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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 characteristics of vitamins |
Organic compound different from fat, protein and carbohydrates Component of the diet Essential in minute amounts for normal physiologic function It's absence must cause a deficiency syndrome Synthesized in quantities sufficient to support normal physiologic function |
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What are the functions of vitamins |
Potentiator or cofactors in enzymtic reactions DNA synthesis Energy release from nutrients substrates Bone development Calcium homeostasis Normal eye function Cell membrane integrity Blood clotting, free radical scavenging Amino acid and protein metabolism Nerve impulse transduction |
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What is a potentiator |
Subs that starts a reaction |
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What are the two main groups of vitamins |
Fat soluble Water soluble |
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What are the fat soluble vitamins |
A D E |
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What are the water soluble vitamins |
B1 B2 Niacin B6 Pantothenic acid Folic acid B12 Choline Biotin Vitamin C |
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What is B1 also called |
Thiamin |
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What is B2 also called |
Riboflavin |
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What is B6 also called |
Pyridoxine |
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What is B12 also called |
Cobalamin |
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What are the characteristics of fat soluble vitamins |
Found in fats and oils and are insoluble in water Require bile for emulsification and micelles and lipoproteins for absorption and transport Enter the blood via the lacteals with dietary lipids Excess can be stored in the liver and adipose tissue |
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What class of compounds is vitamin A apart of |
Retinoids |
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What are the different types of retinoids |
Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid |
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What can be transformed into vitamin A |
Carotene |
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Reproduction Vision Cell differentiation and epithelial cell integrity Immunity Growth Antioxidant |
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What type of vitamin A is needed for reproduction |
Retinol |
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What type of vitamin A is needed for vision |
Retinal |
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What type of vitamin A is needed for cell differentiation and epithelial cell integrity |
Retinoic acid |
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What type of vitamin A is needed for immunity |
Retinoic acid |
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What type of vitamin A is needed for growth |
Retinoic acid |
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What type of vitamin A is needed for antioxidant |
Carotene |
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Vitamin A deficiencies can cause what in Ruminants |
Reduced feed intake and growth Rough hair coat Lacrimation Night blindness Reproductive problems |
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Vitamin A deficiencies can cause what in dogs and cats |
Impaired growth Reproductive failure Loss of epithelial integrity |
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What animal is capable of converting carotenoid to active vitamin A |
Dogs |
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What are sources of vitamin A |
Fish liver oils Milk Liver Egg yolk |
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What is the most toxic vitamin |
Vitamin A
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What are the cs of vitamin A toxicity |
Skeletal malformation Internal hemorrhaging Slow growth Reduced function of liver and kidney Birth defects |
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What form of vitamin A can NOT cause toxicity |
Beta carotene |
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How is vitamin D different than all other vitamins |
It can be synthesized, with the help of sunlight Has hormone-like properties |
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What does vitamin D regulate |
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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What are the two types of vitamin D |
Vitamin D2 Vitamin D3 |
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Where is vitamin D2 found |
Plants that have been harvested and exposed to UV light |
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Where is vitamin D3 found |
Synthesized by the body when skin is exposed to UV light |
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What is the function of vitamin D |
Normal bone tissue development Bone tissue maintenance Homeostasis of the body's calcium and phosphorus pools |
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Vitamin D deficiencies can cause what in ruminants |
Rickets Tetany and convulsions Bones fractures easily Digestive disturbances |
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Vitamin D deficiencies can cause what in Cats and Dogs |
Rickets Osteomalacia Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism |
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What are sources of vitamin D |
Liver Some fish Egg yolk Sun light |
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What is osteomalacia |
Softening of the bone |
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What is the second most toxic vitamin to the body |
Vitamin D |
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Vitamin D toxicity can cause what |
Excessive levels of calcium in the blood Calcification of soft tissues Bone resorption |
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What are the two groups that compose vitamin E |
Tocopherols
Tocotrienols |
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What are the functions of vitamin E |
Antioxidant |
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Vitamin E works with what mineral to minimize free radical damage to tissues |
Se |
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What vitamin is necessary to regenerate vitamin E |
Vitamin C |
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Vitamin E deficiencies can cause exacerbated whatn disease in ruminants |
White muscle disease |
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What are the cs of white muscle disease |
Weakness Siffness Deterioration of muscles |
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Vitamin E deficiencies cause what in cats |
Yellow fat |
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Yellow fat is also called |
Pansteatitis |
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What are the cs of Pansteatitis |
Anorexia Pyrexia Tenderness Lumpy fat in abdomen |
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Is vitamin E toxic |
No |
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What are sources of vitamin E |
Wheat germ Corn and soybean oils |
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What are the two naturally occurring forms of vitamin K |
Phylloquinone (plant origin) Menaquinone (bacterial origin) |
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What are the two major forms of vitamin K |
Natural Synthetic |
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What is the synthetic form of vitamin K |
Menadione |
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What are the functions of vitamin K |
Blood clotting mechanisms Formation of anticoagulant proteins Formation of bone proteins and ribosomal proteins Peptides involved in cell growth |
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What factors in the coagulation process activated by vitamin K |
II VII |
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Vitamin K deficiencies will cause what in dogs and cats |
Increased clotting time
Hemorrhage |
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Ruminants eating what can cause a vitamin K deficiency |
Moldy sweet clover |
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What form of vitamin K is toxic at high levels |
