Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which virus family is characterized by a single-stranded DNA genome?
|
Parvoviridae
|
|
|
Which virus family is characterized by a double-stranded RNA genome?
|
Reoviridae
|
|
|
Which viruses are susceptible to acyclovir? What is the mechanism of effect of the drug?
|
alpha herpesviruses – HSV1, HSV2, VZV; inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and DNA chain terminator
|
|
|
Explain why acyclovir is selectively toxic to cells infected by alpha-herpesviruses!
|
These viruses encode their own thymidine kinase enzymes, which are needed for activation (phosphorylation) of the drug. Cellular thymidine kinase does not activate the drug.
|
|
|
In which cells do Herpes simplex viruses establish latent infection?
|
Sensory ganglion cells (trigeminal or sacral ganglia)
|
|
|
What is the possible, late complication (years after acute infection) of the childhood chickenpox?
|
Herpes zoster (shingles)
|
|
|
What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by B19 parvovirus?
|
fetal death or hydrops fetalis
|
|
|
Which isotype of antigen-specific immunoglobulins in the newborn's blood indicates a congenital infection?
|
IgM
|
|
|
What manifestations does cytomegalovirus cause in congenital infections?
|
cytomegalic inclusion disease – spontaneous abortion, CNS damage (deafness, blindness, mental retardation), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice
|
|
|
What disease does cytomegalovirus cause in immunocompetent persons?
|
mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil-antibody negative)
|
|
|
Mention 2 diseases that cytomegalovirus can cause in immune compromised persons!
|
pneumonia, chorioretinitis, colitis
|
|
|
Which antiviral drug is active against cytomegalovirus infection?
|
Ganciklovir, (foscarnet, cidofovir)
|
|
|
Describe the heterophil antibody test used in Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics!
|
Paul-Bunnel test – in mononucleosis caused by EBV, the serum of the patient agglutinates sheep red blood cells
|
|
|
Which virus causes exanthema subitum (roseola infantum)?
|
HHV6
|
|
|
Which virus causes erythema infectiosum?
|
Human parvovirus B19
|
|
|
Reverse transcription is involved in the replication of which DNA virus?
|
Hepadnaviridae – HBV
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
|
reassortment of genome segments
|
|
|
Which antigens of influenza viruses are recognized by neutralizing antibodies?
|
Hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
|
|
|
Which virus(es) is(are) susceptible to amantadine?
|
Influenza A virus
|
|
|
What is the possible late complication of measles infection (several years after the acute infection)?
|
SSPE – subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
|
|
What is the portal of entry of the viruses belonging to Paramyxoviridae?
|
Respiratory tract – aerosol infection
|
|
|
Which age group is mostly affected by respiratory syncitial (RS) virus infection?
|
babies (about 6 week – 6 month old)
|
|
|
What are the possible complications of adulthood mumps virus infection? Specify at least 2 of them!
|
Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis
|
|
|
What is the route of infection of rabies virus? How does rabies virus spread in the infected body?
|
By the bite of a rabid animal, (rarely by infectious aerosol) spread of the virus in the host – along the axons
|
|
|
What medication does a person need after exposure to rabies virus?
|
Active immunization – human diploid cell vaccine (killed virus)
and passive immunization – rabies immune globulin |
|
|
What is the portal of entry of polioviruses? Which areas of the central nervous system are affected by poliovirus infection?
|
oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract
damage in motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord + brain stem |
|
|
Which viruses belong to the Enterovirus genus?
|
Polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses 68 - 71
|
|
|
Mention 4 diseases caused by Coxsackie viruses!
|
febrile rashes, herpangina, myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, pleurodynia, hand- foot-and-mouth disease
|
|
|
What disease do rotaviruses cause? At which age?
|
gastroenteritis in young children
|
|
|
List the 3 antigens of hepatitis B virus against which antibodies may develop during or after the acute phase of infection?
|
HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg
|
|
|
Which hepatitis B-specific antibody is never present in chronic hepatitis?
|
Anti-Hbs
|
|
|
What are the main modes of transmission of HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection?
|
Sexual contact; perinatally from mother to newborn; by blood or blood products
|
|
|
What are the 2 serological markers that are necessary and sufficient to prove acute hepatitis B virus infection?
|
HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgM
|
|
|
Describe the active and passive prophylaxis against hepatitis B!
|
active immunization: recombinant HBsAg vaccine
passive immunization: HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) |
|
|
Which hepatitis viruses are acquired orally?
|
HAV, HEV
|
|
|
Which hepatitis viruses are acquired via parenteral routes?
|
HBV, HCV, HDV, (HGV)
|
|
|
Mention 4 diseases that can be caused by adenoviruses!
|
pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, acut respiratory disease, bronchitis, atypical pneumonia, hemorrhagic cystitis, gastrointestinal infection
|
|
|
Mention 2 human prion diseases!
|
Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia
|
|
|
What are the serious complications of HSV infection in newborns?
|
disseminated infections, encephalitis, skin, eye, mouth infections
|
|
|
Mention 3 DNA virus families containing no envelope!
|
Parvoviridae, Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae
|
|
|
Mention 3 DNA virus families containing envelope!
|
Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Poxviridae
|
|
|
Mention 3 RNA virus families containing no envelope!
|
Picornaviriade, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae
|
|
|
Mention 3 RNA virus families containing envelope!
|
Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, etc.
