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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a pathogen? |
a foreign invader of the human body which can cause disease. Can be... bacteria virus fungi protozoa parasites prions |
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what are antigens? |
components of human body cells or foreign invaders |
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What do antigens do? |
mark the cell as foreign, or parts of the body |
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what can antigens be made of? |
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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What is innate immunity? |
the components which we are all born with to combat foreign invasion. First and second line of defense. |
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What is acquired immunity? |
the components which we develop via exposure to specific foreign invaders. This comprises our third line of defense |
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Innate Immunity: First Line Defense |
Consists of Physical Barriers, such as the skin, and chemical barriers such as Saliva, tears, mucous, sweat, gastric secretions, and normal flora of the colon. |
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Innate Immunity: Second Line Defense |
nonspecific responses to pathogens (antigens), such as: phagocytosis Natural killer cells inflammation fever complement proteins |
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How does phagocytosis involve immunity? |
Cells migrate through the body attracted to chemicals released by invading pathogens. The cells engulf the pathogen and enzymatically break it down using lysosomes. |
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What are natural killer cells? |
part of innate immunity. Cells lacking "self" antigens are marked with antibodies. The natural killers (t-cells) attack these marked cells |
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What are perforins? |
Pore-forming proteins. They cause "marked" cells to leak so that natural killer cells find them. |
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What is apoptosis? |
Cell death |
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How do natural killer cells kill? |
Granzymes attack the nucleic acids of the marked cell leading to apoptosis (Cell Death). These even kill off cancer cells, but become less potent and don't work as well as people age. -most effective on viral infected cells and cancerous cells. |
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What happens with immunity during inflammation?
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histamines and chemicals are released, which alerts macrophages to come attack and help heal damage. Chemicals also weaken vessel walls to allow macrophages to enter. The chemicals also cause vasodilation which allows increased blood flow into the tissues. |
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Which chemical causes fever elevation? |
pyrogens |
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what are interleukin 1 and 6 similar too? |
Burglar Alarms |
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What are compliment proteins? |
A series of over 35 proteins that are activated in a cascade style that leads too: cytolysis - disruption of the cell's plasma membrane Enhancement of phagocytosis Enhancement of inflammation |
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What is compliment protein activation? |
Regardless of which pathway is activated, C3 is triggered which causes inflammatory response, phagocytosis, and lysis of pathogens. |
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How does acquired Immunity work? |
Develops with exposure to various antigens Your immune system builds a defense that is specific to that antigen There are two categories: -Humoral -Cell mediated immunity *Both involve the activity of lymphocytes |
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What is Humoral Immunity? |
-B lymphocytes (B cells) -Antibodies (Proteins) produced by the B lymphocytes -Complement proteins (Help the B cells) -Works best against bacteria and bacterial toxins |
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What are the steps of Humoral Immunity? |
-recognition of bacterial antigen's by B-cells (Virgin B cells) -Conversion of B-cell into clones of plasma cells and memory cells (These leave with a memory) -Production of antigen-specific antibodies by the plasma cells (these stay to fight). -attachment of antibodies to the bacterial antigens clumps bacteria together making it easier for macrophages to find and phagocytize them. |
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What are T Lymphocytes?
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Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells (killer) Suppressor T cells |
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What are Antigen Presenting Cells (APC's) |
Show the killer T cells what needs to be destroyed -Macrophages and Dendritic cells -reprocess and present antigens to T cells -Works best with virus infections and cancers |
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What is Zygomogen? |
released by T cells to breakdown nucleic acid, kill infected cells |
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Activation of Helper T cells |
T cells secret interleukin 2 which causes the helper T cell to proliferate -The many activated helper T cells will now produce |