Synthetic (menadione) |
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Vitamin K toxicity can cause what |
Anemia Acute renal failure Stiffness, colic and laminitis (horses) |
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What are sources of vitamin K |
Leafy green vegetables Liver Some fresh meats |
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B-complex vitamins are _________ soluble vitamins |
Water |
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What is vitamin B1 |
Thiamine |
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What is the main role thiamine play |
In carbohydrate synthesis |
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What are thiamine functions |
Cofactor for some TCA cycle reactions Essential role in nerve transmission Insulin synthesis |
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What is the TCA cycle |
Energy formation cycle |
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What are glial cells |
Nerve assistant cell |
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Thiamine deficiencies will cause what in ruminants |
Polioencephalomalacia Opisthotonus |
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What is polioencephalomalacia |
Softening of brain tissue |
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What is opisthotonus |
Stargazing |
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Thiamine deficiencies can cause what in dogs and cats |
CNS dysfunction Anorexia Weight loss |
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What are the sources of thiamine |
Meat Wheat germ |
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What is riboflavin |
Vitamin B2 |
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Where does riboflavin get its name |
Yellow color Contains the simple sugar D-ribose |
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Microbial synthesis of riboflavin occurs where |
Large intestines of most species |
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What are the functions of riboflavin |
Cofactor that accepts and transfers H+ from substrates Important for the generation of ATP Important in amino acid oxidases |
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Riboflavin deficiency can cause |
CNS dysfunction Dermatitis |
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Riboflavin is ________, most is excreted via the feces |
Nontoxic |
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What are the sources of riboflavin |
Milk Organ meats Whole grains Vegetables |
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Niacin is also called |
Nicotinic acid |
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Niacin is closely associated with _______ in cellular oxidation reduction enzyme systems |
Riboflavin |
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Niacin deficiencies can cause what in dogs |
Black tongue disease |
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What are the cs of black tongue disease |
Ropy saliva Foul breath Discoloration of the tongue |
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What animal cannot synthesize niacin form tryptophan |
Cats |
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What are the cs of niacin deficiency in cats |
Weight loss Anorexia Weakness Apathy Thick saliva with foul odor |
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Can niacin be toxic |
No |
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What are the sources of niacin |
Meats Legumes Grains |
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What is pyridoxine also called |
Vitamin B6 |
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What are the compounds that comprises pyridoxine |
Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine |
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What is the only water soluble vitamin stored in tissues in appreciable quantities |
Pyridoxine |
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What are the functions of B6 |
Transfer of methyl groups form serine to the methylation cycle Cofactor for a large number of enzymes used in the metabolism of amino acids |
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B6 deficiency can cause what in cats and dogs |
Microcytic hypochromic anemia |
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Is B6 toxic |
No |
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What are the sources of B6 |
Organ meats Fish Wheat germ |
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Pantothenic acid occurs in all ______ __________ |
body tissues |
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What are the functions of pantothenic acid |
Part of coenzyme A Fatty acid synthesis Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism within the citric acid cycle |
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What is coenzyme A responsible for |
ATP formation |
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Pantothenic acid deficiency can cause what in dogs and cats |
Anorexia Weight loss |
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Is pantothenic acid toxic |
No |
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What are the sources of pantothenic acid |
Organ meats Egg yolks Diary products Legumes |
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Biotin can be produced by ________ and absorbed form the cecum and colon |
Microflora |
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What are the functions of biotin |
Fatty acid, nonessential amino acid, and purine synthesis |
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Biotin deficiency can cause what in small animals |
Dermatitis |
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Is biotin toxic |
No |
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What are sources of biotin |
Eggs Liver Milk Legumes |
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Folic acid is active int he body as |
Tetrahydrofolic acid |
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Folic acid is synthesized by |
Bacteria in the large intestines |
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What is the function of folic acid |
Important role in synthesis of thymidine |
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Folic acid deficiency can cause what |
Not able to produce adequate DNA Decreased cellular growth and maturation |
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What are sources of folic acid |
Liver Kidney Green leafy vegetables |
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What is cobalamin also known as |
vitamin B12
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What mineral does cobalamin contain |
Cobalt |
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What vitamin is only synthesized by microorganisms |
Cobalamin |
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What are the functions of cobalamin |
Fat and carbohydrate metabolism Synthesis of myelin |
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Cobalamin deficiency can cause what |
Anemia |
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What are sources of cabalamin |
meat Fish Poultry |
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Choline is synthesized by the body form |
The amino acid serine |
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What are the functions of choline |
Donor of methyl units for various metabolic reactions in the body Precursor for the neurotransmitter substance acetylcholine Necessary for normal fatty acid transport within cells |
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Choline deficiencies can cause what |
Neurologic dysfuntion Fatty liver |
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Cholin toxicity can cause what |
Diarrhea |
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What are sources of choline |
Egg yolk Organ meats Legumes Dairy products |
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What are vitamin C functions |
Hydroxylation of the amino acids proline and lysine in the formation of collagen and elastin Synthesis of acetylcholinesterase Normal bone formation |
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Vitamin C deficiencies can cause |
Body is unable to synthesize several types of connective tissue |
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What are sources of vitamin C |
Citrus fruits dark leafy vegetables |
