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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ssDNA either (+/- sense), replicates in the nucleus, requires growing cells for replication
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Parvoviridae
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Replicates and kills mitotically active erythrocytic precursors
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febrile, infectious phase of parvovirus
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mild fever, slapped-cheek appearance, and athralgia due to what exact pathogenesis
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Immunocomplex formation in the noninfectious, symptomatic phase of parvovirus
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Diseases associated with parvovirus
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fifth disease
Chronic anemia in immunocompromised patients Aplastic crisis in sickle cell patients |
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dsDNA, replicates in the nucleus, infects squamous epithelium and mucous membranes
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papillomaviridae
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Which forms of HPV are associated with high risk cancer
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HPV: 16, 18, 31, and 45
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which forms of HPV are associated with low risk cancer
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HPV: 6 and 11
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Which forms of HPV are associated with warts
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HPV 1 and 4
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Differentiate early and late genes in papillomavirus
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early genes - stimulates cell growth which facilitates viral genoma replication via host DNA polymerase. promotes keratin production
late genes - encode structural proteins expressed in terminally differentiated upper skin layer |
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rare autosomal recessive skin disorder characterized by abnormal HPV susceptibility leading to hundreds scaly macules and papules in sun-exposed areas. Patients are very susceptible to squamous cell carcinoma.
Which serotypes are associated |
epidermodysplasia verruciformis
HPV 5 and 8 |
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Describe progress for malignancy in papillomavirus
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DNA is integrated in a break in E1/E2 (viral replication proteins) E2 normally controls E6/E7 expression, thus integration deregulates and increases oncogene expression. E6/E7 promote cell growth by inactivating cell growth suppressor proteins p53 and P105RB
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HPV 6 and 11
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benign head and neck papillomas anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata)
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cervical neoplasia associations
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HPV 16, 18, 31, 45
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dsDNA that replicates in the nucleus and is asymmptomatic in immunocompetent patients
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polyomaviridae
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Describe pathogenesis of polyomavirus
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reactivated in immunosupressed patients. Polyoma T antigens promote cell growth by inactivating p53 and P105RB
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differentiate permissive and nonpermissive cells in polyomavirus
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permissive - allow transcription of the late genes and viral replication leading to cell death
nonpermissive - allows only early genes to be expressed promoting cell growth |
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establishes latent infection in the kidneys, if reactivated can cause severe UTIs. Associated with kidney transplantation
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BK virus (polyomavirus)
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establishes latent infection in the kidney, B cells, monocyte-lineage cells, if reactivated can lead to CNS infection
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JC virus (polyomavirus)
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caused by latent JC virus which transforms astrocytes and kills oligodendrocytes causing lesions and demyelination
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progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
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dsDNA that replicates in the nucleus that encode their own DNA polymerase associated with respiratory and enteric infections
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Adenoviridae
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which adenovirus serotypes are associated with respiratory
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serotypes 1-7
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which adenovirus serotypes are associated with gastroenteritis
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serotypes 40-42
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this virus has a propensity to become latent and persist in lymphoid tissue
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adenovirus
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which virus has dense basophilic nuclear inclusion bodies due to inefficient viral replicatioin
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adenovirus
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virus associated with pharyngoconjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis (non purulent), and acute respiratory disease
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adenovirus (serotypes 1-7)
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dsDNA that replicates in the nucleus that has RNA dependent DNA polymerase
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Hepadnaviridae
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actions of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase of hepatitis B
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reverse transcriptase,
DNA dependent DNA polymerase, and ribonuclease activity |
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which antigens are present in hepatitis B
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Hep B core antigen
Hep B e antigen Hep B surface antigen |
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Only DNA virus to encode a reverse transcriptase and replicate through an RNA intermediate
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Hepatitis B
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differentiate reverser transcriptase of Hepatitis B and HIV
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Hep B lacks integrase activity that HIV has
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disease caused by immune reaction and immune complex formation leading to rash, polyarthritis, fever, glomerulonephritis
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Hepatitis B
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Hep B surface antigen present for more than 6 months
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chronic infection
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indication of active, ongoing infection of hepatitis B
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Hep B surface and e antigen present in the blood
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differentiate chronic and acute hep B infections
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chronic infections are detectable by anti-HBc (IgG) present
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what is detected in blood of vaccinated individuals for hep B
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anti-HBs (IgG)
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what happens to most infants infected perinatally with Hep B
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become chronic carriers but don't show symptoms
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dsDNA that replicates in the nucleus and encodes their own DNA polymerase. first bud out of the nuclear membrane, discard that envelope and pick up final viral modified envelope at the Golgi
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Herpesviridae
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tegument
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space between the envelope and capsid for proteins and enzymes to facilitate replication in non-growing cells like neurons.
