Virus And Bacteria

Front 1

Who first discovered viruses in 1883, and what was he studying?

Back 1

Adolf Mayer was studying tobacco plants with tobacco mosaic disease

Front 2

What was Mayer looking for initially?

Back 2

bacteria or a chemical poison

Front 3

What is important to know about virus size?

Back 3

viruses are very small and cannot be seen with a light microscope or caught in filters that capture bacteria

Front 4

What kind of microscope is used to view the structure of viruses?

Back 4

electron microscopes

Front 5

what kind of structure do viruses have?

Back 5

simple, consisting mainly of protein and DNA or RNA (not both)

Front 6

What is the capsid?

Back 6

The capsid is the protein coat surrounding the DNA or RNA of a virus that protects the nucleic acid. (capsomere)

Front 7

Name the parts of a common bacteriophage?

Back 7

capsid, nucleic acid, protein, sheath, rod, tails

Front 8

what additional protection of nucleic acid to some viruses have?

Back 8

an envelope that is made out of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates found on the cell membrane of the virus' host cell

Front 9

What is a feature of the envelope?

Back 9

Spikes help the virus to identify and infect its host cells

Front 10

Name some virus shapes:

Back 10

rod, polyhedral, circular

Front 11

What virus causes the flu?

Back 11

adenovirus

Front 12

What shape virus is HIV?

Back 12

round

Front 13

What shape virus is tobacco mosaic?

Back 13

rod

Front 14

What is the host range?

Back 14

the specificity of a virus due to its envelope and the cell membrane of the host (lock and key fit)

Front 15

Name a virus with a large host range?

Back 15

rabies

Front 16

Name a virus with a limited host range?

Back 16

flu

Front 17

Why do viruses infect hosts?

Back 17

to reproduce

Front 18

What is viral reproduction called?

Back 18

viral replication because they do not divide or pass on gametes

Front 19

What are the 2 methods of viral replication?

Back 19

Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

Front 20

What happens in the lytic cycle?

Back 20

viral DNA takes over the host cell which starts making and assembling virus parts

Front 21

What happens at the end of the lytic cucle to the host cell?

Back 21

the host cell is killed by the viruses which burst or lyse the host cell to release newly made viruses

Front 22

What happens during the lysogenic cycle?

Back 22

Viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA. Each time the host cell divides the viral DNA is also reproduced.

Front 23

What causes the viral DNA to detach from host DNA in the lysogenic cycle?

Back 23

an environmental stimulus

Front 24

What happens after the viral DNA in the lysogenic cycle detaches from the host DNA?

Back 24

the lytic cycle is activated and the host cell makes viruses and is then lysed

Front 25

Animal virus characteristics:

Back 25

most have an envelope
merge with host cells membrane like endocytosis
does not kill cells but makes them useless

Front 26

What happens when DNA is injected into the host cell?

Back 26

the host cell transcribes and translates the DNA as it would in protein synthesis

Front 27

What happens when RNA is injected into the host cell ?

Back 27

1. Enzymes are injected with it and the RNA is used as a template for mRNA which is then used to make viral proteins.

Front 28

What happens when RNA is injected into the host cell (retrovirus)?

Back 28

2. The RNA is used as a template for DNA and the newly made viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's genome. (enzyme is reverse transcriptase)

Front 29

How can your body fight a virus?

Back 29

no medication, only immune system which makes antibodies, a protein, that is like a memory of the virus

Front 30

A vaccine helps fight a virus by:

Back 30

A vaccine is a weakened strain of the virus that the body can fight and kill, making antibodies that can then let it fight the virus if exposed.

Front 31

Viroids are:

Back 31

particles of RNA that are like viruses that infect plants (no cure)

Front 32

Prions are:

Back 32

virus-like proteins that infect animals including mad-cow disease and other degenerative brain diseases (no cure)

Front 33

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are classified as bacteria because:

Back 33

they area prokaryotes, the defining characteristic of bacteria

Front 34

a prokaryote lacks a

Back 34

nucleus

Front 35

Animal virus characteristics:

Back 35

most have an envelope
merge with host cells membrane like endocytosis
does not kill cells but makes them useless

Front 36

What happens when DNA is injected into the host cell?

Back 36

the host cell transcribes and translates the DNA as it would in protein synthesis

Front 37

What happens when RNA is injected into the host cell ?

