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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capsid
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Protein coated capsule for viral nucleic acids and any attending viral enzymes; also can include short chain carbohydrates
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Viral envelope
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Phospholipid bilayer surrounding viral capsid; plays a role in animal viruses that enter the cell via fusion with the cell membrane (may be formed by budding from cell membrane); may also contain glycoproteins & saccharides
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Capsomere
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The viral proteins out of which viral capsids are built
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virion
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One complete viral particle (includes nucleic acid, any attending enzymes, surrounding viral capsid and other more complex external structures)
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Helical viruses
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Capsomeres coiled into long rod-shaped capsids
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Polyhedral viruses
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Capsomeres forming many sides to make a capsid
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Enveloped viruses
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Viral morphology of capsid (spiral, polyhedral or helical) surrounded by viral envelope
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Complex viruses
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E.g. bacteriophages; capsid has additional structures attached to it such as tails and tail fibers, to aid in attachment and penetration
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plaque assay
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Cultivating bacteriophages on petri dishes & determining virion # by counting formed bacterial plaques (areas of bacterial lysis from phage infection) (plaque cultivation can also be used to differentiate bacterial species & serovars by phage typing)
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cell culture
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Preferred method of cultivating animal viruses (as opposed to embryonated eggs). Animal tissues are treated first to separate the individual cells, then suspended in solution to provide adequate growth factors. Easier to work with than live animals or embryonated eggs, but obtaining large quantities can be difficult. Cell lines may be primary (direct from tissue), diploid (from embryos) or continuous (from cancerous cells).
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bacteriophage
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Bacterial virus; more complex capsids than animal viruses (include heads, helical tails, and tail ends)
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prophage
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Phage DNA that has been integrated into a bacterial chromosome via lysogenic infection; can be passed along in normal bacterial cell replication, and transcribed and translated for proteins and released when lysis eventually occurs
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eclipse period
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Period of time following infection when only separate components of viral proteins & nucleic acids can be found, but no complete virions have been formed from components in cell
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burst size
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Number of virus proteins replicated and released at cell lysis; differs from virus to virus
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burst time
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Time from moment cell is infected with viral nucleic acid until cell lysis occurs; varies from virus to virus
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specialized transduction
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Traits induced by the introduction of a prophage into bacterial chromosome that is improperly excised from the bacterial chromosome. Since the prophage integrates onto a specific place within the bacterial DNA, it will always carry with it the same pieces of bacterial DNA from the surrounding nucleic acid that may code for a particular trait. Considered specialized because the same trait transfers every time the prophage is improperly excised after induction of lytic cycle.
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Pinocytosis
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Entry into an animal cell by being engulfed into a formed vesicle after attachment
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Fusion
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Entry of enveloped viruses into animal cells by having the envelope fuse with the cell’s membrane
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reverse transcriptase
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A.k.a. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Used by Retrovirae & Hepadnavirae to transcribe double-stranded DNA from mRNA (in Retroviruses, this is then encoded into cell’s DNA). Also used as an enzyme in biotechnology to synthesize double stranded human DNA from intron-spliced RNA.
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Provirus
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Viral DNA segment formed by Retroviruses after entry that has attached into human DNA
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Prion
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Abnormally-formed protein that is not self-replicating but can still have a damaging effect (e.g. in Creutzfeld-Jacob disease). The abnormal form (PRPsc) interacts with the normal proteins produced by the cell and secreted on the surface (PRPc) to make them abnormal, and if they are taken into the cell, it can cause cell death, especially as it is theorized that these proteins regulate cell death as part of their metabolic function. It also causes a continued accumulation of abnormal proteins from the conversion of PRPcs into PRPscs, which then interact with other surface proteins on surrounding cells, compounding the effect.
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cytopathic effect
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A.k.a. CPE. Degenerative effect of a virus on a monolayer of cells within a cell culture, where cells are destroyed even as they multiply. Can be counted much like a plaque assay of bacteriophage
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oncogene
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A gene implicated in cancerous infections, due to alteration to DNA. Theorized to originate from human DNA but is spread by virus infection.
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latent infection
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Infection that does not show for many years, or can show up intermittently when immune system is suppressed, remaining in the host system in equilibrium
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