Found in herpesvirus |
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differentiate lytic and latent infections of herpes simplex
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lytic - infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells
latent - infections of neurons |
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latency-associated transcript (LAT) proteins
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Are the only thing expressed during latent infection in herpes simplex
HSV thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase (required for DNA synthesis and virus production) are not made Unaffected by acyclovir which wipe out DNA polymerase |
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causes gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and sporadic encephalitis in children
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HSV - 1
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infections associated with HSV - 2
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gential herpes
neonatal infections meningitis |
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this virus replicates in the respiratory tract mucosa, but then enters the bloodstream and lymph system ending up in the skin causing asynchronous rash
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Varicella Zoster
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cells with large, purple intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by a halo (owl's eye) and small basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions
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CMV
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replicates in epithelial cells, but has latent infection in B cells
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EBV
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Acyclovir mechanis of axn
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phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase activates acyclovir as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase to incorporate and prevent elongation and eventually DNA chain termination
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dsDNA that replicates in the cytoplasm and is brick-shaped instead of icosahedral
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poxviridae
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differentiate variola and varicella zoster
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variola - simultaneous outbreak of the vesicular rash
varicella - vesicles erupt in successive crops |
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cells infected with this family of dsDNA virus have cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
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poxviridae
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clusters of bening, pink skin tumors with nipple-like indentations. have eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
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molluscm contagiosum
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subtypes associated with exanthem subitum (roseola)
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HHV 6 and 7
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subtype associated with an STD that infects B cells, and precedes sarcoma. Opportunistic in AIDS patients
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HHV 8
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Acute Hepatitis B window
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there is a time when no HBsAg nor anti-HBsAg, both IgMs, will be present. Due to 1:1 ratio of them interacting.
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list the naked viruses
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PAPs PiC Reo:
parvoviridae adenoviridae papovaviridae picornaviridae caliciviridae reoviridae |
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Associated cells of latency with herpesviridae
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neurons - HSV and VZV
B cells - EBV lymphocytes - CMV |
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differentiate which ganglia HSV-1 and 2 may be localized to
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HSV - 1 - trigeminal nerve ganglia
HSV - 2 - sacral nerve galgnlia |
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all DNA viruses except what are double stranded
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parvovirus
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all DNA viruses except what duplicate their DNA in the nucleus
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poxvirus - cytoplasm
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All DNA viruses except what duplicate their DNA by using it as a template to make more DNA
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Hepatitis B virus
uses RNA dependent DNA polymerase to make more DNA from RNA intermediate |
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what do all (-)ssRNA viruses have in common
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all carry virus-associated RNA dependent RNA polymerase and are enveloped
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list all nonsegmented (-)ssRNA viruses
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paramyxovirus
rhabdovirus filovirus bornavirus |
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nonsegments (-)ssRNA that replicates in the cytoplasm and induces cell-cell fusion creating multinucleated giant cells
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paramyxoviurs
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what are the different glycoproteins associated with paramyxovirus and their actions
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Fusion protein -fusion of viral and host cell membranes
Hemagglutinin-neuramidase (HN) protein - viral attachment protein hemagglutinin (H) - binds sialic acid receptors |
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virus consists of H and F glycoproteins
presents with fever, cough, and conjunctivitis, koplik spots and erythematous maculopapular rash |
Rubeola (measles)
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what causes the rash in rubeola
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action of cytotoxic T cell on infected cell in the endothelial cells
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complications of this virus in young children include: otitis media, bronchopneumoni with giant cells, or persistent infection that leads to subacute sclerosing panecephalitis years after the infection
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Rubeola
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this virus has F and HN glycoprotiens. associated with bilateral parotitis, CNS infection of the meninges, or unilateral orchitis
