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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Of the viruses we've studied so far, which are enveloped?
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Orthomyxoviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Coronaviruses, Herpesviruses
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Of the viruses, we've studied so far, which are DNA viruses?
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Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses, Parvoviruses, Papillomaviruses
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Which viruses can cause GI signs?
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PARC - Parvo, Adeno, Rota, Corona
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Which viruses can cause respiratory signs?
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OPHAC - Orthomyxo, Paramyxo, Herpes, Adeno, Calici
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Which viruses can cause systemic disease?
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Paramyxoviruses, Adenoviruses
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Enveloped or Non-eveloped, which are more stable? Why?
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Non-enveloped are more stable because they are resistant to ether, bile, typsin, acid, detergents
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How do non-enveloped viruses exit the cell?
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cytolysis
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Parvoviridae - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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DNA, non-enveloped, GI disease
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What is the infectious protein of Parvoviridae? Why?
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VP2 (virus capsid protein) b/c it binds specific host cell receptors
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What is the tissue tropism of Parvoviridae?
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rapidly dividing cells = intestinal epithelium, hematopoietic cells
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Why is Parvo pantropic in fetuses/neonates?
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Fetuses/neonates are growing so many cells are in S phase
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What Parvovirus affects cats?
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Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) aka Fe distemper, infectious enteritis
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FPV is highly contagious. Why?
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Oral-fecal, placental transmission, shed from all body secretions and persists in environment, contact with infected cat is not necessary
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FPV has a unique effect on kittens -/+ 2 weeks old, which is...
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causes cerebellar hypoplasia b/c neural cells are still dividing so infection causes cytolysis thus hypoplasia
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FPV signs?
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leukopenia, GI, fever
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FPV dx?
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SNAP test, CBC, signs
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What are the two forms of Canine Parvovirus? What ages? Most common?
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Myocarditis (neonates <8wks); Gastroenteritis (4-12 mos) = most common
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CPV signs
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GI, leukopenia
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CPV dx
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SNAP test, clinical signs, virus isolation
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When should pups be vaccinated for CPV?
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after 10 wks to avoid maternal antibody interference
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What signs would you expect with Porcine Parvovirus?
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diarrhea, GI, leukopenia
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How does Parvo present in a neonate pup?
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cardiac insufficiency > heart failure > sudden death
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Coronaviridae - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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non-segmented RNA (infectious), enveloped with peplomers, GI, resp disease
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What are the peplomers on Coronaviruses? Which is the most important and why?
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envelope proteins (S,E,M,N) S-spike protein is the major antigen and determines host tropism
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What are the Nidovirales? Which virus family belongs in this order?
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Nidovirales have rested mRNA that can produce diff proteins; Coronaviridae
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What diseases are associated with Coronaviruses?
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Porcine tranmissible gastroenteritis, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea, Swine Delta Coronavirus, Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis/ Porcein Vomitting and Wasting Disease, Bovine Coronavirus Enteritis, Feline Enteric Coronavirus, Feline Infectious Peritonitis
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How are Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis, Porcine epidemic diarrhea, and Swine Delta Coronavirus related? Different?
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clinically similar = vomitting, diarrhea, atrophic enteritis; All affect young pigs more severly (higher mortality rate), PED and SDCV affect all ages
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What are the two forms of Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis virus?
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Acute = fatal encephalomyelitis in pigs <7 d/o; Vomitting and Wasting Disease in pigs < 4 w/o
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What is Winter dysentary? Clinical signs?
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Bovine Coronavirus Enteritis = Acute, contagious GI disorder caused by Bovine Coronavirus; hemorrhagic diarrhea and drastic drop in milk production
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What is the tissue tropism of Feline Enteric Coronavirus?
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epithelial cells
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What is the relation between FeCV and FIP?
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FIP is a mutant of FeCV (mutates in individual cats) with tropism for macrophages and monocytes
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What are the two forms of FIP?
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Classic wet (more severe) and Dry granulamatous form
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T/F FIP infected cat can go interchanably from dry to wet form
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False, dry form can progress to wet form but not back and forth
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Why is the classic wet FIP more severe than dry granulomatous form?
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b/c dry is less effusive so progresses more slowly
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Why is classic form "wet"?
