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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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antipyretic
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agent that reduces fever
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apnea
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temporary or transient cessation of breathing
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auscultatory gap
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temporary disappearance of sounds usually heard over the brachial artery, occurring when the cuff pressure is high and is gradually reduced, with the sounds again heard at a lower level of pressure (usually occurring in patients who have hypertension
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brachial pulse
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beating or throbbing felt over the brachial artery, usually palpated in the antecubital space
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bradycardia
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an abnormally slow pulse rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minutes in an adult
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bradypnea
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an abnormally slow respiratory rate, usually fewer than 12 breaths per minutes in an adult
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cardiac output
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the amount of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart during one minute; the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume
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core temperature
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the amount of heat in the deep tissues and structures of the body, such as the liver
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diastolic pressure
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the force exerted when the heart is at rest in between each beat; the lowest pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times
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dyspnea
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difficult or labored breathing
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oximetry
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determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood using a photoelectric device called an oximeter
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oxygen saturation
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a clinical measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin that is bound with oxygen in the blood
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palpation
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the application of the fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine the condition of the underlying parts
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pulse deficit
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the difference between the apical and the radial pulse rates
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pulse pressure
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the difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure
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radial pulse
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beating or throbbing felt over the radial artery, usually palpated over the groove along the thumb side of the inner wrist
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s1
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the first heart sound, heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves close
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s2
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the second heart sound, heard when the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves close
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Sim's position
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a side-lying position with the lowermost arm behind the body and the uppermost leg flexed
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stroke volume
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the amount of blood entering the aorta with each ventricular contraction
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systolic pressure
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the amount of force exerted within the arteries while the heart is actively pumping or contracting; the maximum pressure exerted against the arterial walls
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tachycardia
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an abnormally fast pulse rate, usually above 100 beats per minutes in an adult
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tachypnea
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an abnormally fast respiratory rate, usually more than 20 breaths per minutes in an adult
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tympanic
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pertaining to the ear canal or eardrum (tympanic membrane)
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vital signs
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measurements of physiological functioning, specifically temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure, but may also include pain and pulse oximetry
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eupnea
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normal respiration
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febrile
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feverish; pertaining to a fever
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orthopnea
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ability to breathe without difficulty only when in an upright position (sitting upright or standing)
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orthostatic hypotension
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a sudden drop in blood pressure resulting from a change in position, usually when standing up from a sitting or reclining position and often causing dizziness
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pulse strenght correlates..
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The strength of the pulse correlates with the volume of blood being ejected against the arterial walls with each contraction of the heart.
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pulse strenght can be described as...
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absent, weak, diminished, strong, or bounding
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normal adult pulse range?
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60-100 beats per min
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what conditions may cause bradycardia?
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decreased thyroid activity, hyperkalemia, an irregular cardiac rhythm, and increased intracranial pressure
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what conditions may cause tachycardia
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congestive heart failure (CHF), hemorrhage, shock, dehydration, and anemia
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when does a pulse deficit occur
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occurs when the heart contracts inefficiently and does not transmit a pulse wave to a peripheral site
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how do we asses pulse deficit?
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One person assesses the peripheral pulse rate while the other person assesses the apical pulse rate. Compare the two rates; the difference between the two is the pulse deficit, which reflects the number of ineffective cardiac contractions in 1 minute.
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what factors can increase respiratory rates? (tachypnea)
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Exercise, anxiety, fever, and a low hemoglobin level
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what may cause bradypnea?
slow the resp. rate? |
Neurological injuries and medications that depress the respiratory system, such as opiates
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what are Cheyne-Stokes ?
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breathing cycles that increase in rate and depth and then decrease and are followed by a period of apnea
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what are Biot’s respirations?
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period of slow and deep or rapid and shallow breathing followed by apnea.
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what are Kussmaul’s respirations ?
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deep and gasping respirations, likely due to renal failure, septic shock, or diabetic ketoacidosis
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what is blood pressure?
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force that blood exerts against the vessel wall
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what is the pulse pressure?
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difference between the systolic and diastolic values
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what is "internal environment"?
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systems whith in the human body
(biological, psychological, behavioral, emotional, spiritual) |
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what are the two types of stress response?
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local adaptation, and general adaptation
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signs and symptoms of stress
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cold hands, and feet, tensed muscles, nervous movements, excessive sweating, tooth grinding, headaches, insomnia and complaints of feeling tense and nervous
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signs and symptoms of withdrawal and depression
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slowed speech, lowered, hesistant speaking voice, decreased bodily movement, huncehd over, tired posture, insomnia, complaints of feeling sad, depressed or unable to concentrate
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what is coping?
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any cognitive or behavioral activity used to deal with stress
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what happens trhough adaptation (stress)?
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individuals cope constructively with stressful conditions.
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what are some common coping strategies?
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event rehersal, confrontation, distancing or denial, self control, social support, faith, problem solving, positive reappraisal, event review
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what is homeostasis?
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term that describes a tendecy of the body to maintain stability of the internal environment. The body adapts to internal and external changes in the environment and maintains homeostasis.
example: BP, respirations, heart rate, temp, hormone secretions |
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What is Healthy People 2010?