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mumps
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this virus has F and HN glycoproteins, associated with croup. does not cause varemia
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parainfluenza virus
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this virus only consists of the F glycoprotein and is the major cause of bronchiolitis and penumonia in infants and young children
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respiratory syncytial virus
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associated with necrosis of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to plugs of mucis, fibrin, and necrotic material causing expiratory wheezing
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respiratory syncytial virus
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(-)ssRNA nonsegmented that replicates in the cytoplasm and is bullet-shaped
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rhabdovirus
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transmission of the virus that grows in muscles and makes its way to the CNS via axonal transport in sensory fibers.
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dog bite
contaminated aersols from bats |
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complications of rabies
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encephalitis
degenerating neurons repiratory failure comatose |
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eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in tissue infected with this (-)ssRNA virus
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negri bodies - rhabdovirus
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hydrophobia characteristic of this disease
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rabies
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koplik spots characteristic of this disease
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measles
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nonsegments (-)ssRNA that replicates in the cytoplasm spread by direct contact with infected blood or secretions
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Filovirus
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efficient replications of this virus cause extensive tissue necrosis of parenchymal cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and lungs.
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Filovirus
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Hemorrhagic Fever
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Filovirus
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8 segments (-)ssRNA that is transcribed in the nucleus but is assembled in the cytoplasm
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Orthomyxovirus
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What are the 3 surface proteins of the orthomyxovirus and fxns
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N - facilitates release of virus from infected cell surfaces during budding
H - binds to sialic acid receptor M2 - promotes viral uncoating and release from endosome |
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major cause of secondary lung infections of the elderly by staph aureus, H. influenza, and Strep pneumoniae
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Influenza A
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mechanism of axn for antivirals: amantadine and rimantadine
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M2 ion channel blocker blocks the delivery of the viral RNA into the cell after endocytosis
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mechanism of actions for antivirals: Zanamivir and oseltamivir
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N inhibitors don't allow release of sialic acid receptors that the new virions are attached to, limit spread of infection
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segmented (-)ssRNA that consists of 2 normal segments and one being ambisense, and replicates in the cytoplasm
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bunyavirus
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spread by mosquitos bites that cause subclinical infections or occasionally nonfatal encephalitis in children
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california encphalitis: bunyavirus
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transmitted by deer mice urine and feces via aerosoles causing fever, muscle aches, interstitial pumonary edema, acute respiratory failure, and death within days
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Hantavirus: bunyavirus
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segmented (-)ssRNA that contains 2 segments, one of which is ambisense, replicates in the cytoplasm
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arenavirus
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sandy appearance because of ribosomes in the virion, inefficient glycoprotein transcriptions causes poor virus assembly and persistent infectioni
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arenavirus
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spready via hamsters of house mice and causes influenza-like symptoms and fatal meningitis
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lymphocytic choriomeningitis
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nonsegmented (-)ssRNA that replicates in the nucleus and is highly neurotropic and can spread to monocytes
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bornavirus
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virus associated with schizaophrenia, autism, and other neuropsychiatric diseases
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bornavirus
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(-)ssRNA that replicates in the nucleus requires Hep B surface antigen for replication
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Hepatitis D
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differentiate coinfection with superinfection
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coinfection - acquire both Hep B and D together
superinfection - acquire both Hep B and D after chronically infected with Hep B |
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differentiate Hep B and D pathology
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Hep D causes direct cytopathic liver damage unlike Hep B which the liver damage is secondary to immune response
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only dsRNA virus
naked? |
reovirus
yes it is naked |
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associated with an enterotoxin that causes infantile gastroenteritis - noninflammatory diarrhea
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nsP4 protein of the rotavirus
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consisting of 11 segments in the inner capsid and covered with another outer capsid
