Virus

Front 1

What are viruses?

Back 1

Nonliving particles of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) with a protein capsid

Front 2

What does many animal viruses form around a capsid?

Back 2

A protein/lipid envelope around the capsid

Front 3

What is the range of sizes of viruses

Back 3

17-1000nm

Front 4

What are shapes of viruses?

Back 4

Helical or isometric

Front 5

What kind of structural pattern does isometric viruses have?

Back 5

Icosahedron (20 equilateral triangle facets)

Front 6

List the stages of the lytic cycle

Back 6

Attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release

Front 7

Describe the attachment stage of the lytic cycle

Back 7

Contact with the host

Front 8

Lytic cycle

Back 8

Reproductive process of a virulent phage

Front 9

Describe the penetration stage of the lytic cycle

Back 9

Injection of viral nucleic acid into host cell

Front 10

Describe the synthesis stage of the lytic cycle

Back 10

Viral nucleic acid is transcribed & translated by the host which then produces new viral proteins and nucleic acids

Front 11

Describe the assembly stage of the lytic cycle

Back 11

Assembles new viral proteins and nucleic acids into new viruses

Front 12

Describe the release stage of the lytic cycle

Back 12

New viruses burst out of the host cell, killing it

Front 13

Lysogenic cycle

Back 13

Reproductive process of a temperate phage

Front 14

Describe the Lysogenic cycle's attachment and penetration stage

Back 14

Contact with host is followed by injection of viral nucleic acid into the host cell.

Front 15

Describe lysogeny in the lysogenic cycle

Back 15

Prophage becomes incorporated into the host’s chromosome

Front 16

Prophage

Back 16

Viral nucleic acid

Front 17

What happens in times of cell stress in the lysogenic cycle

Back 17

The prophage eventually detaches from the chromosome, takes over the cell, and starts the lytic cycle.

Front 18

Define 'Induction' in the lysogenic cycle

Back 18

The switch from a lysogenic prophage to a lytic cycle

Front 19

How can induction be stimulated in the lab

Back 19

By stressors such as starvation or ultraviolet radiation.

Front 20

Define phage conversion in the lysogenic cycle

Back 20

The phenotype or characteristics of the lysogenic bacterium is altered by the prophage

Front 21

Vibrio cholerae and Corynebacterium diphtheriae both receive what kind of gene?

Back 21

Both receives a gene for a potentially deadly toxin from a lysogenic phage.

Front 22

HIV virus

Back 22

Cause of AIDS, infects blood cells (macrophages, T cells) with CD4 cell-surface marker protein.

Front 23

What kind of virus is HIV? What does it contain

Back 23

Retrovirus, containing RNA and enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Front 24

Describe the antireplication treatment for HIV

Back 24

Block replication of virus (ie AZT, interferon, CAF)

Front 25

Describe the protease inhibitor treatment for HIV

Back 25

Blocks translation & production of viral proteins

Front 26

Describe the vaccines treatment for HIV

Back 26

Vaccines using injections of inactivated or mutated viruses

Front 27

Describe the disabling receptors treatment for HIV

Back 27

Block or disable receptors on host cell surface (ie. chemokines)

Front 28

What is the cause of the flu

Back 28

Influenza virus, the most lethal virus in human history

Front 29

Type A flu virus

Back 29

Causes the serious flu epidemics, and different strains (subtypes) differ in their protein spikes.

Front 30

What does Hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) contain

Back 30

Contains highly variable segments due to point mutations of the viral RNA.

Front 31

How does new strains of the influenza virus form?

Back 31

Mostly from recombinations of RNA segments from two different subtypes simultaneously infecting the same cell producing novel H-N combinations.

Front 32

Emerging viruses

Back 32

Originate in one organism, then pass to another, and cause a disease (ie, HIV, Ebola, SARS).

Front 33

How can viruses cause cancer

Back 33

If viral genome or proteins disrupt the regulation of oncogenes in the host cell, or carry the oncogenes themselves.

Front 34

What does the genital human papillomavirus carry and what can it lead to

Back 34

Carries the oncogenes E6 and E7 which could lead to cervical cancer and/or genital warts.

Front 35

What is Gardasil and when was it approved

Back 35

A preventative HPV vaccine approved in 2006

Front 36

Where is the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection found

Back 36

Found in 90% of liver cancer patients in China

Front 37

Where is the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection found

Back 37

Found in 90% of the liver cancer patients in Japan

Front 38

Hepatitis B vaccine and when was it available

Back 38

95% effective in preventing HBV infection, and is the first vaccine against a major human cancer. available since 1982

Front 39

Prions

Back 39

Infectious proteins that misfold & catalyze normal prion proteins to do the same

Front 40

Describe the spreading of misfolding prions

Back 40

Spreads like a chain reaction and causes the death of cells & diseases (TSE's).

Front 41

Viroids

Back 41

Small, naked strands of RNA which are infectious disease agents in plants

Front 42

What is thought about the viroids

Back 42

That they catalyze the degradation of the host DNA.