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U.s. dept. of health and human services developed a document oulining goals for the year 2010. It is a national health promotion and sidease prevention initiative that aims to increase the quality and years of healthy life and to eliminate health disparities.
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what is illness?
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its a deviation from a healthy state that may occur acutely or as a series of long term events.
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what are the 14 components Henderson identified?
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normal breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, maintinating desireable posture, sleeping, suitable clothing, maintaining noraml body temp, keeping the body clean, avoiding dangers, communcating with others, worshiping,, working, playing, learning
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what are advance directives?
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legal documents such as the living wil and durable power of attorney
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what is a living will?
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allows pts to designate, in advance, what treatments they would want in specific situations
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durable power of attorney?
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appoint one person to make treatment decisions when they are not able to make those decisions.
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what is the Patient Self Determination Act?
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it states that persons admitted to hospitals and nursing homes must be asked if they want to prepare an advance directive.
(1991 federal gov. ) |
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what are alternative therapies?
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they are used in place of conventional medicine.
example acupuncture |
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what are complementary therapies?
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used along with conventional therapies.
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describe alternative systems of medical preactice and give examples.
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ranges from self care based on folk principles to organized care using alternative methods
example: hearbal teac for a cold, acupunture, traditional oriental medicine |
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describe mind body interventions and give examples
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uses the power of the mind and the body to affect each other
example: psychotherapy, meditaions, yoga, prayer, guided imagery, biofeedback, relaxation therapy |
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describe manual healing methods and give examples
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uses touch, manipulation of body parts
example: osteopathic medicine, massage, chiropractic, reflexology, acupuncture |
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describe boelectromagentic applications and give examples.
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uses electormagnetic fields for their effects on the body
example: nerve stimulation, hyperhtermia, laser sx |
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describe herbal medicine and give examples
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uses plants and plant rpducts as remedies
example: echinacea, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, st. johns wort |
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describe pharmacologic and biologic treatments and give examples.
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uses drugs, vaccines, etc that have not yet been approved by the food and drug admin for specified purposes
examples: antioxidants, chelation, metabolic therapy |
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describe diet, nutrition and lifestyle changes (as alt. medicine) and give examples
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affects biochemical and physiologic processes
example: macrobiotic diet, high dose vitamin therapy |
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What drug does Echinacea interaccts with and what are the effects of interraction?
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-immunosuppresants
-may inhibit immunosuppresion |
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What drug does Ginseng intrract with and what are the effects?
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-aspirin
-increased anticoagulation-> risk for bleeding |
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what drug does Goldenseal interract with and what is the effect of interractin?
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-antihypertensives
-inreased BP |
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What drug does Hawthorn interract with and what are the effect of the interraction?
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-cardiac glycosides
-increased effects of glycoside-> risk of toxicity |
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What drug does Aloe (oral) interract with and what are the effects of the interraction>?
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-potassium-wasting diuretics
-increase risk of hypkalemia |
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what drug interracts with Kava-kava and what are the effects of that?
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-central nevous system depressants
-increased sedation |
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what drug interracts with garlic and what are the effects?
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-anticoagulants
-incerase anticoagulation ->risk of bleeding |
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what drug interracts with ephedra and what are the effects ?
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-antihypertensives
-increased BP |
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what drug interracts with valerian and what are the effects?
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-cns depressantss
-increased sedation |
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what happens during remissions in a chronically ill pt?
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the disease seems to go away
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what happens during exacerbation in a chronically ill pt?
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acute symptoms recur
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what are the stages of health behavior change?
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precontemplation
contemplation preparation action maintenance |
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what happes in the precontemlation stage of health behavior change?
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not intending to make changes within the next six months. Pt is unaware of the problem or underestimates it.
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what happens in the contemplation stae of health behavior change?
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considering a change within the next six months. Pt says he or she is seriously considering a change
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what happens in the preparation stage in health behavior change?
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pt has tried to make changes, but without success. Intends to take action in the next month.
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what happens in the action stage of the health behavior change?
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pt is actively engaged in strategies to change behavior. This stage sometimes last up to six months. This stage requires commitment of time and energy.
"IM working really hard to change" |
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what happens in the maintenance stage of the health behavior chaange?
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pt sustained change over time. This stage begins six months after action has started and continues indefinitely. Important to avoid relapse.
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what is illness behavior?
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it involves how people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system
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define illness
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is a state in which a person physical, emotional , intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
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what is risk factor modification?
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once risk factors are identifed, health education programs that help a person to change a risky health behavior are implemented.
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what is the goal of risk factor identification?
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Is to assist pts in understanding those areas in their lives that they need to modify or even eliminate to promote wellness and prevent illness
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What is a risk factor?
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is any situation, habit, environmental condition, physiological conditions, or other variable that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident.
genetic and fhsyiological factors, age, physical, lifestyle |
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what are the 3 levels of prevention?
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primary prevention ,
secondary prevention tertiary prevention |
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what are health beliefs?
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a persare a perosns ideas and attitudes about health. A belief refer to the information or ideas that a person accepts as true, even if there is no supporting evidence.
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what are the 3 infuential documents that ouline specific national goals for improving the physical health of americans?
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1.healthy people
2.the surgeon general's report on health promotion 3.disease prevention |
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define health
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it is a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle.
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what are models of health and illness
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1. health belief model
2. helath promotion model 3. holistic health model |