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reovirus
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what activates the reovirus for infection producing an intermediate/infectious subviral partical
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proteolytic cleavage of the outer capsid by gastric secretions
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associated with tick-born transmission that causes biphasic fever and encephalitis
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coltivirus
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differentiate genetic drift vs. shift in influenza A virus
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drift - point mutations in replicating errors due to no proofing
shift - requires an individual cell be coinfected with two different strains of influenza A such as avian and human. progeny of new virus are assembled with some chromosomes of both strains resulting in a pandemic |
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what do all (+)ssRNA viruses have in common
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all code for RNA dependent RNA polymerase - do not carry in the virion
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list the naked (+)ssRNA viruses
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picornaviridae
calciviridae hepeviridae |
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(+)ssRNA viruses that replicates in the cyotplasm associated with a polyprotein and rapid proliferation leading to cell lysis
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picornaviridae
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categories of the picronaviridae group
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enteroviruses: polio, coxsackie, echo, and entero
heparnavirus: Hep A rhinovirus |
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contains all viral protein sequences and is synthesized within 10-15 minutes of infection
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polyprotein associated with picornaviridae
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fecal-oral transmission that infects oral and GI mucosa and can infect anterior horn cells
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piliovirus
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what receptor does piliovirus bind to
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PVR receptor
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different stages of piliovirus infection
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abortive - nonspecific febrile illness
nonparalytic - back pain and muscle spasms in addition to minor illness paralytic - asymmetric flaccid pararlysis with no sensory loss bulbar - involves CNs and medullary respiratory center postpilio syndrome - deterioration of originally infected muscle |
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deterioration of originally infected muscle in poliomyelitis
is the virus present |
post-polio syndrome
virus is NOT present |
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what receptor does coxsackie virus bind to
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I-CAM -1
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Hand-foot-mouth vesicular disease
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Coxsackie A
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myopericarditis
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Coxsackie B
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picornavirus associated with food-borne illness
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Hepatitis A
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associated with acute infection of hepatitis
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Hepatitis A
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what differentiates rhinovirus from other picornaviridae
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susceptible to acidic pH
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common cold that peaks during summer and fall. Replicates poorly above 33 degrees celcius
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rhinovirus
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(+)ssRNA virus that is the major cause of food-borne illness and acute gastroenteritis
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Caliciviridae
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All (+)ssRNA viruses are icohedral in shape except what
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coronaviridae
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viruses in the flavivirdae family
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Yellow Fever virus
Dengue virus west nile virus Hep C and G |
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arbovirus
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virus spready by mosquitoes
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arobovirus that is associated with fever, jaundice, renal failrure, and GI hemorrhage (black vomit)
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Yellow Fever
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arbovirus that infects macrophages which release interferon
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Dengue
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(+)ssRNA virus that is associated with rapid onset of fever, myalgia, anthralgia, and rash
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Dengue
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complication in which non-neutralizing antibodies promote virus uptake and activate T cell to release inflammatory cytokines resulting in rupture of vasculature
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever
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associated with chronic hepatatis infections
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Hep C
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allows cells to harbor this virus outside of hepatocytes and inhibits apoptosis allowing persistent infection
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Hep C
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hepatitis associated with 20% mortality in pregnancy in women in their 3rd trimester
very similar to what other virus |
Hep E
Hep A |
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(+)ssRNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm associated with surface glycoprotein spikes
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togavirus
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mosquito born togaviruses
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alphaviruses:
eastern, western, venezualen equine encephalitis |
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horses are dead end hosts and wild birds are normal carriers