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signs include ascites from peritoneal and pleural effusion
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Explain how the immune system plays a role in FIP pathogenesis.
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Antibodies against peplomers (Spike glyocprotein) induces immune complexes and inflammation. Immune mediated lysis of infected lymphocytes leads to T cell depletion so immune compromised and prone to secondary infections. Cytokines also induce vascular permability.
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What is measured in serology for dx of FIP? Interpretation?
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Feline Coronavirus antibodies; >100 = greater chance of getting FIP
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Reoviridae/ Rotaviruses - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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RNA, non-enveloped, GI disease
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What is the tissue tropism of Rotavirus?
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small intestine enterocytes
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How does Rotavirus cause diarrhea?
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enterotoxin and virus replication kills cells at tips of villus thus decreasing absorption, disruption of tight junctions allows paracellular flow of H2O and electrolytes, reducation in lactase leads to inability to digest milk (milk scours)
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Adenovirus - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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DNA, non-eveloped, resp, repro and systemic disease
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What is the antigenic domain of adenoviruses?
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penton fiber
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What is the tissue tropism of adenovirus?
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epithelial cells
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T/F Canine Adenovirus 1 infects only canids.
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Big fat false- not just canids
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What are the forms of CAV-1?
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Hepatic - endothelial destruction -> hemorrhages; Immune complex form -> corneal edema and opacity, glomerular nephritis -> viruria; Respiratory -> kennel cough
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CAV-1 signs
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GI, jaundice, pale gums with petichiae, corneal edema (blue eye)
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What causes CAV-1 associated blue eye?
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immune complex formation; will go away when host immune system clears virus
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What does CAV-1 cause in foxes?
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rapid disease and quick death
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What is the main difference between CAV-1 and CAV-2?
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no hepatitis associated with CAV-2
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What form of disease does CAV-2 cause?
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Respiratory form - necrosis of resp tract (why aka canine infectious laryngotracheitis)
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CAV-1 and CAV-2 which Vx is better and why
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CAV-2 b/c cross-protects for CAV-1 and does not cause keratitis/blue eye
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Equine Adenovirus 1 is typically sub-clinical and mild respiratory disease. When is it severe?
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In horses (probably an Arabian foal) with CID (combined immunodeficiency disease = B & T cell deficiency) so it results in pneumonia, widespread tissue damage and death
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Avian adenovirus and egg drop syndrome: why you don't buy cheap take-out or.....
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soft-shelled/shell-less eggs from epithelial necrosis of the oviduct due to AAV
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Is Bovine Adenovirus more concerning in a cow or a deer?
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Deer - Adenoviral hemorrhagic disease
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Herpesviridae is super special and unique because....
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it has a latency phase and can transform some cells
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Herpesviridae - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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DNA, enveloped, resp, repro, neuro, ocular disease
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T/F You can find Herpesvirus virions in the host during latency.
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False, only genome is present in the host during latency
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Virokine, thymidine kinase, does what?
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salvages thymidine from degreaded DNA to accelate viral DNA synthesis
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Where are alpha-, beta-, gamma-herpesviruses found in latency phase?
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alpha- sensory neurons; beta- lymphocytes, salivary glands, kidneys; gamma- lymphoid cells
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Which herpesviridae subfamily grows rapidly?
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alpha
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Which herpesviridae subfamiliy is associated with lymphoproliferative diseases?
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gamma
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What is the leading cause of death in puppies <4 wks old?
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Canine herpesvirus 1 (Canine hemorrhagic disease)
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Clinical signs of Feline herpesvirus?
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acute URT, dermititis, ulcers, conjunctivitis, dendritic corneal ulcers
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How is Feline herpesvirus treated? Are they cured?
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Antivirals (thymidine kinase inhibitors); not cured - latency in trigeminal ganglion so can be recurrent
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What diseases are caused by Bovine Herpesvirus 1?
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV)
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Complications of BHV-1 are ___________, ___________, ____________
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abortion, encephilitis, shipping fever
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BHV-1 causes disease on cow vaginas and BHV-2 causes lumpys on cow __________
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teats! (Bovine mammilitis/pseudolumpyskin disease)
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Which Equine herpesviruses are the major disease causers?
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1,3,4
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Equine Coital Exanthema is caused by? signs?
