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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
digital/analogue |
Analogue:
• Representation of data by means of physical properties that express value along a continuous scale. • Include: photography, vinyl recording, mercury thermometer. • Data measure along a scale that shows incremental change. • basis on continuity in gradation in tone and colour. Digital: • Representing data by means of discrete digits and encoding that data mathematically • Involve a process of encoding information in bits and assigning each a mathematical value o each bit has a particular value and tone is represented in pixels, which allows the image to be easily manipulated and copied without degeneration. • A clock with a number read out is digital, but a clock with hands is analog |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Appropriation |
• The act of borrowing, stealing, or taking over other’s works, images, words, meanings to one’s own ends.
• Cultural appropriation- process of borrowing and changing the meaning of commodities, cultural products, slogans, images, or elements of fashion by putting them into a new context or in juxtaposition with new elements • one of the primary forms of oppositional production and reading, when viewers take cultural products and reed it, rewrite, change them, or change their meaning or use. (bricolage, transcoding, oppositional reading) |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples:
Clinical gaze |
• Michel Foucault
• The gaze from the doctor/scientist directed at the patient. Came about with the birth of the medical clinic Here, the doctor becomes empowered/authorit by their ability to: • Godlike figure in metanarrative- knowledge/power to understand images • Separate the patient’s body from the patient’s identity (when analyzing them) • Assume a role that places them above religion • Look at the patient and examine them through use of X-rays, MRI problemo • This seperation is Invasive /dehumanizing for the patient • The doctor’s gaze is privelaged over what patient feels o Dismissal of symptoms to submit to doctor |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples:
Commodity Fetishism |
• Process through which
o 1. commodities are emptied of the meaning of their production (labour that produced them and context of production) o 2. and filled instead with abstract meaning • use value ignored- exchange value is the sh!t • In Marxism, commodity fetishism is the process of mystification that exists in capitalism btwn what things are and how they appear. • also describes the process by which special life powers are attributed to commodities rather than to other elements in social life. Exchange value has so superseded use value that things are valued not for what they do but for what they cost, how they look and their connotations. Ex: a commodity is emptied of the meaning of its production and filled with new meaning through advertising campaigns. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Commodity Self |
• Self is edited and constructed thru the things we consume
• Constructed thru our identification of commodity signs (meanings that are attached to commod products that we buy/use) • Ads encourage consumers 2 use products to define who they are (are you a starbucks person or tims person) • Our efforts to create a personality this way lead to false sense of identity or “pseudoindividuality” • Frankfurt peeps figured this out- false sense of indivuality • Consumer is individual addressed by ads who says that they can ehance their individuality (while addressing larger group of ppl) and ends up decaying their sense of self (individuality) o Ex. Virginia slims “find your voice” – you can be an individual- your own person if you conform to the masses and smoke these cigarettes |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Cultural Imperialism |
• how ways of life are exported into other territories through cultural products and popular culture.
• The United States is understood to engage in cultural imperialism • Ex. Pavillian at expo 67 was supposed to be a symbol of global unity etc… • However, inside dome, the pavilion was filled with American culture • Exporting American culture |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Cultural Industry |
• Used by members of the Frankfurt school (Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer)
• to indicate how capitalism organizes and homogenizes culture, giving cultural consumers less freedom to construct their own meanings • achieved through low, mass, popular culture • result is a passive consumer who has a false sense of individuality. • is a threat to “higher art forms’. • Horkheimer and Adorno saw the culture industry as generating mass culture as a form of commodity fetishism that functions as propaganda. They saw mass culture as dictated by formula and repetition, encouraging conformity, promoting passivity, cheating its consumers |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Culture Jamming |
• Term coined by the band Negativeland;
• counter the norm and find alternative ways to communicate w viewer • stopping of the spectacle, rerouting the message and creating a new meaning • form of protest now refers to the tactic used by many consumer social movements to disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions, including corporate advertising. Culture jamming is often seen as a form of subvertising. For example, some of the first culture jams started by activists re-writing billboard messages using wheatpaste. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Cyborg |
• Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline
• ‘self-regulating man-machine systems” or cybernetic organisms • theorized by Donna Haraway, o as a means to consider the relationship of human subjects to technology and the subjectivity of late capitalism, biomedicine and computer tech. o Contemporary thinking about cyborgs emphasizes how all subjects of contemporary postmodern and technological societies can be understood as cyborgs because we are all developing on and have a relationship with technologies • Marshall Mcluhan mentions (within tech society) that our machines are extensions of ourselves |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Empiricism/positivism |
• Method of scientific practice emphasizing:
o importance of sensory experience, observation, o measurement in the production of knowledge about something • Empirical methodology relies on experimentation and data collection to establish particular truths about things in the world. • Relates to photography- Neome describe the quality of a photographic image that has a “has been there” quality (AURA)-been there in place and time positivism • philosophical position that is scientific in inspiration and assumes that meanings exist out in the world, independent of our feelings, attitudes and beliefs • Assumes that the factual nature of things can be established by experimentation and that facts are free from the influence of language and representational systems. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