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alphaviruses of togavirus family
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(+)ssRNA viruses that is respiratory transmission with immune complex formation causing symptoms
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Rubella (German Measles) - (Togavirus)
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virus associated with a 3 day rash, arthralgia, arthritis, and a teratogen
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Rubella
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(+)ssRNA virus that replicates in the cytplasm associated with prominent club-shaped surface glycoproteins (H1)
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coronaviridae
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this enveloped virus can endure conditions of the GI tract and spread via the fecal-oral route unlike other enveloped viruses
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coronaviridae
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E2 glycoprotein mediates viral attachment in this viral family
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coronaviridae
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causes common cold in winter and spring (cold weather)
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coronavirus
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virus associated with palm civets and ferret badgers that is transmitted via respiratory droplets
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coronarivus: SARS
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(+)ssRNA viruses that carry RNA dependent DNA polymerase
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retroviridae
reverse transcriptase |
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characteristics of retroviridae
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enveloped
contain two copies of RNA genome, RT, integrase, and two tTNAs |
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is the (+)ssRNA genome of retroviruses infectious
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No because does not encode a polymerase that can directly generate more mRNA
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three genes of HIV and what they encode
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gag gene: structural proteins
env gene: surface glycoproteins gp120 and transmembrane protein gp41 pol gene: protease, integrase, RT |
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part of the HIV genome that is critical for integration
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long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence
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HIV binding initially and eventually
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gp120 binds CD4 and CCR5 on macrophages initially and later on in the disease gp120 binds CD4 and CXCR4 on T cells
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why are some people resistant to HIV infection
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because they lack chemokine co-receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4)
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function of gp120 and gp41 respectively
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gp120 binds CD4 and chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4
gp41 promotes cell membrane fusion due to chemokine receptor binding |
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HIV replication
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RT in the cytoplasm uses tRNA to synthesize dsDNA
integrase inserts the viral DNA into the human chromosome after viral assembly and evelopement, protease cleaves the polyprotein to form and infectious virion |
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differentiate HIV viral attachment to macrophages vs. T cells
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CD4 T cells are lysed and macrophages are spared and continue to maintain persistent HIV infection. Knockout of the CD4 T cells compromises the entire immune system
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CD4 T count and stages of HIV infection
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Normal levels (800-1000) - acute stage that resembles influenza
(500) - asymptomatic stage with generalized lymphadenopathy for 2-10 years. (<500) - symptomatic stage with fatigue, weight loss, and opportunistic infections. (<200) - final stage with HIV wasting syndrome, kaposi's sarcoma, pneuoncystis pneumonia, dementia |
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Different HIV medication
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fusion-penetrations inhibitors
RT inhibitors protease inhibitors integrase inhibitors CCR5 antagonists |
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HAART
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cocktail of three antiviral drugs
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virus associated with adult acute T-cell lymphoma
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HTLV-1
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virus that promotes cell growth through tax
can lead to what |
HTLV-1
uncontrolled growth can lead to cancer |
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associated with multinucleated giant cells
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paramyxoviridae
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list all the arboviruses
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alphaviruses of togavirs family
flaviviridae except Hep G and C (yellow, dengue, west nile) california encephalitis: bunyavirus |
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what two viruses are associated with inactivation of p53 and p105RB
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polyomavirus
papillomavirus |
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viruses under the paramyxoviridae family
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rubeola
mumps parainfluenza respiratory synctial virus |
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filamentous virus
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filovirus
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viruses under the bunyaviridae family
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california encephalitis
hantavirus |
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viruses under the reoviridae family
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rotavirus
coltivirus |
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Guarnieri bodies
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variola: poxviridae (small pox)
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molluscum bodies
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molluscum contagiosum: poxviridae
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