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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma portion of blood encompasses about ____% of the total blood volume
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55
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Erythrocytes account for ____% of total blood volume and WBC and platelets about ___%
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44, 1
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RBCs contain the protein ________ whose function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from all the body tissues.
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hemoglobin
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________ tissue and organs include, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, liver and the reticuloendothelial system (RES)
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Hematopoietic
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Hematopoiesis begins about the ____ day of gestation.
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19th
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Erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets are normally produced in the ___________
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bone marrow
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Lymphocytes are produced where?
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Secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes and intestinal lymphoid tissue) as well as in the bone marrow and thymus
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Stem cells produce what 3 main things?
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megakaryoblast, pronormoblast and WBCs
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What is produced from megakaryoblasts?
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promegakaryocytes ------> platelets
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What is produced from pronormoblasts?
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Basophilic normoblasts ---> Polychromic normoblast ---> Orthochromatic normoblast ---> reticulocyte ---> erythrocyte
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cell division takes about ____ days
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3-5
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hemoglobin synthesis is completed by the ________ stage...it remains in the bone marrow for 1-2 days to mature then are released into circulation to mature for one more day
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reticulocyte
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RBC contains ___% hemoglobin and ____% water
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90, 10
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What all is included in a Hematology CBC?
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Red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBC indices, white blood cells with a differential count, platelets and a blood smear
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Red blood cells below the normal range is called?
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anemia
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Red blood cells above the normal range is called?
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polycythemia
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What does the RBC indices provide information about?
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about the size (MCV), Hgb weight (MCH), and hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of RBCs
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What indicates normal cell size, reduced or increased cell size?
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normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic
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What indicates Hgb content is normal, reduced or increased?
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normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic
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Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicates _____
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size of the RBC
80-100 cubic microns normocytic >100 = macrocytic <80 = microcytic |
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin indicates _________
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Color of the RBS
27-31pg = normochromic >31 = hyperchromic <27 = hypochromic |
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Apart from MCH, what also indicates color of RBCs?
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
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What 3 things are usually the cause of anemia?
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1. Decreased production
2. Increased breakdown 3. Blood loss |
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What are the 4 possible causes of Microcytic Hypochromic anemia?
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1. iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
2. Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) (ARD is specialized subset for renal disease) 3. Thalassemia 4. Chronic Blood loss (which is really an IDA) |
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What are the 4 possible cuases of Normocytic Normochromic Anemia?
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1. Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
2. Acute blood loss 3. Hemolytic anemia 4. Aplastic Anemia |
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What are the 4 possible causes of Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia?
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1. Vitamin B-12 deficiency
2. folic acid deficiency 3. alcoholism 4. liver disease |
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What is an indicator of Microcytic Hypochromic anemia?
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Decreased MCV, and MCH/MCHC
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What is an indicator of Normocytic Normochromic Anemia?
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Normal MCV and MCH/MCHC (but reduced number of RBC)
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What is an indicator of Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia?
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Increased MCV
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Iron is transported by _______
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Transferrin
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_________ is the most common cause of anemia worldwide(particularly from GI blood loss)
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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
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What anemia does acute blood loss lead to? Chronic blood loss?
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Normocytic normochromic anemia, microcytic hypochromic anemia
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Worldwide, most common cause of IDA is ___________
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parasitic infection caused by hookworms, whipworms and roundworms
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On a CBC, what findings would lead you to believe it was an IDA?
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Decreased iron, decreased ferritin and increased TIBC (total iron binding capacity)
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On a CBC, what findings would lead you to believe it was an ACD?
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Normal or decreased iron, normal to increased ferritin, and TIBC is normal or low
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Alpha Thalassemia is seen primarily in people from where? Beta Thalassemia?
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Alpha = China and Southeast Asia
Beta = Mediterranean |
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What treatment do Thalassemia minor patients require? Thalassemia major?
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minor = no treatment
major = regular transfusions |
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What indicators on a CBC suggest Thalassemia?
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normal iron and TIBC, decreased Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH
Normal RBC (body is trying to compensate by making more RBCs |
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What are nucleated red blood cells an indicator of?
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Thalassemia. The body is trying to pump out RBCs faster and therefore earlier, they don't get a chance to mature and therefore don't function well
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What is Macrocytic Normochromic anemia most commonly due to?
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Vitamin B-12 or Folic acid deficiency
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What is the most common cause of B-12 deficiency?
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Deficiency of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia)
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What percentage of the time is ACD normocytic normochromic? Microcytic hypochromic?
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75%, 25%
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What is a hallmark of Aplastic anemia?
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Decreased production of all cells: RBCs, WBCs, Platelets (pancytopenic)
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What is a hallmark of Hemolytic anemia?
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Breakdown of RBCs: Abnormality of hemoglobin or the shape of the RBC are clues to a problem
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What type of anemia is sickle cell anemia?
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Hemolytic anemia
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What is a sign of both Thalassemia and Sickle Cell anemia?
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Marrow hyperplasia (marrow expansion resulting in thinning of cortex)
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What are the three types of Polycythemia?
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1. Polycythemia vera (primary)
2. Absolute polycythemia (secondary) 3. Relative polycythemia |
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* an absolute increase in all cell types (RBC, WBC, platelets)
* 40-60 year age and is characterized by erythrocytosis and elevated hemoglobin *patient may have splenomegaly *Normal MCV & MCH (or possibly elevated) *Blood is thick and clogs vessels |
Polycythemia rubra vera
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*Physiologic response to the need for more RBC production due to an increased need for oxygen, pulmonary disorder or increase in erythropoietin
*treatment is to solve the reason for hypoxia *polycystic kidney, renal carcinoma, chronic GMN, chronic liver disease, anabolic steroids *Increase in RBC, Hgb, Hct, normal MCV & MCH, WBCs are normal, platelets normal |
Secondary Polycythemia
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*Due to a decrease in plasma volume and the RBC mass remains unchanged
*Most often associated with dehydration *increased RBCs, Hgb and HCT. WBC and platelets are normal |
Relative Polycythemia
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_________ is a measurement of the rate with which the RBCs settle in saline or plasma over a specific time period (one hour)
It is sensitive but is non specific and is not diagnostic for any particular organ, disease or injury |
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
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ESR is _______ with M.I and Rheumatoid, and _________ with angina pectoris and DDD.
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Increased, normal
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_________ is stacking of the RBCs similar to a stack of coins as they stack they drop more rapidly.
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Rouleaux
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What disease is commonly associated with rouleaux formation?
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Multiple Myeloma
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* a non-specific, acute phase reactant used to diagnose bacterial infections and inflammatory disorders
* Do not consistently rise with viral infections Abnormal, produced by the liver in response to tissue destruction/inflammation |
C-reactive protein
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vary in size, frequently found in hemolytic anemia
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Arisocytes
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oval shape, normally only small numbers are present, may be seen in IDA, and megaloblastic anemia
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Ovalocytes
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abnormal variations in the shape seen in the anemias, and leukemias
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Poikilocytes
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