Back 37

1. Enzymes are injected with it and the RNA is used as a template for mRNA which is then used to make viral proteins.

Front 38

What happens when RNA is injected into the host cell (retrovirus)?

Back 38

2. The RNA is used as a template for DNA and the newly made viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's genome. (enzyme is reverse transcriptase)

Front 39

How can your body fight a virus?

Back 39

no medication, only immune system which makes antibodies, a protein, that is like a memory of the virus

Front 40

a prokaryote lack :

Back 40

mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER and a golgi apparatus

Front 41

a prokaryote has:

Back 41

cytoplasm, pulys, bacterial flagellum, ribosomes, DNA, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule

Front 42

bacteria traits:

Back 42

lacks nucleus & membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes, cell wall, pili for contact with other bacterial cells,

Front 43

Heterotrophs obtain nutrients through:

Back 43

consuming other organisms

Front 44

autotrophs obtain nutrients by:

Back 44

making their own food from sunlight.

Front 45

chemoautotrophs make their own food from

Back 45

chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide

Front 46

photoheterotrophs obtain nutrients by

Back 46

photosynthesis and consumption of food

Front 47

what are the two kingdoms of bacteria?

Back 47

archaebacteria and eubacteria

Front 48

Define archaebacteria

Back 48

bacteria that live in unusually harsh environments, cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Front 49

What are the four subgroups of archaebacteria?

Back 49

methanogens, thermacidophiles, chemosynthesizers, extreme halophiles

Front 50

define methanogens

Back 50

produce methane gas in digestive systems (swamp gas; used to break down sewage)

Front 51

define thermoacidophiles

Back 51

live in hot acidic waters such as hot springs

Front 52

define chemosythesizers

Back 52

use inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide for energy (around hot springs or near volcanic vents in oceans)

Front 53

define extreme halophiles

Back 53

live in extremely salty conditions

Front 54

Define Eubacteria

Back 54

bacteria that are found in a wide array of environments, cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Front 55

Name the three sub-groups of Eubacteria

Back 55

gram-positive (purple) and gram-negative (pink), cyanoacteria (some blue-green algae)

Front 56

define gram-positive Eubacteria

Back 56

purple, have thick walls made of protein-sugar complex that turns purple with gram stain (some make yogurt, antibiotics, or kill -botulism and tetanus)

Front 57

define gram-negative Eubacteria

Back 57

pink, have an extralayer of lipid on the outside of the cell wall that turns pink in gram stain

Front 58

What is important to know about gram-negative Eubacteria?

Back 58

the lipid layer does not allow antibiotics to kill bacteria and some can take nitrogen out of the air and fix it into a solid

Front 59

define cyanobacteria

Back 59

gram-negative, perform photosynthesis; base of food chain and first to colonize devastated areas; aquatic ecosystems

Front 60

What is gram stain?

Back 60

a dye that reacts with the cell walls of bacteria

Front 61

what happens to gram positive bacteria?

Back 61

it turns purple because the stain reacts with the protein and sugar

Front 62

what happens to gram negative bacteria?

Back 62

it turns pink because the stain reacts with the fat and sugar

Front 63

What shape is coccus bacteria?

Back 63

sphere-shaped, sometimes in chains or clumps; examples are streptococcus (strep throat) and staphylococci (staph and gangrene)

Front 64

What shape is bacillus?

Back 64

rod-shaped; usually chains; have flagella at times for mobility; examples: E. coli, salmonells typhi

Front 65

What shape is spirili?

Back 65

spiral-shaped; move through twisting in a corkscrew or through flagella; examples Treponema pallidumcholera (syphilis), Borrelia burgdoferi (Lyme disease)

Front 66

How do bacteria reproduce?

Back 66

binary fission which is like mitosis, asexual cell division

Front 67

How do bacteria exchange genetic information?

Back 67

conjugation,
transformation,
transduction

Front 68

What is conjugation?

Back 68

bacteria form a cytoplasm bridge between 2 cells and DNA transfers across it

Front 69

What is transformation?

Back 69

bacteria cell takes in free floating DNA from dead bacteria cells that were released into the environment (how R strain bacteria turned into S train in Griffith's experiments)

Front 70

What is transduction?

Back 70

virus infects one bacterial cell, take some of that cell's DNA with it, then infects another bacterial cell and passed on DNA; used in research for transferring DNA