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Equine herpesvirus 3 - genital pustular lesions
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Both EHV-1 and EHV-4 cause ______ disease, but _________ is worse because it has a mutant form that causes ____________
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Respiratory ; EHV-1; myencephalopathy
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Clinical signs of EHV-1 neurological mutant?
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ataxia, paresis, urinary incontinence
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Are EHV-1 vaccines useful?
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Reduce severity, but immunity is short-lived so re-vx every 6 mos
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What are the consequneces of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILTV)?
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resp disease, can have high mortality, decreased egg production
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What are the two forms of Marek's disease?
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CNS and visceral
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What signs does the CNS form of Marek's cause?
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paralysis, blindness
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What signs does the visceral form of Marek's cause?
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T cell lymphoma, diarrhea, death
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Why is Porcine Cytomegalovirus economically important? What subfamily of herpesviridae does it belong?
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causes poor growth; beta-herps
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Causative agent of Malignant Catarrhal Fever?
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Ovine herpresvirus 2
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Cell tropism of Ovine Herpesvirus 2? Clinical signs?
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lymphoid tissue, URT and intestinal epithelium ; erosions on tongue, corneal opacity, nasal/ocular discharge, diarrhea
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T/F Malignant Catarrhal Fever can progress from head&eye form to intestinal form
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true.
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T/F African and Asian Elephant herpesviruses - If an African elephant is infected with African EHV, it will have skin lesions, but if an Asian elephant is infected with African EHV it will have fatal hemorrhagic disease.
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true, sad but true
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Marmoset lymphocryptovirus inects _______ cells
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B cells
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Porcine Herpesvirus is also known as Pseudorabies and Mad Itch, why?
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Pseudorabies due to CNS signs like circling, incoordination, spasms; Mad Itch b/c viral replication in peripheral neurons causes itching
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What virus tends to occur simultaneously with Feline herpesvirus?
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Calicivirus
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Calicivirus - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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RNA, non-enveloped, resp disease
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Does Feline Calicivirus have an evil twin (mutant form)? If so, why is it evil?
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Yes, Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus; causes edema, joint cellulitis, jaundice, high mortality
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What Calicivirus looks like Foot and Mouth Disease?
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Vesicular exanthema of swine virus - vesicles
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Paramyxoviridae - genome? envelope? type of disease?
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RNA, enveloped, resp and systemic disease
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Paramyxoviridae has a special tool, what is it?
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RDRP inserts extra residues during mRNA synthesis producing a frame shift which allows for a greater number of gene products
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What order does Paramyxoviridae belong to? What other virus is in this order?
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Mononegavirales - pneumovirinae
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Paramyxoviruses cause what diseases?
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Parainfluenzas, Newcastle, Canine Distemper
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Along with Coronavirus, adenovirus, a member of paramyxoviridae, _________, also contributes to shipping fever.
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Bovine Parainfluenza 3
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If you have to infect a random dog (vx history unknown) with a Paramyxovirus or someone will kill you, which would you choose?
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Canine Parainfluenza 2 because its usually mild and subclinical unlike Canine distemper
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Velogenic Newcastle disease is ___________tropic and ____________tropic
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enterotropic and neurotropic
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Which strains of Newcastle are pneumotropic?
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mesogenic, and lentogenic
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Why is Newcastle associated with overcrowding?
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Transmission is direct contact with secretions, feces, so overcrowding leads to increased contact
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How does Canine distemper become multisystemic?
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inhaled CDV replicates locally in the epithelial cells and macrophages then spreads in lymphatics and bloodstream throughout system and even crossing BBB into CNS
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How is Canine Distemper similar to Canine Parvovirus?
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both cause leukopenia and dirrheas
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What are the subacute manifestations of Canine Distemper?
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old dog encephalitis, hard-pad disease
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What animal is the reservoir host of Canine Distemper Virus?
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raccoon
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What does Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Disease facilitate?
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shipping fever in recently weaned calves
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Blue eye paramyxovirus causes _________ disease in adults and __________, _________, _________ in piglets
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reproductive (adults) and respiratory, encephalitis, death (piglets)
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Orthomyxoviridae -genome? envelope? type of disease?
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RNA, enveloped, resp disease
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What is HA?
