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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vitamins |
organic components of natural foods distinct from carbs, fat, protein and water -required to promote one or more specific and essential biochemical reactions that regulate metabolism |
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Vitamins are: |
Present in food in minute amounts\ Essential for development of normal tissue (used for metabolism but not structural portions of the body)\ |
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Vitamins...: |
When absent or not properly utilized results in specific deficiencies, diseases, or syndromes\ Cannot be synthesized by animal |
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Fat soluble Vitamins definition |
-measured base on solubility\ -fat is required for absorption\ -stored in liver -Excreted primarily in feces |
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Fat Soluble Vitamins |
A, D, E, K |
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Vitamin A |
-Fat Soluble -None in plants but there are V.A pre-cursors (carotenoids) -Required: Bone growth and remodeling; normal night vision; maintains epithelial tissues; Antioxidant/anti carcinogenic properties |
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Carotenoids |
Converted to Vit. A in animal body -found in fresh greens, fruits, and vegetables -Beta Carotene |
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Vitamin Deficiency Symptoms |
Night blindness Xeropthalmia (in children and growing animals) Poor bone development Reproductive failures Reduced egg production and hatchability |
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Pure Vitamin A |
Retinol Chemically unstable best to use a synthetic form bound to a VFA |
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Factors that decrease carotene content |
-sunlight -ensiling -heat -oxygen -mold |
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Plant Carotenoids |
Xanthophylls, carotene, lycopene are transferred into animal products (egg yolk, milk, body fat) They result in yellow, orange and red coloring |
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Vitamin A toxicity |
Is not excreted readily and ingestion of large amount may result in: anorexia, weight loss, skin thickening, scaly dermatitis, swelling and crusting of eyelids, hemorrhaging, decreased bone strength and death |
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Vitamin D |
Ergosterol (D2); 7-dehydrocholesterol (D3) Enhances Ca absorption from small intestine, and essential for normal bone growth and development. Most mammals use D2&D3 efficiently Birds do not use D2 well (~14% efficient) The "Sunshine Vitamin" |
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Ergosterol |
D2 is the chief plant source as growing plants do not contain Vitamin D Is a precursor to Ergocalciferol (after exposure of green forage to sunlight) Ergosterol ----U.V. sunlight----> Ergocalciferol (D2) |
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7-dehydrocholesterol |
found in animal tissues (skin) exposure of animals to sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to Cholecalciferol (D3) 7-dehydrocholesterol ---U.V. Sunlight---> Cholecalciferol (D3) |
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Conversion of Vit. D2&3 to Active form |
D2 & D3 --> (Liver) coverted to 25 hydroxy D3 ---> (Kidney) converted to 1, 25 dihydroxy D3 [Active Form] |
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Dihydroxy D3 |
Physiologically Active Form of Vitamin D 1) Enhances Ca absorbtion form SI 2) Enhances mineralization of bones (This is literally just Vitamin D facts) |
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Vitamin D deficiency |
- Richets (children); Osteoporosis or osteomalacia (adults) - Soft eggs shells and reduced egg production |
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Sources of Vitamin D |
Feed- sun cured hay, irradiated yeasts, fish liver oils Not many foods have have this (Milk is fortified) |
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Vitamin D toxicity |
Decalcification of skeletal tissues Calcification of soft tissues decreased appetite along with nausea and headaches |
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Vitamin E |
Maintains integrity of cellular membranes by preventing oxidative breakdown (antioxidant) muscle structure reproduction (may enhance fertility) -Vitamin E is unstable, thus undergoes oxidation easily (making a good antioxidant) |
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Vitamin E forms |
AlphaTocopherol- unstable Beta, and Gamma tocopherol have less E activity Tocopherol Acetate- more stable |
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Vitamin E Deficiency |
no clear symptoms unique to this vitamin 1)muscle dystrophy 2)reproductive failures |
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Sources of Vitamin E |
1)Whole grains 2) Vegetable Oils 3) Green Forages Heat and O2 exposure reduce Vit.E potency therefore vit. E is routinely supplemented to all livestock |
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Vitamin K |
Required for Blood clotting synthesizes prothrombin in the liver (not a component but acts on enzyme systems) the "Anti-hemorrhage vitamin" |
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Phylloquinone |
K1 common in green vegetables one of the two most important natural sources |
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Menaquinone |
K2 a product of bacterial flora in the GIT one of the two most important natural sources |
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Menadion |
K3 a synthetic source that is used widely commercially |
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Vitamin K Deficiency |
prolonged clotting time uncontrolled hemorrhaging |
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Vitamin K Sources |
Green forages fish meal synthetic form |
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Antagonist of Vitamin K |
Dicoumarol: in moldy sweet clover hay, can cause internal hemorrhages and death Reverts Vit.K to non functioning form and inhibits blood clotting Warfarin- "coumadin" is used to prevent blood clots (also is a rat poison) |
