Viruses And Prokaryotes

Front 1

what are two things that life needs to have? What about viruses makes them NOT alive?

Back 1

life needs to reproduce and have some kind of metabolism
Viruses need a host to reproduce and have a metabolism

Front 2

what is a virus?

Back 2

packaged set of genes in transit from one cell to another
nucleic acid encased in a protein coat

Front 3

how do viruses identify host cells? how do viruses and host cells interact?

Back 3

Viral surface proteins identify specific receptors on outside of a host cell

Front 4

what are the three domains of life?

Back 4

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Front 5

how did virses and hosts evolve together?

Back 5

receptors on host cells already existed, viruses evolved the key needed to fit into these receptors

Front 6

what is distinctive about the environments in which Archaea live?

Back 6

they are generally extremophiles, meaning they live in extreme environments i.e. high salt concentrations, extreme heat, or radioactive environments

Front 7

what are the three prokaryotic shapes? what are their scientific names?

Back 7

spherical; cocci
rod-shaped; bacili
spiral

Front 8

what are the functions of cell walls?

Back 8

maintain cell shape, provide physical protection, and prevent cell rupture/plasmolysis

Front 9

how are the main components of plant cell walls and bacterial cell walls different?

Back 9

plant cell walls consist of cellulose
bacterial cell walls consist of peptidoglycan

Front 10

what is cellulose? what is peptidoglycan?

Back 10

cellulose is a long chain of carbohydrates in plant cell walls
Peptidoglycan chain of proteins and sugars in bacteria cell walls

Front 11

what are two differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Back 11

gram-positive bacteria have cell wall w/ a larger amount of peptidoglycan than gram-negative

gram-negative have lipopolysaccharide and usually more complex

Front 12

what are capsules?

Back 12

capsules are an outer membrane of a bacterial cell wall

Front 13

what are fimbrae? what are three advantages of having them?

Back 13

fimbrae are projections continuous with the cell wall
they attach to substrate/cell surfaces, prevent dehydration, protection from host immune system

Front 14

what is an endospore? what are they used for?

Back 14

it is a very tough multilayered genome repository.

bacterial DNA is copied and stored here without water to stop metabolism.

used to survive harsh environments

Front 15

how does internal organization occur in prokaryotic cells?

Back 15

membranes folded within the cell increase the surface area to perform cell respiration more efficiently

Front 16

what are plasmids? how are they different than bacterial chromosomes?

Back 16

plasmids are circular pieces of genetic material that typically consist of only one to a few genes. They are much smaller than bacterial circular chromosomes.

Front 17

how do prokaryotes reproduce? when do they reproduce quickly?

Back 17

they reproduce via binary fission and do so in favorable unchanging environments

Front 18

why do prokaryotes evolve rapidly? (3)

Back 18

rapid reproduction rate

rapid mutation rate

rapid genetic recombination (high genetic variability)

Front 19

what are three ways bacterial cells undergo genetic recombination?

Back 19

transformation

transduction

conjugation

Front 20

what is transformation?

Back 20

uptake of foreign DNA from the environment

usually from same species but sometimes not

Front 21

what is transduction?

Back 21

a phage (bacteria virus) transfers bacterial DNA from one bacteria cell to another
DNA packaged into newly made phages contains DNA from infected cell and injects DNA into a new host

Front 22

What is bacterial conjugation?

Back 22

a bacterial plasmid is copied and then shuttled to another bacteria through a sex pillus

Front 23

what are two kinds of autotrophs? Briefly, what are their energy source and carbon source?

Back 23

photoautotroph: Energy from light, Carbon from CO2

chemoautotroph: Energy from Inorganic chemicals, carbon from CO2

Front 24

What are two kinds of heterotrophs? what are their energy source and carbon source?

Back 24

photoheterotroph: energy from light, carbon source from organic compounds

chemoautotroph: energy from organic compounds, carbon from organic compounds

Front 25

what are obligate aerobes? what is one human disease example?

Back 25

obligate aerobes must have oxygen to respirate
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause tuberculosis by infecting lungs

Front 26

what are obligate anaerobes? what is one human disease example?

Back 26

obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen

clostridium botulinum causes botulism

it grows in canned goods where oxygen content is low

Front 27

what are facultative anaerobes?

Back 27

can use oxygen if present or use something else if oxygen is not present

Front 28

how is atmospheric nitrogen fixed to organic nitrogen to be used for organisms?

what is an organism that does this?

Back 28

N2 is converted into ammonia (NH3) that is usable for plants. when animals eat plants they acquire usable nitrogen

klebsiell pneumoniae

Front 29

why does anabaena have separate cells to fix nitrogen that do not perform photosynthesis?

Back 29

oxygen deactivates the nitrogen fixing enzymes so anabaena has heterocysts that fix nitrogen and photosynthetic cells

Front 30

what is it in angler fish that allows them to illuminate the dark ocean depths?
what kind of relationship is it?

Back 30

prokaryotes in angler fish head lamp

mutualistic relationship

Front 31

what role do staphylococcus play on humans?
what is the type of relationship?

Back 31

usually neither harm or hurt humans but benefit from the relationship

commensalism one benefits and the other is neither hurt or harmed

Front 32

what kind of relationship does tuberculosis have with humans? why is that?

Back 32

tuberculosis benefits when it infects you but you lose

paraistism