Vitamins

Front 1

name the lipid soluble vitamins

Back 1

A,D,E and K

Front 2

are lipid soluble vitamins regularly excreted in the urine?

Back 2

no

Front 3

what foods have vitamin A?

Back 3

liver, egg yolk, butter and whole milk- green and yellow vegetables provide carotenes which is a precursor of vitamin A

Front 4

where is vitamin A stored?

Back 4

liver

Front 5

forms of vitamin A

Back 5

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, B-carotene

Front 6

where does retinal come from?

Back 6

oxidation of retinol

Front 7

where does retinoic acid come from?

Back 7

oxidation of retinal
cannot be reduced in the body
irreversible

Front 8

what does B-carotene produce?

Back 8

cleaved in the intestine to give two molecules of retinal-antioxidant

Front 9

functions of vitamin A using every form but retinoic acid?

Back 9

growth of bone, vision and reproduction

Front 10

main function of retinoic acid?

Back 10

promotes growth and differentiation of epithelial cells

Front 11

function of Vitamin A using all forms

Back 11

keratinization of taste buds

Front 12

earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency?

Back 12

night blindness

Front 13

xerophthalmia

Back 13

pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea-can lead to blindness

Front 14

results of vitamin A deficiency

Back 14

anemia-transferrin synthesis
follicular hyperkeratosis

Front 15

clinical uses of vitamin A

Back 15

acne and psoriasis- retinoic acid
prevention of chronic disease-reduced risk of heart disease, lung and skin cancer, cataracts and macular degeneration

Front 16

main action of vitamin D

Back 16

regulate plasma levels of Ca and phosphorus along with immunity, insulin secretion and cell proliferation

Front 17

preforms of active vitamin D

Back 17

D2(ergocalciferol)-in plants
D3(cholecalciferol)- in animals

Front 18

vitamin D2

Back 18

ergocalciferol-found in plants, produced by irradiating ergosterol from yeast, used to fortify milk, butter etc.

Front 19

vitamin D3

Back 19

cholecalciferol-found in animals, produced in skin by UV irradiation of dehydrocholesterol

Front 20

the primary storage form of vitamin D

Back 20

25-hydroxyvitamin D3

Front 21

sequence of vitamin D activation?

Back 21

7-dehydrocholesterol(irradiation), cholecalciferol(hydroxylation), calcidiol-if needed then hydroxylated to calcitriol, if not the hydroxylated to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which is inactive

Front 22

sources of vitamin D

Back 22

salt water fish, liver, egg yolk, fortified milk and butter

Front 23

effect of PTH on vitamin D synthesis?

Back 23

high PTH stim. active vitamin D synthesis
low PTH stim. inactive vitamin D synthesis

Front 24

vitamin D deficiencies

Back 24

nutritional rickets
renal rickets-no active form
hypoparathyroidism-hypocalcemia because of no PTH
osteoporosis-no Ca absorption in the gut
muscle weakness

Front 25

functions of vitamin D

Back 25

uptake of Ca and phosphorus by intestine
inhib. excretion of Ca in kidney
stim. resorption of bone

Front 26

PTH's effect on the kidney

Back 26

incr. Ca reabsorption but incr. phosphorus excretion

Front 27

most toxic vitamin

Back 27

D-stored in fat can cause loss of appetite, nausea, thirst and stupor
excess bone resorption-deposition in organs

Front 28

non-calcium related functions of vitamin D3

Back 28

differentiation of T cells,immunosuppressive effect on dendritic cells, antimicrobial activity in human monocytes and neutrophils

Front 29

MS and irritable bowel syndrome correlate with what vitamin deficiency?

Back 29

D

Front 30

diseases assoc. with vitamin D deficiency?

Back 30

MS, IBS, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus

Front 31

primary role of vitamin K

Back 31

post-translational modification of various blood clotting factors

Front 32

forms of vitamin K

Back 32

K1(phylloquinone)-plants, egg yolk and liver
K2(menazuinone)-intestinal bacterial flora
menadione-synthetic derivative

Front 33

the most active natural form of vitamin K

Back 33

K1(phylloquinone)

Front 34

functions of vitamin K

Back 34

1. synthesis of prothrombin and blood clotting factors in liver-inactive to active
2. interaction of prothrombin with platelets-prothrombin to thrombin

Front 35

cases of hypoprothrombinemia

Back 35

antibiotics, elderly, newborns and patients with obstructive jaundice(K requires bile to be absorbed)

Front 36

results of vitamin K toxicity

Back 36

hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants

Front 37

why are newborns at risk for vitamin K deficiency?

Back 37

K does not cross the placental barrier and they have sterile intestines

Front 38

where do we find vitamin E?

Back 38

vegetable oils, seed embryos, grains, leafy vegetables, liver and eggs

Front 39

functions of vitamin E?

Back 39

antioxidant in the prevention of oxidation of cell components by molecular O2 and free radicals-E becomes oxidized

Front 40

RDA for vitamin E?

Back 40

10mg for men, 8mg for women

Front 41

why would the RDA of vitamin E increase?

Back 41

increase in the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids-increased serum cholesterol-more free radicals

Front 42

vitamin E is linked to the decrease in what disease?

Back 42

heart disease-decreased risk of MI or death in men and women

Front 43

the least toxic lipid-soluble vitamin

Back 43

vitamin E

Front 44

PTH effect on hydroxylases in vitamin D pathway?

Back 44

incr. 1-hydroxylase-active form
decr. 24-hydroxylase-inactive form

Front 45

Type II vitamin D-dependency rickets

Back 45

lack of receptors or impaired function