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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which virus family is characterized by a single-stranded DNA genome?
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Parvoviridae
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Which virus family is characterized by a double-stranded RNA genome?
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Reoviridae
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What are the criteria to classify a virus as robovirus? Write an example, too!
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Robovirus: rodent reservoir (rodent-borne)
Arenaviridae – Lassa, Junin, Machupo, LCM virus; Bunyaviridae – Hantaan virus, Puumala virus, Sin Nombre virus; Filoviridae – Marburg, Ebola virus |
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What are the criteria to classify a virus as arbovirus? Write an example, too!
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Arbovirus: arthropode vector (arthropode-borne);
Flaviviridae – yellow fever, Dengue-fever; Bunyaviridae – Rift-valley fever, Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever; etc. |
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Which viruses are susceptible to acyclovir? What is the mechanism of effect of the
drug? |
alpha herpesviruses – HSV1, HSV2, VZV; inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and
DNA chain terminator |
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Explain why acyclovir is selectively toxic to cells infected by alpha-herpesviruses!
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These viruses encode their own thymidine kinase enzymes, which are needed for
activation (phosphorylation) of the drug. Cellular thymidine kinase does not activate the drug. |
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Which are the two most important targets of antiretroviral chemotherapy?
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HIV reverse transcriptase and protease
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In which cells do Herpes simlex viruses establish latent infection?
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Sensory ganglion cells
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What is the possible, late complication (years after acute infection) of the childhood
chickenpox? |
Herpes zoster (shingles)
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What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by B19 parvovirus?
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fetal death or hydrops fetalis
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Which isotype of antigen-specific immunoglobulins in the newborn's blood indicates a
congenital infection? |
IgM
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What diseases do cytomegalovirus cause in congenital infections?
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cytomegalic inclusion disease – spontaneous abortion, CNS damage (deafness, blindness,
mental retardation), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice |
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What diseases do cytomegalovirus cause in immunocompetent persons?
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mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil-antibody negative)
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Mention 2 diseases that cytomegalovirus can cause in immune compromised persons!
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pneumonia, chorioretinitis, colitis
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Which antiviral drug is active against cytomegalovirus infection?
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Ganciklovir, (foscarnet, cidofovir)
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What disease does Epstein-Barr virus cause? What are the Epstein-Barr virus
associated tumors? |
Mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil positive)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas |
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Describe the heterophil antibody test used in Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics!
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Paul-Bunnel test – in mononucleosis caused by EBV, the serum of the patient
agglutinates sheep red blood cells |
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Which virus causes exanthema subitum (roseola infantum)?
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HHV6
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Which virus causes erythema infectiosum?
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Human parvovirus B19
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Reverse transcription is involved in the synthesis of the new genomic DNA of which
DNA virus? |
Hepadnaviridae – HBV
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What is the unique feature of the influenza virus genome, that accounts for antigenic
shift? |
reassortment of genome segments
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Which antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by neutralizing antibodies?
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Hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
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Which virus(es) is(are) susceptible to amantadine?
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Influenza A virus
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What is the possible late complication of measles infection (several years after the
acute infection)? |
SSPE – subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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What is the portal of entry of the viruses belonging to Paramyxoviridae?
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Respiratory tract – aerosol infection
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Which age group is mostly affected by respiratory syncitial (RS) virus infection?
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Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis
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What is the route of infection of rabies virus? How does rabies virus spread in the
infected body? |
By the bite of a rabid animal, (rarely by infectious aerosol)
spread of the virus in the host – along the axons |
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What medication does a person need after exposure to rabies virus?
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Active immunization – human diploid cell vaccine (killed virus)
and passive immunization – rabies immune globulin |
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What is the portal of entry of polioviruses? Which areas of the central nervous system
are affected by poliovirus infection? |
oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract
damage in motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord + brain stem |
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Which viruses belong to the Enterovirus genus?
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Polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses
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Mention 3 diseases caused by Coxsackie viruses!
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febrile rashes, herpangina, myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, pleurodynia, handfoot-
and-mouth disease |
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What disease do rotaviruses cause? At which age?
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gastroenteritis in young children
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List the antigens of hepatitis B virus against which antibodies may develop during or
after the acute phase of infection? |
HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg
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Which hepatitis B-specific antibody is never present in chronic hepatitis?
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Anti-Hbs, (anti-Hbe)
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What are the main modes of transmission of HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection?
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sexual contact; perinatally from mother to newborn; by blood or blood product
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What are the 2 serological markers that are necessary and sufficient to prove acute
hepatitis B virus infection? |
HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgM
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Describe the active and passive prophylaxis against hepatitis B!
