't have to worry about herniation?
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Vit A excess
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What is the alternative name for Vit B1?
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thiamine
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What 4 enzymes is thiamine a cofactor for?
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pyruvate DH, alpha ketoglutarate DH, transketolases, and branched chain a.a. DH
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What 3 things does a def. of B1 cause?
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Beri Beri, Wernicke's Encephalopathy, and Wernike-Korsakoff
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What does Wernicke's Encephalopathy present with?
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receptive aphasia
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What is receptive aphasia?
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can't understand spoken or written
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What does Wernicke-Korsakoff present with?
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confabulation, inability to move short term memory to long term, mammillary bodies involved
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What does a problem with Broca's area present with?
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broken speech
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What is the alternative name for B2?
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riboflavin
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What is B2 used for?
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cofactor for FAD
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What is the best source of B2?
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milk
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What does a B2 deficiency cause?
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angular cheilosis- fissures at corners of the lips
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What is the alternative name for vitamin B3?
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Niacin
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What is B3 used for?
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NAD
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What are the 3 enzymes that need B3?
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pyruvate DH, alpha ketogluterate DH, branched chain a.a. DH
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What does a niacin deficiency cause?
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pallegra, Hartnup's disease
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What are the symptoms of pallegra?
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4 D's- dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death
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What is the difference between Hartnup's and Pallegra?
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Hartnup's has defective transport of tryptophan
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What is the alternative name for B4?
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lipoic acid
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What is the alternative name for Vit B5?
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panthotenic acid
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What is B5 a cofactor for?
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all Co A's
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What is B5 needed for?
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pyruvate DH, alpha ketoglutarate DH, and branched chain a.a. DH
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What is the alternative name for B6?
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pyridoxine
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What is B6 a cofactor for?
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all transaminases
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What drug pulls B6 out of the body?
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INH
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What are the 3 most important transaminases?
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AST, ALT, GGT
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What does a B6 def. cause?
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neuropathy
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What is the D.O.C. for chronic pain and neuropathy?
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amitryptaline
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What is the D.O.C. for acute pain and neuropathy?
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carbamepazine
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What is the alternative name for B9?
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folate
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What is B9 required to make?
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THF
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What does a B9 deficiency cause?
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megaloblastic anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils
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What is the alternative name for B12?
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cyancobalamin
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What 2 enzymes require B12?
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homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-Co A mutase
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What is B12 required for the production of?
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THF and reduce odd numbered carbon fatty acids
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What vitamin do you give to cancer pts? Why?
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folate because methotrexate blocks dihydrofolate reductase (chemo)
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What does a deficiency of B12 cause?
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megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils and neuropathy
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What is the difference between a B9 def. and a B12 def.?
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B12 causes a neuropathy
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If you suspect a folate defiency, what vitamin do you give while you wait for blood tests to come back? Why?
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B12 because of the neuropathy- folate def. doesn't cause a deficiency
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What is Vit. D required for?
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teeth and bone formation
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What does Vit. D stimulate?
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osteoblast activity
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When Vit. D levels are up, what happens to Ca and P levels?
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increased Ca and P
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What does a Vit. D def. cause in children?
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rickets
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What does a Vit. D def. cause in adults?
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osteomalacia
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In rickets, what is a classic sign?
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lateral bowing of the legs
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WHat does PTH stimulate?
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osteoclasts
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What are the 3 major antioxidants?
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A, C, E
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What is the major antioxidant in the blood?
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E
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What is the major antioxidant in the GI?
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C
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What is biotin necessary for?
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carboxylation rxns.
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What is Vit. K needed for?
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gamma carboxylation
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What clotting factors does Vit. K work with?
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2, 7, 9, 10
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What is a good way to remember the clotting factors that need Vit. K?
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1972
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What does protein C do?
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breaks up clots
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What is a competitive inhibitor of Vit. K?
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warfarin
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Before giving warfarin, what do you give?
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heparin
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Why heparin before warfarin?
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cofactor for antithrombin 3
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What revereses warfarin's effects?
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Vit. K
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Besides clocking thrombin, what else does heparin block?
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clotting factors 9, 10, 11, 12
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How do you reverse the action of heparin?
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protamine sulphate
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If the patient is acutely bleeding after administering heparin, what do you give them?
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fresh frozen plasma
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Where is 90% of Vit. K from?
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gut flora
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What is a cofactor for ALL kinases?
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Mg
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What else is Mg a cofactor for?
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PTH
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What does a Zinc def. cause?
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dysguisia (abnormal taste)
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What is Cu used for?
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hydroxylation of lysine in the formation of collagen and complex 4 of the ETC
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What disease does a Cu excess cause?
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Wilson's disease
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What inheritance is Wilson's?
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AR
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What is the classic sign of Wilson's?
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kayser-Fleischer rings
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With Wilson's, what is the treatment?
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give penicillamine to drag Cu out of the system
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What disease does a Cu def. cause?
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Minky's Kinky Hair
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What are the classic signs of Minky's?
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orange hair, feels like copper wire
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What causes Hunington's disease?
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too much dopamine from trinucleotide repeats
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What inheritance is HD?
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AD
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What part of the brain does HD effect?
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caudate nucleus
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What do you treat HD with?
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antipsychotics
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What are the 5 diseases caused by trinucleotide repeats?
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Huntington's, Fragile X, Fredrick's, Prader Willi, Myotonic dystrophy
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What is iron needed for?
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formation of heme, complex 3, 4 of the ETC
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What does chromium enhance?
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insulin action
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Where is selenium needed?
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by the heart
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What is the classic sign of a selenium excess?
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breath smells like garlic
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What does a def. of selenium cause?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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What needs both molebdenum and manganese?
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xanthine oxidase
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When does an acute attack of gout happen?
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after a glutanous meal
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What is flouride needed for?
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teeth and bone growth
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What does an excess of flouride cause?
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blocks enolase of glycolysis
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