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Hemagglutanin, a glycoprotein that is cleaved during entry
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What is the function of HA?
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determines host range, binds cellular receptor, allows viral penetration
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What is NA? importance?
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Neuraminidase; important for viral assembly and virion release
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How are orthomyxoviridae types characterized?
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nucleocapsid, M protein
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Which types are important in vet med?
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just A
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A/equine/Prague/1/56(H7N7) what the heck is this?
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group/species/location/isolate#/year(serotype)
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How many HA and NA subtypes are there for Group A?
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HA = 17, NA = 11
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Why are there so many freaking serotypes?
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Antigen drift and antigen shift
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Antigen drift is ________ changes and antigen shift is _________ changes
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drift = small (mutations); shift = big (new HA/NA)
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Pathogenesis of orthomyxoviruses is due to ____________ _____________
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inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1/2/6)
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What is transformation?
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Modification of host gene expression by application of foreign DNA; conversion of normal euk cells to abnormal cells with uncontrolled growth
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What behavioral features do normal cells have than transformed cells do not?
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Contact inhibition of growth, dependence on exogenous growth factors and anchorage
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What is Rb?
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Retinoblastoma, a cell cycle regulator
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How do DNA tumor viruses cause oncogenesis? RNA tumor viruses?
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DNA - inactivate tumor suppressor genes; RNA - alter signal transduction
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Define proto-oncogene
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normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations
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What are c-onc?
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cellular oncogenes - gene that is activated in tumor cells or gene that was altered to oncogene
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What are the 5 classes of viral oncogenes?
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1. secreted growth factors 2. cell surface receptors 3. intracellular signal transduction systems 4. DNA-binding nuclear proteins 5. cell cycle control kinase inhibitors
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What are the genes that are derived from oncogene groups?
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growth factors, cell surface receptors, G-binding proteins, tyrosine kinases, thyroid hormone receptor, DNA binding protein
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What genes are transcribed during transformation?
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only early genes
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What is p53?
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a major tumor suppressor gene
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What does Papillomavirus E6 do?
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E6 binds p53 so cannot inhibit kinases which suppress tumors
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What does Papillomavirus E7 do?
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Bind Rb, displacing E2F activating the cell cycle
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T/F adenoviruses are highly oncogenic
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TRUE.
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Which virus causes hepatocellular carcinoma?
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Hepatitis B virus
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What are the 3 methods retroviruses stimulate oncogenesis?
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1. transducing retroviruses 2. cis-activating retroviruses 3. trans-acting retroviruses
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How do transducing retroviruses cause oncogenesis?
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induce a v-onc gene in cell chromosome
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how do cis-acting retroviruses cause oncogenesis?
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integrate into host DNA close to a c-onc and act as strong promoter
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how do trans-acting retroviruses cause oncogenesis?
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contain a gene that codes for a regulatory protein that increases transcription or interferes with transcriptional control
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What are the 2 general classes of oncogeneic retroviruses?
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acute transforming viruses and slow transforming viruses
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What are acute transforming viruses?
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v-onc + so they carry an oncogene and they overexpress the mutant protein
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What are slow transforming viruses?
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v-onc negative so do not carry oncogene and overexpress normal protein
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What are proteins that are involved in controlling growth and differentiation?
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growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction proteins, transcription factors
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Papillomaviruses - genome? envelope? disease?
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DNA, non-enveloped, skin disease
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What is the major antigen of papillomaviruses?
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VP1
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What is the tissue tropism for papillomaviruses?
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epithelial cells
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Which skin layers are permissive for papillomaviruses? semi-permissive?
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keratinized layer is permissive; dermal layer is semi-permissive (only partial replication)
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How are papillomavirus types distinguished?
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by restriction endonuclease cleavage
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Papillomavirus warts are usually benign except in _________ when there is a ___________ from a fern
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cattle ; co-factor
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What is the main difference between Equine papillomavirus warts and equine sarcoids?
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Equine papillomavirus warts are in oral cavity or muzzle whereas sarcoids can be all over body
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What are koilocytes?
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cells with condensed nucleus and large vacuole
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What age group of dogs gets papillomavirus warts? where on body?
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4-6 week old pups, oropharynx mucous membranes
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What is the causative agent of Equine uveitis? |
polyomavirus
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