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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vitamin A biological function |
- sight - bone development --- regulates cells --- chondroitin synthesis - growth and defferentiation of epithelial cells - spermatogenesis - prevents foetal resorption |
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Vitamin A deficiency symptoms |
- keratinisation of oesophageal mucosa in chickens - visceral gout with urate crystals in chickens - malformation of piglets - papilloedema and blindness in calf - night blindness - reproductive failure in male cattle |
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Vitamin A requirements |
- Ru: 40 - 50 000 IU/day - mono: 2 - 10 000 IU/day |
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Vitamin A sources |
- fish liver oil - mammalian liver, other meat - egg yolk - milk and milk products |
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Vitamin A supply control |
- measure concentration in liver |
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B-carotene biological function |
- protection of biomembranes - synthesis of progesterone (cattle, deer) - immunostimulant - anticarcinogenic |
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B- carotene deficiency symptoms |
- trouble with ovulation in cattle |
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B-carotene requirements |
- 300-600 mg/day dairy cattle |
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B-carotene sources |
- lutein (grass alfalfa) - zeaxanthine (corn) - apocarotene (orange) - canthaanthine (chanterelle) - capsantin (paprika) - violaxanthine (pumpkin) - athaxanthine (crab) - licopin (tomato) - echinenon (sea star) |
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B-carotene supply control |
- feed analysis - colour of serum |
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Vitamin D biological function |
- Ca-P metabolism - Ca Binding Protein (formed from vitamin) - calcitriol (activated form) |
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Vitamin D deficiency syndromes |
- rachitis (demineralisation of bones) in young dogs, pigs, poultry - osteomalatia in old - milk fever |
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Vitamin D requirements |
- Ru: 500-1000 IU/day - mono: 1000-3000 IU/day |
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Vitamin D sources |
- D2 from plants (sponges, dried hay) - D3 from animals (adipose tissue, cod liver oil) |
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Vitamin D supply control |
- measure Ca-P of feed - ratio of active:inactive |
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Vitamin E biological function |
- antioxidant - avoid myodegeneration - immunostimulant in high doses |
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Vitamin E deficiency symptoms |
- encephalomalatia (crazy chicken disease) - exudative diathesis in poultry - VESD in pig - white muscle disease in lambs - cardiomyopathy in calves - yellow fat disease in mink and cat |
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Vitamin E requirements |
- Ru: 150-300 mg/day - mono: 10-40 mg/kg feed |
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Vitamin E sources |
- germ of cereals - oilseed grains - green forages - liver |
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Vitamin E supply control |
- concentration in blood - SOD activity (increase SOD causes decreased vit E) |
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Selenium biological function |
- active part of glutathione peroxidase --- neutralises free radicals |
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Selenium deficiency symptoms |
- overlap with vit E - VESD - placental retention in cow - necrosis of liver - pancreas fibrosis - exudative diathesis in chickens - Nutritional muscular dystrophy - keshan disease in human |
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Selenium requirements |
- 0.1-0.3 mg/kg DM |
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Selenium sources |
- yeast |
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Selenium supply control |
- hair analysis --- 0.25 mg/kg DM - RBC glutathione-peroxidase level |
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Vitamin K biological function |
- anti haemorrhagic - blood clotting factor |
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Vitamin K deficiency symptoms |
- anaemia - haemorrhagic - petechia - bleeding of placenta in pregnant and lactating rabbits |
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Vitamin K requirements |
- cannot be stored - 2-10 mg/kg feed /day |
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vitamin K sources |
- green forages - microbes |
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vitamin K supply control |
- blood clotting time |
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Vitamin C biological function |
- water soluble - bone and cartilage development - conjunctive tissue and gum development |
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Vitamin C deficiency symptoms |
- scurvy (Ho) --- bleeding gums, gingivitis - fish: scoliosis, lordosis - guinea pig: --- troubles with bone development --- muscle atrophy --- prone position - laying hens: cage fatigue |
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Vitamin C requirements |
- guinea pig: 5 mg/kgLW/day - fish: 500 mg/kg feed - poultry: 100-200 mg/kg feed |
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Vitamin C sources |
- fresh fruit - vegetables - potato - carrot - alfalfa - grass |
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Vitamin C supply control |
? |
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Vitamin B1 (thiamine) biological functions |
- CH metabolism --- TPP cofactor --- PPP cofactor |
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Vitamin B1 deficiency symptoms |
calves and lambs: - Cerebrocortical necrosis - polyneuritis - opisthonus chicken: - general weakness - cyanosis humans: beri beri horses: lameness lion, kittens: stargazer disease fox, cat: chastek paralysis |
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Vitamin B1 requirements |
- mono: 1-3 mg/kg feed - calf:1-4 mg/kg feed - cow: can synthesise themselves |
