Cf Vitamins And Minerals Functions

Front 1

Thiamine (B1) functions (4)

Back 1

1) TDP: Required magnesium-coordinated coenzyme for decarboxylation of alpha ket acids

2) synthesis of pentoses and NADPH

3) converts carbs to CO2 and energy

4) TTP: normal function of NS, skeletal muscles, and heart

Front 2

Riboflavin (B2) functions (5)

(why does B6 needs B2?)

Back 2

1) Precursor for synthesis of FAD and FMN;

2) required for function of the ETC and redox reactions;

3) formation of Acetyl CoA

4) needs B2 to covert B6 to its active form (FMN)

5) synthesis of folate and catabolism of choline

Front 3

Niacin (B3) functions (5)

Back 3

1) AA, CHO, and fat metaboism

2) NAD: releases adenosine diphosphate ribose to repair DNA

and calcium mobilization

3) NADPH: required activation of folate

4) lipids/cholesterol metabolism

5) NE and epinephrine synthesis

Front 4

Folate functions (2)

Back 4

1) prevents neural tube defects; needed for 2) synthesis of deoxythymidine for DNA replication

accepting one-carbon groups generated from amino acid metabolism

Bioavailability increases when ingested as folic acid

Front 5

Biotin functions (3)

(also, what can reduce biotin absorption)

Back 5

1) Metabolism of carbs, fats, and protein ( acetyl coa, pyruvate, and propionyl coa carboxylase)

2) CO2 transport

3) Healthy hair and nails

Poultry eggs contain avidin which reduces biotin absorption

Front 6

Pantothenic acid (B5) functions (3)

Back 6

1) sterol synthesis Utilization of fats and carbs,

2) adrenal hormones and metabolism of RBCs

3) coenzyme A--fatty acid energy synthesis (release)

Front 7

Pyridoxine (B6) functions

what is the compound to perform coenzyme functions?

Back 7

1) Protein and amino acid metabolism,

2) neurotransmitter synthesis,

3) immune system function, hormone synthesis, 4) heme synthesis, differentiation of RBCs

Must be phosphorylated to pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) to perform coenzyme functions

Front 8

Cobalamin (B12) functions (2)

what limits B12 absorption?

Back 8

1) Healthy blood formation,

2) NS function

Inadequate intrinsic factor limits B12 absorption in small intestine

Front 9

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) functions (5)

Back 9

1) Collagen,

===proline-->hydroxyproline-->collagen

2) carnitine, and neurotransmitter synthesis

synthesis of proline, tryptophan, dopamine, and tyrosine,

3) iron absorption,

4) convert cholesterol into bile acid

5) protect vitamin E and folic acid

Front 10

Vitamin A functions

Back 10

1) Vision (Retinaldehyde)

2) normal growth and reproduction (retinol)

3) epithelial integrity (retinoic acid)

4) wound healing, (reverse the inhibitory effects of corticosteroids on wound healing.) resistance to infections, ,

prevention of cancer (promotes cell differentiation)

Front 11

Vitamin D functions

Back 11

(with its active form of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

Required for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, formation of bone and teeth, proper bone remodeling

pleiotropic effect

pleiotropic effect

Ingested as cholecalciferol; converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver

Front 12

Vitamin E functions

Back 12

1) Major intramembranous antioxidant that prevents oxidation

2) maintain cell memebrane integrity

3) works along with selenium and vit c against oxidation

reduces oxidized vitamin C and beta-carotene; may prevent cancer and CV disease; needed for immune function and reproductive function

Front 13

Vitamin K functions

Back 13

#Required cofactor in formation of clotting factors

#bone health

#cosusbstrate in the posttranslational carboxylation of proteins at designated glutamic acid residues (act as clotting factor)

Front 14

Calcium functions

Back 14

Blood clotting, release/storage of NT/hormones, uptake/binding of amino acids, absorption of B12, gastrin secretion, nerve impulses and muscle contractions, regulation of BP, primary mineral component of skeleton

Calcium citrate is most bioavailable form

Front 15

Chlorine function

Back 15

main extracellular anion and primary regulator of fluid/electrolyte acid-base balance

Front 16

Magnesium functions

Which is most bioavailable?

Back 16

Stabilizes ATP structure, enhances calcium metabolism, major mineral component of bone and tooth architecture, required cofactor in over 300 enzyme reactions, acid-base balance, parathyroid hormone function, heart beat regulation

Magnesium citrate most bioavailable form (least prone to bowel upset)

Front 17

Phosphorus functions

Back 17

Regulation of energy metabolism, provides large amounts of biochemical energy in forms of ATP, ADP, GTP, cAMP, major component of bone/tooth structure, component of membrane phospholipids, required for proper kidney function

Front 18

Potassium functions

Back 18

Major intracellular cation electrolyte, primary regulator of cellular osmotic pressure, cell membrane potential/charge, normal renal function, acid-base balance

Front 19

Sodium functions

Back 19

Major extracellular electrolyte, primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume, membrane potential, active transport across cell membranes, acid-base balance, body fluids osmolarity, acid-alkaline balance

Front 20

Sulfur functions

Back 20

Integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratin, and other glycosaminoglycans in skin, cartilage, and connective tissue

Front 21

Chromium functions (2)

Back 21

#Enhances effect of insulin

-->amplifying tyrosine kinase activity

#lipid metabolism

Front 22

Copper functions

Back 22

#oxidation-reduction and electron transfer for oxygen

#ceruloplasmin: Manganese and ferrous oxidation ( Fe3-->Fe2)

iron metabolism and erythropoiesis,

glucose and cholesterol metabolism,

iron absorption, formation of bone marrow,

pigmentation of hair,

, connective tissue repair,

maintenance of myelin,

skeletal mineralization,

Front 23

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Fluorine functions

Back 23

Prevents pregnancy anemia, reduces formation of acid in the mouth caused by carbs, contributes to hardening tooth enamel, contributes to stability of bone matrix, required for growth and fertility

Front 24

Iodine functions (3)

Back 24

#thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

# cell metabolism

#tissues growth

Front 25

Iron functions

Back 25

Most abundant micro mineral in body; component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport within blood/muscle; redox reactions

important component of cytochromes for the oxidative production of cellular energy as ATP)

Front 26

Manganese functions (3)

Back 26

1) arginase (metalloenzymes): urea formation

2) CHO synthesis via pyruvate

3 reproduction and nerve cell function

Bone mineralization/demineralization,

Front 27

Molybdenum functions

Back 27

Required cofactor for xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases; electron transfer agent in redox reactions

Front 28

Selenium functions (4)

Back 28

1) Component of glutathione peroxidase;

2) eliminate hydrogen peroxide

3) thyroid/iodine matabolism

4) metabolism of prostaglandins

Front 29

Zinc deficiency

Back 29

1) impairs cell-mediated immune function,

2) delayedwound healing and memory, loss of taste and smell acuity, brittle nails, skin lesions, diarrhea, anorexia, growth failure, sterility

3) glucose intolerance

Front 30

Zinc functions

Back 30

#cellular metabolism

#catalyst for enzymes

#wound healing, insulin synthesis, immune control

#zinc -finger motif in proteins

#gene expression

Front 31

choline function

Back 31

#transports lipids as acetylcholine

#cell membrane integrity, methyl metabolism, transmembrane signaling, lipid cholesterol metabolism

Front 32

fluoride function (2)

Back 32

#bone minearlization and hardening tooth enamel

#protect calcified tissues against demineralization

-->forming fluorapatite crystals