False Consciousness |
• In Marxist theory
• process by which the real economic imbalances of the dominant social system gets hidden • ordinary citizens come to believe in the perfection of the system that in fact oppresses them • Ex of false consciousness: the meek shall inherit the earth. • 20th century developments in Marxism see the concept of false consciousness as oppressive b/c it characterizes the masses. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Flaneur |
• term used by Charles Baudelaire
• Refers to a person who wanders city streets, taking in sights, window shopper, with implication that the act of looking at the offerings of commodity culture is itself a source of pleasure weather or not one actually ever purchases anything. • The term was originally thought to be male bourgeouse, since women did not have the freedom the streets alone. • Wander thru shopping arcades |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Globalization |
• Phenomenon that came about in late 20th cent
• Increased rates of migration, rise of multinational corporations, international trade, development of global comm and transportation • ideological in the sense that their direction and force are shaped by economic, cultural and political interests. • export of cultural products • Form of homoginization of culture- cultures get mixed and exchange everything • Mass media brings (particularly from the US) about diff ideologies of diff states and passes to other states • Form of cultural imperialism • Mcluhan is optimistic key theorist tht says it will lead to a world where people from all countries will become more integrated and aware of common interests and shared humanity |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Global village |
• Marshall McLuhan in 1960s
• Refers to the ways that media can connect people from all over the world into geographically dispersed communities • created by instant electronic communication • gives the collective sense of a village to people that are separated geographically • describes both the contemporary frenzy of media events and the connections created by people over distances through communication technologies. • Relates to the concept of media as the message: how media extensions if our natural senses and communication • expo 67 was physical manifestation of mcluhan’s global village- ppl came together from all over the world – connected by media to deal with global issues |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Hypereal |
• Jean Baudrillard
- future where reality has entirely disappeared under glossy seductive surface of simulation Primary example is disneyland- a world where image and reality implode- majical space which masks absence of the real (not image or reality) • refers to a world in which codes of reality are used to simulate reality in cases in which no referent exists in the real world • Hyperreality is a simulation of reality in which various elements function to emphasize their “realness” • In postmod style, hyperrealism can also refer to the use of naturalistic effects to give an advertisement the look of a realist documentary |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
intertextuality |
• theory from Julia kristeva
• every text takes shape as a mosaic of citations or absorption/transformation of other texts • the means thru which reference is tied not to reality but to a representation/simulation • insertion of a text and its meanings into another o used in childrens movies to keep parents entertained o uses intertextutality to market products • ex frum toy story movies to sell toys (mr potato head) • • In pop culture, intertextuality refers to the incorporation of meanings of one text within another in a reflexive fashion. • Ex: The Simpsons includes references to films. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Lack |
• psychoanalyst by Jacques Lacan
• we are always trying to fill a void/sense of innadiquacy to address the desire and lack (Can never be satified) • We are always trying to recreate a sense of wholeness that we once felt b4 separation from secure feeling with mother (mirror phase) • We use products to attempt to fill this void • Crucial aspect of human psyche, thr4 exploited by capitalism • Ads create fantasies that project ego ideals completed by the purchasing of these products |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
the Masses |
• Identified by structuralist thinkers particularly Marxists
• introduced in 19th century to describe working class in rise of industrialism • general popltn- notion of group who shares beliefs and ideological • negative connotations as result of industrialism/modernity/capitlsm o made ppl move to urban centres, o rise of large, faceless corps that owned over local/small businesses, o lost sense of community, lost sense of civil participation o mass audience would absorb the messages (blind, passive audience) that will conform to any ideology you impart on them • one message culd be sent to this large group of ppl • cheap emusement and consumerism filled void – • One form of satisfaction is substituted for the other- (religion for consumerism) |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Mass society: |
• Identified by Marxists crit of capitalsm
• implies that these populations were subject to centralized forms of national and international media • they received the majority of their opinions and information not locally or within their families but from a larger broadcast medium (centralized info distributor) • through which mass views were promulgated and reproduced • charactierized as a mass culture and implies that this culture is for ordinary people who are subjected to and buy the same messages • This culture is homogenous. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Master narrative (metanarrative): |
• Jean-francois lyotard
• frameworks that purport to explain society- if not the world, in comprehensive terms • Examples- Religion, science, Marxism, psychoanalysis, Enlightenment, myths of progress, and other theories that each set out to explain all facets of life are master theories or master narratives. o Rejected all metanarratives as they are authoritarian and lost any claim over behavior at the end of 20th cent • Lyotard says, Instead! We shuld make tactically oriented little narrative as a means to stand up to authoritarianism and explain our relationships to them as a whole |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
medium is the message |
• Mcluhan
• Medium has the power to impose “its structural character and assumptions…” • Media are laguages w their own dynamics/structures and features • Techs are extensions of our bodies • “has power to impose the structural character upon all levels of our social and private lives” • media aren’t neutral tech, they hold meaning apart from their message. The meaning cannot be separated from the content of the message. • Association with our bodies- cannot isolate radio news info from the radio- have to look at the whole picture |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Narrowcast media |