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Vitamin B1 sources |
- bran - germ of cereals - yeast, egg yolk, milk, meat |
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Vitamin B1 control of supply |
? |
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Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biological function |
- part of FAD - fat synthesis |
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Vitamin B2 deficiency symptoms |
poultry: - curled toe disease - high embryo mortality pigs - dry, desquamative dermatitis |
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Vitamin B2 requirements |
- 4-10 mg/kg feed - Ru: microbes can synthesise |
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Vitamin B2 sources |
- vegetables - yeast, milk, egg, meat/liver |
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Vitamin B2 supply control |
- glutathion reductase on erythrocytes |
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Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine) biological function |
- protein and aa turnover - haem synthesis |
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Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms |
- exudative dermatitis on pigs - conjunctivitis - secondary infections - ascites in dogs - eyelid oedema in poultry - rough, deficient, colourless plumage in poultry - smaller size - deshevelled coat |
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Vitamin B6 requirements |
- 2-8 mg/kg feed |
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Vitamin B6 sources |
- yeast - egg yolk - liver, meat - cereals - green forages |
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Vitamin B6 supply control |
- liver enzymes (AST, ALT) |
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Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) biological function |
- nucleic acid synthesis |
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Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms |
- apsecific syndromes - anaemia in humans, pigs, fox, mink - chicken embryomortality - pig growth deficiency |
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Vitamin B12 requirements |
- Ru: 300 microg/kg - mono: 10-50 microg/kg |
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Vitamin B12 sources |
- animal tissue: liver, egg yolk, kidney - microbes, need Co |
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Vitamin B12 supply control |
- blood level |
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Niacin (nicotinic acid, B3) biological function |
- part of NAD, NADP - prevents fatty liver - decreases cholesterol |
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Niacin deficiency symptoms |
- dry, localised dermatitis on chickens - pig: coarse hair on ears, neck, back - human: pallegra - dog, fox: blue tongue - dog: epilepsy |
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Niacin requirements |
- mono: 15-80 mg/kg feed - Ru: 1-6 g/cow/day |
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Niacin sources |
- liver, meat - corn, cereals |
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Niacin supply control |
? |
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Pantothenic acid (B5) biological function |
- intermediary metabolism (CoA) - detoxification (Acetyl group) - AcCH synthesis |
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Pantothenic acid deficiency symptoms |
Poultry - faded, rough plumage - exudative conjunctivitis - crust at corner of beak and in palmer toes pigs - locomotor disturbance (goose stepping) |
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pantothenic acid requirements |
- 6-20 mg/kg feed |
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pantothenic acid sources |
- animal tissue, yolk, yeast - green plant |
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pantothenic acid supply control |
- CoA level in RBC and hepatocytes |
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Biotin biological function |
- fat synthesis - skin protection - gluconeogenesis |
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biotin deficiency symptoms |
- turkey: perosis - chicken: ascendent ulcerative dermatitis and fatty liver and kidney disease (FLKD) - pig: sneaker sow syndrome - dog, fox: depigmentation - mink, cat: loss of hair, dry skin |
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biotin requirements |
- 50-500 g/kg feed |
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biotin sources |
- vegetables - fruits, rice bran - milk, yeast, egg yolk, liver - mushrooms |
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biotin supply control |
- blood pyruvate carboxylase |
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Folic acid (B9) biological function |
- purine and pyramidine synthesis - methionine, serine, choline synthesis |
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folic acid deficiency symptoms |
- decreased growth - enteritis - mastitis - anaemia - thrombocytopenia - birds: cervical paralysis - mink: fatty liver - poultry, rabbit: macrocytic anaemia |
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folic acid requirements |
- 0.6-2 mg/kg feed |
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folic acid sources |
- wheat germ - cauliflower - legume - dark leaf vegetables - milk - meat |
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folic acid supply control |
- dehydrofolate reductase - serine hydroxymethyl transferase - urinary forminio-glutamic acid - tetrahydrofolic acid excretion |
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choline (B4) biological function |
- methyl donor (lipotropic activity) - neurotransmitter AcCh - part of biological membranes |
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choline deficiency symptoms |
- Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrom (FLHS) of laying hens - sow: decreased litter size |
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choline requirements |
- 200-1200 mg/kg feed |
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choline sources |
- high amount in yeast, fish meal, soy bean - low amount in cereals |
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choline supply control |
- C14 uptake |