|
|
|
What is the portal of entry of mumps virus?
|
Upper respiratory tract
|
|
|
Mention at least two viruses capable of causing pneumonia!
|
RSV, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, coronavirus (SARS), metapneumovirus,
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
|
Measles virus
|
|
|
What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the combined vaccine against measles, German measles and mumps?
|
live attenuated viruses
|
|
|
What is the nature of antigen in the rabies vaccine for human use?
|
killed virus
|
|
|
Which viral variants are included in the human influenza vaccine?
|
The vaccine contains 2 influenza A strains (H3N2, H1N1) and 1 influenza B strain.
|
|
|
What does the vaccine against hepatitis B contain?
|
Subunit vaccine, containing HBsAg
|
|
|
What is(are) the nature(s) of antigens in the vaccines against poliovirus?
|
IPV: inactivated polio vaccine: killed viruses (types 1, 2 and 3)
OPV: oral polio vaccine: live attenuated viruses (types 1, 2 and 3) |
|
|
What is the causative agent of PML (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)?
|
JC virus (Polyomaviridae)
|
|
|
Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic shift?
|
influenza A
|
|
|
Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic drift?
|
Influenza A and B
|
|
|
What is the nature of the immune response in diseases caused by prions?
|
There is no immune response, as prions are self proteins.
|
|
|
Mention at least 3 diseases caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV1, HSV2)!
|
oropharyngeal herpes (gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis), keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, herpes genitalis
|
|
|
What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by rubella virus? Specify at least 3 of them!
|
Congenital malformations involving the heart (patent ductus arteriosus, septum defects), the eyes (cataract, glaucoma) and the brain (deafness, mental reardation).
|
|
|
Which ifluenza A subtypes cause most human infections currently?
|
H1N1, H3N2
|
|
|
Mention 3 main viral targets of antiretroviral chemotherapy!
|
HIV reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase
|
|
|
Mention 3 nucleoside (or nucleotide) type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
|
azidothymidine (zidovudine), abacavir, lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, dideoxyinozine (didanosine), dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine), stavudine
|
|
|
Mention 2 non nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
|
nevirapine, efavirenz
|
|
|
Mention 2 protease inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
|
ritonavir, atazanavir, darunavir, lopinavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, saquinavir
|
|
|
Mention an integrase inhibitor used in the therapy of AIDS!
|
raltegravir
|
|
|
What is the principle of the „highly active antiretroviral therapy” (HAART) currently used in the treatment of AIDS!
|
Combination of two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2 NRTI) with either a nonnucleosid reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase inhibitor (II)
2 NRTI + NNRTI / PI / II |
|
|
What are the criteria to classify a virus as robovirus? Write an example, too!
|
Robovirus: rodent reservoir (rodent-borne)
Arenaviridae – Lassa, Junin, Machupo, LCM virus; Bunyaviridae – Hantaan virus, Puumala virus, Sin Nombre virus; Filoviridae – Marburg, Ebola virus |
|
|
What are the criteria to classify a virus as arbovirus? Write an example, too!
|
Arbovirus: arthropode vector (arthropode-borne);
Flaviviridae – yellow fever, Dengue-fever; Bunyaviridae – Rift-valley fever, Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever; etc. |
|
|
Which hepatitis virus infections increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
|
HBV, HCV, HDV
|
|
|
Which virus can cause haemorrhagic fever with hepatitis and nephritis?
|
yellow fever virus
|
|
|
Describe the 2 different epidemiological cycles of yellow fever!
|
Jungle yellow fever: reservoir: monkeys; vector: Haemagogus mosquitos; humans: accidental hosts
Urban yellow fever: reservoirs: humans; vectors : Aedes aegypti mosquitos |
|
|
How can we prevent tick borne encephalitis?
|
Active immunization: killed virus vaccine, passive: specific immune globulin
|
|
|
Which viruses can cause human tumors? Mention at least 4!
|
HPV, EBV, HHV-8, HBV, HCV, HTLV
|
|
|
Mention 3 opportunistic infections characteristic for AIDS!
|
Viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV, EBV, HHV-8, HPV
Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical Mycobacteria, Salmonella septicaemia Fungi: Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
|
Describe the principals of the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection!
|
Demonstration of antiviral antibodies.
Presumptive diagnosis: ELISA Verification: Western-blot assay |
|
|
Mention three sexually transmittable viral infections!
|
HPV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HIV, HBV, HCV, molluscum contagiosum
|
|
|
Mention two viruses capable of getting through the placenta.
|
Rubella virus, HCMV, parvovirus B19, HIV, HTLV-1
|
|
|
Mention 2 viral infections whose preventive strategy involves passive immunization!
|
Rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, HBV, VZV, measles
|
|
|
List at least three viruses capable of causing (meningo)encephalitis!
|
Rabies, HSV, VZV, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encepahalitis, mumps, poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus
|
|
|
What is the nature(s) of antigen in the vaccine against yellow fever?
|
Live attenuated virus (17D strain)
|
|
|
What disease does Epstein-Barr virus cause? What are the Epstein-Barr virus associated tumors?
|
Mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil positive)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas |
|
|
Mention 3 types of human cancers caused by EBV?
|
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas
|
|
|
What type of human cancer is caused most frequently by HHV8?
|
Kaposi’s sarcoma
|
|
|
What types of human cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types?
|
genital cancers, most importantly cervical cancer
|
