Vision

Front 1

lateral geniculate nucleus

Back 1

project into the primary visual cortex via optic radiations.

Front 2

retino-tecto-pulvinar-extra striate cortex

Back 2

visual attention and orientation

Front 3

retino-geniculo- striate cortex

Back 3

visual discrimination and perception

Front 4

optic radiations

Back 4

inferior fibers(Meyers Loop) pass through temporal lobe, lesions here= "pie in the sky"

superior fibers pass through the parietal lobe lesions here = "pie on the floor"

Front 5

calcarine fissure

Back 5

Devin notes the primary visual cortex in the upper portions of the optic ratio radiations project to the superior bank of the calcarine fissure and inferior optic radiations terminated on the lower make.

Front 6

cortical blindness

Back 6

bilateral occipital cortex injuries. This includes artery occlusions or trauma, extensive brain injury from anoxia, multiple strokes, or MS may cause cortical blindness

Front 7

Anton syndrome

Back 7

blind patients explicitly or impressively denying that they have lost all vision

Front 8

Palinopsia

Back 8

visual perseveration

Front 9

Balint syndrome

Back 9

bilateral parietal-occipital region damage from strokes or Alzheimer's disease, three elements concerned with visual attention:

1. Ocular apraxia, inability to shifting attention

2. Optic ataxia, inability to look or search in a deliberate pattern

3. Simultanagnosia, inability to attend to both central and peripheral stimulus, invariably ignoring the peripheral

Front 10

visual hallucinations

Back 10

can originate from dysfunction in the frontal, temporal, or occipital cortex.

Hallmark to neurodegenerative diseases in particular Alzheimer disease, Lewy bodies, and Parkinson's disease. When they manifest in these disordersthey tend to bevisually complex, have a paranoid aspect, and occur predominantly at night.

Front 11

Visual hallucinations and dementia differential

Back 11

in Lewy body dementia hallucinations occur frequently and early in its course.

vs. Alzheimer's when they occur during the late stages.

Hallucinations and Parkinson's disease are usually partly medication induced.

Front 12

medications that cause hallucinations

Back 12

anti-cholinergics and dopamine enhancers

Front 13

Charles Bonnett syndrome

Back 13

hallucinations occurring in blind individuals for example within the blind visual field