o media address smaller niche groups addressed by medias – narrowcast models
o media that have limited range that have tailored their content towards more specific audience o Narrowcast models of specialty cable (niche market channels) 24hr news, minority networks (BET, W, telamundo) o Effort to counteract tv’s rep for a homogenized production o More choice, but same dom ideologies being reinforced o Critics say that it recreates same probs from broadcast tv and reinforces same ideologies from mass media depictions • Ex: cable television with many channels narrowcasting to specific communities. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
broadcast media |
• media that are transmitted from one central point to many different receiving points
• Television and radio are transmitted across broad spectrums, • a vast number of receivers • reinforces dominant ideologies to the masses through programming, product placement, and advertising • ex. American Idol- coca cola cups and reinforces branding |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Pastiche |
• imitation that announces itself as an imitation combining elements from other sources - collage or mantage
• in form of palgurizing or referencing works from past without any regard for history or rules • popular amongst post mod artists • post mod emphasizes sense of one’s engagement with low culture • modernism- avoid pop culture/kitsch • post mod- have to acknowledge conditions in which their work was produced by producing it in their work • complicates division b/w high and low |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Parody |
• cultural productions that make fun of more serious works through humor and satire while maintaining some of their elements such as plot or character
• Cultural theorists see parody as one of the key strategies of post modern style • the simpsons- the shining • not always critique |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Phrenology |
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH
• discredited science (pseudoscience) that believed that the measurements of skull could determine the personality trait • brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules • tied to eugenics • related to craniometry- skull size, shape and weight which was used by Darwin when building theory of survival of the fittest (studied bird skulls) we still apply preconceptions to judge ppl before we interact with them |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Post Colonialism |
• refers to the cultural and social contexts of countries that were formerly defined through relationships of colonialism and the mix of cultures in former colonies
• Postcolonial refers to the broad set of changes that have affected both former colonies and colonizers, in particular to the mix of identities and languages. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Pseudoindividuality |
• Marxist theory- frankfurt school
• describes the way that mass culture creates a false sense of individuality in cultural consumers • Refers to the effect of popular culture and advertising that addresses the viewer/consumer specifically as an individual • It’s “pseudo” individuality if one attains it through mass culture b/c the message is predicated on the contradiction of many people receiving a message of individuality at the same time. |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Public culture |
• Term used by Arjun Appadurai
• suggests the dimensions of a broader transnational public culture in which global cultural flows of media as well as people are key factors in the formation of notions of a public in the 21st century |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Public Sphere |
• Originated by Jugen Habermas
• defines a social space in which citizens come together to debate and discuss the pressing issues of their society • An ideal space in which well-informed citizens would discuss matters of common PUBLIC not private interests • Used to refer to the multiple public spheres in which people debate contemporary issues. This discourse can mediate the power of the state. Free from the market. • Habermas’ original theory was flawed b/c it only addressed bourgeoisie men (discriminating and ther4 contradicting idea of PUBLIC) – contemp focus more on majority of pop-working class |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Reflexivity |
• reflexivity- generally looking outside from a distanced perspective- artwork acknowledges means of production
• mod- calls attention to the way sumthing is made • post mod- deployed as intellectual play, call attention to the fact that they are images, fallacies – a painting about painting • post mod recreate and appropriate work that show relationship of person/artist to that work • ex cindy Sherman- Selected film stills o shows genres and types of stills used in b/w film/photog to show relationship of women b/w character/media o makes herself subject to make her own body to explore the ideas (not necessarily distanced like mod) o aproporitates genres and conventions to communicate |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
simulation/simulacrum |
• used by Jean Baudrillard
• refers to a sign that does not clearly have a real-life counterpart or precedent • A simulacrum is not necessarily a representation of something else, and it may actually precede the thing it simulates in the real world • He states that to simulate a disease was to acquire its symptoms • He suggests that postmodern society is bound up entirely in social reproduction of simulation o All sense of the origin is lost in the play of endlessly replicating signs |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
therapeutic ethos |
• path to bbetterment seen thru acquisition of goods
• promised fulfillment o drew on insecurities and fears ppl about their lives/relationships to others o pushed concept of gratification, peace of mind, fulfillment thru gratification of commodities o notion that consumer (evg person) is generally inadequate and consumer goods could improve you o created environmt where consumption was acceptable and NECESSARY for you as an individual o consumer is never satisfied, always living in future • advertisers present an anxiety, then offer solution thru consumer product |
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define, contexts, theorists, and examples
Use value/exhcange value |
Use value:
• the practical function originally assigned to a commodity (what it does). practical function for product- physical props Exchange value: • The monetary value that gets assigned to a commodity in a consumer culture • When an object is seen in terms of its exchange value, its economic worth is more important than what it can be used for • Marxist theory critiques the emphasis in capitalism on exchange over use value. Ex: Gold has significant exchange value but little use value, since there are few functions for it. |
