Visual Systems

Front 1

_ produces fluid that enters the posterior chamber, flows through _ and drains into__

Back 1

Ciliary body epithelium
Pupillary opening
Canal of Schlemm

Front 2

Constricts iris reducing pupil size _ (nerve - parasympathetic/sympathetic)

Back 2

CN III - parasympathetic Ach

Front 3

Part of nervous system that increases pupil size

Back 3

Sympathetic (NE)

Front 4

Any condition that occludes canals of Schlemm leads to what condition

Back 4

Glaucoma

Front 5

Myelinated axons of the optic nerve are covered by _

Back 5

Dura

Front 6

Photoreceptors release _ (NT) on _ which then activate ganglion cells. Axons of ganglion cells make _

Back 6

GLutamate
Bipolar cells
CN II

Front 7

In dark rods and cones release _

Back 7

Glutamate

Front 8

In light rods and cones release glutamate - T/F

Back 8

FALSE - only in dark

Front 9

Light converts cis-Rodopsin to _ thus activating _ which activates _ which breaks down _ , without it cell polarizes and stops releasing glutamate

Back 9

Trans-rodopsin
G protein
Phosphodiesterase
cGMP

Front 10

_ have excitatory glutamate activity and release _ on surrounding cons and rods

Back 10

Horizontal cells
GABA

Front 11

_ bipolar interconnecting neuron dendrites have inhibitory glutamate receptors
_ dendrites have excitatory glutamate receptors

Back 11

On center

Off center

Front 12

Nucleus that is responsible for vision is _ and it transfers information to _

Back 12

LGN

Occipital cortex

Front 13

Nucleus responsible for visual tracking is _ and it transfers information to _

Back 13

Superior colliculus

Pulvinar

Front 14

Nucleus responsible for diurnal rhythms is _

Back 14

Hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 15

Nuclei responsible for pupillary light reflex are _

Back 15

Accessory optic nuclei
Olivary pretectal nuclei

Front 16

Visual field consists of _ hemifields

Back 16

Nasal and temporal

Front 17

Which hemifield of visual field always crosses to other side

Back 17

Nasal

Front 18

Pituitary tumors commonly interfere with _

Back 18

Optic chiasm

Front 19

Visual acuity is best at _

Back 19

Fovea and binocular regions

Front 20

An increase in intracranial pressure will first show up in _

Back 20

Retina (optic nerve surrounded by meninges)

Front 21

Major projection of axons from retinal ganglion cells is to _

Back 21

LGN

Front 22

There are two major streams of information leaving retina - magnocellular - from _ and with large receptive fields and axons, and parvocellular - derived from _ small receptive fields, central location

Back 22

Rods

Cones

Front 23

Damage to the left eye or left optic nerve would result in _

Back 23

Loss of vision in left eye

Front 24

Patient presents with complete loss of vision in left eye - where is the lesion

Back 24

Left optic nerve (aneurysm)

Front 25

Patient presents with large aneurysm that compresses left optic nerve and also affects chiasm - what is the visual loss pattern

Back 25

Complete loss of visual loss in the left eye
Upper right quadrant loss of the right eye

Front 26

Patient is diagnosed with large pituitary tumor that is pressing directly and symmetrically on chiasm - what is visual loss pattern

Back 26

Temporal hemifield of both eyes is lost

Front 27

Patient presents with contralateral homonymous hemianopia - loss of right visual field in both eyes - where is the lesion

Back 27

Optic tract

Front 28

LGN has _ layers

Back 28

6

Front 29

Layers _ of LGN have large cells (magnocellular) and layers _ have small cells (parvocellular)

Back 29

1,2

3-6

Front 30

Axons from temporal hemiretina ( _ visual field) terminate in layers _ of ipsilateral LGN

Back 30

Inner

2, 3, 5

Front 31

Axons from nasal hemiretina ( _ visual fields) terminate in layers __ of contralateral LGN

Back 31

1, 4, 6

Outer

Front 32

Binocular vision is formed in _

Back 32

Cerebral cortex

Front 33

Primary visual cortex lies on either side of _

Back 33

Calcarine sulcus

Front 34

Superior bank of calcarine sulcus is _

Inferior bank is _

Back 34

Cuneus

Lingual gyrus

Front 35

Areas 18 and 19 get input from _

Back 35

Area 17 and pulvinar

Front 36

Optic radiations are formed by axons arising from _ and target _

Back 36

LGB

Primary visual cortex

Front 37

Upper visual field arises in _ LGB and travels through _

Back 37

Ventrolateral
Meyers loop

Front 38

Lower visual field quadrant arises in _ and travel through _

Back 38

Dorsomedial LGB
Retrolenticular limb of internal capsule

Front 39

Patient presents with left superior homonymous quadratonopia (quarter of left upper visual field is affected) - where is the lesion

Back 39

Right Meyers loop

Front 40

Layer _ of visual cortex is wide and receives input from LGB

Back 40

4

Front 41

Fovea is represented more (posterior/anterior) then peripheral regions

Back 41

Posterior

Front 42

Takes up nearly half of primary visual cortex

Back 42

Fovea

Front 43

Damage to areas 18, 20, 21 lead to _

Back 43

Agnosias

Front 44

Patient presents with perceptual defect following stroke - condition is called

Back 44

Apperceptive agnosia

Front 45

Patient presents after stroke - he can describe objects but cant assign any meaning to them - he is suffering from _

Back 45

Associative agnosia

Front 46

Patient has object agnosia - where is the lesion (left/right)

Back 46

Left (dominant) side

Front 47

Patient presents after stroke with inability to recognize faces - name condition

Back 47

Prosopognosia

Front 48

Patient presents after stroke, he can write but he cant read - condition and which part of brain affected

Back 48

Alexia without agraphia - splenium of corpus callosum

Front 49

Patient after stroke cannot recognize colors - where is the damage and condition name

Back 49

Achromatopsia - fusiform gyrus

Front 50

Patient has lost voluntary eye movement following stroke - name condition and where lesion

Back 50

Balint syndrome
Parieto-occipital junction

Front 51

Patient has lost ability to understand visual objects following stroke - name condition

Back 51

Asimultagnosia

Front 52

Projection to suprachiasmatic nucleus is via _

Back 52

Retinohypothalamic tract

Front 53

_ nucleus functions as biological clock, responsible for circadian rhythms

Back 53

Suprachiasmatic

Front 54

In pupillary light reflex retinal projections to _ are important

Back 54

Pretectum

Front 55

Retinal ganglion cells, pretectum neurons, Edinger Westphal nucleus, ciliary ganglion neurons and ciliary body are all involved in _

Back 55

Pupillary light reflex

Front 56

_ coordinates visual, somatic and auditory information and directs head and eyes toward stimuli

Back 56

Superior colliculus