Vision

Front 1

lacrimal caruncle

Back 1

-medial margins of eyelids
-sebaceous and sweat glands

Front 2

tarsal plates

Back 2

support eyelids and anchor muscles that blink

Front 3

tarsal glands

Back 3

secrete oils that lubricate eye

Front 4

conjunctiva

Back 4

transparent mucous membrane that lines the inside of eyelids and covers white of the eye

Front 5

lacrimal apparatus

Back 5

lacrimal gland(tears)--> lacrimal puncta-->lacrimal canals(drain)-->lacrimal sac-->nasolacrimal duct-->nasal cavity

Front 6

lateral rectus

Back 6

moves eye laterally
(abducens)

Front 7

medial rectus

Back 7

moves eye medially

Front 8

superior rectus

Back 8

elevates eye

Front 9

inferior rectus

Back 9

depresses eye

Front 10

inferior oblique

Back 10

elevates eye and turns it laterally

Front 11

superior oblique

Back 11

depresses eye and turns it laterally

Front 12

diplopia

Back 12

double vision resulting from weakness or paralysis of extrinsic eye muscle (in order for eyes to see one image eyes need to converge)

Front 13

strabismus

Back 13

congenital weakness of extrinsix eye muscle--> cross-eyed. brain may disregard input from one eye. if not treated early, this may become permanent

Front 14

fibrous tunic

Back 14

dense avascular connective tissue

Front 15

sclera

Back 15

white of the eye, where extrinsix muscles insert, and is continuous with the dura mater of the brain

Front 16

cornea

Back 16

avascular and covered with epithelium on both sides, with numerous pain receptors

Front 17

choroid

Back 17

lots of blood vessels, brown pigments help absorb light to keep it from scattering

Front 18

ciliary body

Back 18

ring of tissue surrounding the lens

Front 19

cilliary muscles

Back 19

control shape of the lens

Front 20

ciliary processes

Back 20

secrete fluid that produces aqueous humor

Front 21

suspensory ligament

Back 21

anchors ciliary process to lens

Front 22

iris

Back 22

two doughnut shaped pigmented smooth muscle layers lying between the cornea and the lens

Front 23

sensory tunic retina

Back 23

superficial pigmented layer absorbs excess light
deep neural layer extends forward to the ciliary body

Front 24

neural layer

Back 24

photoreceptors-rods and cones
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

Front 25

optic disc

Back 25

optic nerve exits eyeball, no photoreceptors--> blind spot

Front 26

macula latea

Back 26

region of densest concentration of cones, sharpest vision

Front 27

retinal detachment

Back 27

pigmented and nervous layer separate

Front 28

vitreous humor

Back 28

clear gel that transmits light, supports lens, holds retinal in place and supports shape of eye

Front 29

aqueous humor

Back 29

fluid continously produced and circulated

Front 30

glaucoma

Back 30

pressure bilds in internal chambers and fluids

Front 31

lens

Back 31

lens epithelium and lens fibers contain proteins called crystalins

Front 32

accommmodate

Back 32

lens changes shape as ciliary muscle contracts, necesary when viewing objects close up

Front 33

cataracts

Back 33

clouding of lens

Front 34

focus of light on retina

Back 34

cornea-->aqueous humor-->lens-->vitreous humor-->entire thickness of neural layer of retina-->causes excitation of photoreceptors

Front 35

focus for distant vision

Back 35

beyon 6 meters, lens shape must be flattened, ciliary muscles relaxed, thinning the muscle and increasing tension on the lens maing it thin

Front 36

constriction of pupil

Back 36

lens has small diameter, pupil needs small diameter

Front 37

presbyopia

Back 37

with age, lens loses elactictity and can't be stretched to accomadate near vision

Front 38

myopia

Back 38

nearshightedness results when the image forms in front of the retina

Front 39

hyperopia

Back 39

farsightedness results when the image forms behind the retina

Front 40

photoreceptors

Back 40

-rods and cones have outer and inner segment
-inner is filled with discs containing light sensitive visual pigments

Front 41

photoreceptors

Back 41

-rods and cones have outer and inner segment
-inner is filled with discs containing light sensitive visual pigments
-rods and cons can synapse with bipolar photoreceptors-->ganglion

Front 42

visual pigments of rods

Back 42

absorb all wavelengths of visible light (best at green)
converging circuits

Front 43

retinal

Back 43

-molecule vital to vision
two forms
-straight-when light strikes it
-bent-in order to use needs to be bent

Front 44

vitamin a

Back 44

precursor to retinal

Front 45

production of generator potential

Back 45

in the dark
-receotir cekks ba channels are always open causing calcium channels at the synapse to be always open causing continual release of glutatamte(inhibitory) to the post synpatic bipolar cell causing inhibition of post synaptic cell, bipolar cell does not generate action potential
IN THE LIGHT
-breakdown of rhodopsin causes na channels to close, ca channel close, no glutatamte, release of inhibition and generation of generator potential

Front 46

light adaption

Back 46

bleaching eleimates most of the visual pigments in the rods--> non functional, sensitivity decreases, but acuity increases because cones take over

Front 47

dark adaption

Back 47

cones stop functioning and rhodopsin is regenerate in rods, increased sensitiivity