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active immunization: recombinant HBsAg vaccine
passive immunization: HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) |
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Which hepatitis virus infections increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
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HBV, HCV, HDV
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Which hepatitis viruses are acquired orally?
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HAV, HEV
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Which hepatitis viruses are acquired via parenteral routes?
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HBV, HCV, HDV, (HGV)
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Which virus can cause haemorrhagic fever with hepatitis and nephritis?
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yellow fever virus
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Describe the 2 different epidemiological cycles of yellow fever!
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Jungle yellow fever: reservoir: monkeys; vector: Haemagogus mosquitos; humans:
accidental hosts Urban yellow fever: reservoirs: humans; vectors : Aedes aegypti mosquitos |
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How can we prevent tick borne encephalitis?
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Active immunization: killed virus vaccine, passive: specific immune globulin
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Mention 4 diseases that can be caused by adenoviruses!
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pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, acut respiratory disease, bronchitis,
atypical pneumonia, hemorrhagic cystitis, gastrointestinal infection |
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Which viruses can cause human tumors? Mention at least 4!
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HPV, EBV, HHV-8, HBV, HCV, HTLV
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Mention 3 opportunistic infections characteristic for AIDS!
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Viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV, EBV, HHV-8, HPV
Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical Mycobacteria Fungi: Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis |
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Describe the principals of the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection!
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Presumptive diagnosis: ELISA
Verification: Western-blot assay |
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Mention 2 human prion diseases!
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Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal
familial insomnia |
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What are the serious complications of HSV infection in newborns?
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disseminated infections, encephalitis, skin, eye, mouth infection
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Mention three sexually transmittable viral infections!
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HPV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HIV, HBV, HCV, molluscum contagiosum
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Mention at least five virus families containing DNA!
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Parvoviridae, Papovaviridae , Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Poxviridae,
Hepadnaviridae |
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What is the portal of entry for the mumps virus?
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Upper respiratory tract
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Mention at least two viruses capable of causing pneumonia
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RSV, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, coronavirus (SARS),
HCMV, measles virus, metapneumovirus, |
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Mention two viruses capable of getting through the placenta
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Rubella virus, HCMV, parvovirus B19, HIV, HTLV-1
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Mention 2 viral infections whose preventive strategy involves passive immunization
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Rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, HBV, HCV, VZV, measles
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List three viruses capable of causing (meningo)encephalitis!
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Rabies, HSV, VZV, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and
western equine encepahalitis, mumps, poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus |
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What is the causative agent of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
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Measles virus
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What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the combined vaccine against measles,
German measles and mumps? |
live attenuated viruses
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What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the rabies vaccine for human usage?
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killed virus
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What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the vaccine against influenza? Which viral
variants are included in the vaccine? |
Killed virus. The vaccine contains 2 influenza A strains (H3N2, H1N1) and 1
influenza B strain. |
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What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the vaccine against hepatitis B?
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Subunit vaccine, containing HBsAg
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What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the vaccine against yellow fever?
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Live attenuated virus (17D strain).
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What is(are) the nature(s) of antigens in the vaccines against poliovirus?
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IPV: inactivated polio vaccine: killed viruses (types 1, 2 and 3)
OPV: oral polio vaccine: live attenuated viruses (types 1, 2 and 3) |
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What is the causative agent of PML (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)?
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JC virus (Polyomaviridae)
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Mention 3 nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
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azidothymidine (zidovudine), dideoxyinozine (didanosine), dideoxycytidine
(zalcitabine), stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir |
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Mention 2 non nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of
AIDS! |
nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz
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Mention 2 protease inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
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indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir
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What is the principle of the „highly active antiretroviral therapy” (HAART) currently used
in the treatment of AIDS! |
Combination of two nucleoside inhibitors (such as zidovudine and lamivudine) and a
protease inhibitor (such as indinavir). |
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Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic shift?
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influenza A
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Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic drift
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Influenza A and B
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What is the nature of the immune response in diseases caused by prions?
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There is no immune response, as prions are self proteins
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What types of human cancers are caused by EBV?
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas
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What type of human cancer is caused most frequently by HHV8?
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Kaposi’s sarcoma
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What types of human cancers are caused by high-risk HPV types?
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genital cancers, most importantly cervical cancer
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Mention at least 3 diseases caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV1, HSV2)!
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oropharyngeal herpes (gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis), keratoconjunctivitis,
encephalitis, herpes genitalis |
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What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by rubella virus?
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Congenital malformations involving the heart (patent ductus arteriosus, septum
defects), the eyes (cataract, glaucoma) and the brain (deafness, mental reardation). |
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Which ifluenza A subtypes cause most human infections currently?
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H1N1, H3N2
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