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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vitamin that consists of pteridine group, PABA, and Glue
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Folate/folic acid
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absorbed in the monoglutamate form with the help of folate conjugase
actively absorbed during low to moderate intake, passively during high delivered to the liver where it's changed back to the polyglutamate form some stored in liver |
folate
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functions of folate
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RBC formation~~
DNA synthesis homocystein metabolism, NT formation AA metabolism |
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causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects
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Folate deficiency
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absorption of vitamin B-12
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binds to R-protein made by salivary glands, travels to small intestine, then binds to intrinsic factor and binds to brush border to be absorbed
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vitamin that functions in coenzymes that move 1 carbon groups and in the maintenance of myelin sheath
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B-12
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absorbed by a specific energy-dependent transport system in the small intestine
some stored in pituitary and adrenal glands, WBCs, eyes, and brain |
Vitamin C
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ascorbic acid/ dehydroascorbic acid
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Vitamin C
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vitamin B-12 deficiency diseases
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pernicious anemia
nerve degeneration, paralysis and death |
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vitamin C deficiency and consequences
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scurvy
- fatigue, hemorrhages, bleeding gums and joints, impaired wond healing, bone pain/fractures |
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5 vitamin-like compounds
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carnitine, inositol, taurine, lipoic acid, choline
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found in meat and dairy products
synthesized in the liver from lysine and methionine transports fatty acids into the mitochondria aids in the removal of excess organic acids |
carnitine
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found only in animal product
synthesized from Met and Cys associated with photoreceptors in the eye antioxidant CNS function, platelet aggregation, cardiac contraction, insulin action, cell growth |
Taurin
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found in animal products
synthesized from glucose in certain diseases, it's altered |
inositol
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found it meats, liver, and yeast
needed in reactions in which CO2 is lost from a substrate regenerates vitamin C and glutathione |
lipoic acid
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not a B-vitamin
widely distributed in foods; body makes enough precursor of acetylcholine (NT) component of phospholipids |
Choline
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functions of vitamin D
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Calcium regulation (increase uptake from intestine or increase release from bone)
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how too much vitamin D can be toxic
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leads to over-absorption of Calcium
Calcium deposits in kidneys, heart, and blood vessels, narrowing of pulmonary arteries and aorta, facial changes, mental retardation |
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forms of vitamin E
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4 tocopherols + 4 tocotrienols
R form is biologically active |
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where vitamin E is stored
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adipose tissue, liver, muscle, found in cell membranes
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vitamin E function
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Antioxidant
Vitamin E is able to donate electron to oxidizing agent Protects the cell from attack by free radicals |
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deficiency of these vitamin is rare
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Vitamin E, B5(pantothenic), Biotin, B6 (4)
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2 forms of vitamin K
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Phylloquinone (K1) from plant sources
Menaquinones (K2) from fish oils, meats, and intestinal bacteria |
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vitamin synthesized by intestinal bacteria is absorbed in colon
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10% of menaquinones
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where vitamin K is stored
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liver and lipproteins
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interferes with vitamin K synthesis and absorption
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excess vitamins A and E
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what vitamin deficiency can be caused by antibiotics?
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Vitamin K- by destroying intestinal bacter, inhibits its synthesis and absorption, can cause excessive bleeding
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water soluble vitamins
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8 B-vitamins and Vitamin C
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coenzyme of thiamin pyrophosphate
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Thiamin (B-1)
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occurs where polished rice is the only staple
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thiamin-deficiency disease
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coenzymes of riboflavin (B-2)
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- flavin mononucleotide
- FAD |
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HCl releases this vitamin from its bound forms
facilitated absorption during low intake, passive during high intake transported by a protein carrier in the blood small amount stored in liver, excess excreted |
riboflavin (B2)
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absorbed in the jejunum by a carrier-mediated system
transported by RBC in the blood poorly stored; small reserve in the liver and muscles excess quickly excreted in urine |
thiamin (B1)
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only dietary deficiency disease to reach epidemic proportions in the US and what causes it
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Pellagra-Niacin deficiency
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readily absorbed from the stomach and small intestine
active transport and passive diffusion transported from the liver to all of the tissues where its converted to coenzymes NO storage int he body excess excreted in urine |
Niacin
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consumed as coenzyme A in diet, released during digestion in small intestine
absorbed from small intestine minimal storage as coenzyme in liver readily excreted in urine |
pantothenic acid (5)
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exists in free and protein-bound forms; must be cleaved before being absorbed in the small intestine
stored in small amounts in muscle, liver, and brain excreted via urine and bile |
Biotin
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cofactor in 5 carboxylases in the citric acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis/elongation, breakdown of AAs
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biotin
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main coenzyme form of vitamin B-6
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pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
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absorbed passively
phosphorylated in the liver binds to albumin for transport in the blood stored in the liver and muscle tissue |
Vitamin B-6
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vitamin that participates in 100+ enzymatic reactions
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Vitamin B-6
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very heat stable vitamin
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niacin (B3)
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avidin inhibits absorption
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biotin
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reabsorbed after it's excreted and what it's called
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B12- enterohepatic circulation from bile
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forms of B12
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cyanocobalamin (free)
methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamine (coenzymes) |
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vitamin excreted via kidneys
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vitamin C
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vitamin needed for iron absorption
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vitamin c
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vitamins that can be toxic
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A- teratogenic
D- hypercalcemia E- inhibit vitamin K metabolism B3 B6- nerve damage Folate- epilepsy, skin disorder, respiratory disorder C |
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vitamins that aren't toxic
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K, B1, B2, B5, Biotin, B12
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vitamin with no storage
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B3
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B vitamins with good storage and where
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B6- liver and muscle, B12- 50-90% in liver
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vitamins with storage solely in the liver
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A, K, B2, B5, folic acid, B12
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stored in the liver and excreted through urine
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vitamin A
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2 forms of vitamin D
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Ergocalciferol (D2) GI tract/ Cholecalciferon (D3) skin
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stored in fat and excreted through bile
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Vitamin D
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stores in fat, liver, muscle and excreted through urine and bile
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Vitamin E
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stored in the liver as lipoproteins and excreted through bile
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Vitamin K
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stored poorly in the liver and excreted through urine
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B2, B5
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stored poorly in the muscle/liver and excreted through urine
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B1
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stored well in the liver and muscle and excreted through urine and bile
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B6
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stored poorly in the liver and excreted through urine and bile
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folic acid
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stored in muscle/liver/brain
excreted through urine and bile |
biotin
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