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267 Cards in this Set
- Front
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what are the major genus specific antigens for adenovirus? what does this mean?
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the hexamer faces. determines if its mammalian or avian.
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T/F adenovirus is an RNA virus
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false! dsDNA
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what do the pentamer vertices of an adenovirus determine?
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the genus and species-specific antigen
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how many fibers project from each pentamer of an adenovirus? what are their function?
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12. initial attachment.
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how do adenoviruses enter cells?
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fiber-cell receptor endocytosis
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what does the number 4 have to do with adenovirus replication? why?
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there is a temporal (time mediated) expression of the adenovirus genes and there are 4 different time periods involved. this is because it allows more efficient use of the organelles.
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do adenoviruses replicate via RNA or DNA processing or both?
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both!
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why what type of viruses have been used a lot for gene therapy?
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adenoviruses.
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do adenoviruses integrate, why or why not?
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NO remember DNA viruses do not like to integrate.
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how do adenoviruses get released.
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cytolysis.
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what is the cell tropism for adenoviruses?
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respiratory and enteric epithelium
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how are adenoviruses transmitted?
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horizontally, by direct contact.
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adenoviruses have a long/short incubation period
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LONG
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where does the adenovirus have its primary replication?
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at the site of entry
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T/F adenovirus infections usually remain localized
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true.
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look up L12 part I letter D
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OK.
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T/F adenoviruses are highly species specific.
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true.
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T/F adenovirus tend to give persistent clinical signs
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false. when productive usually persistently subclinical.
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what kind of disease do adenoviruses tend to yield (chronic/acute/mild/moderate/severe etc)
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acute mild
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what kind of adenovirus do ferrets and minks get?
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canine (CAV-1)
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whats the big disease that CAV-1 causes and what age are the most susceptible?
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hepatitis, puppies.
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what does "blue eye" come from?
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immune complexes causing corneal edema and uveitis thanks to CAV-1
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what is the major mode of adenovirus transmission?
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viruria (tree mail)
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T/F foxes take a long time to show CAV-1 disease.
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FALSE...very fast less than 24h.
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adenovirus is enveloped/nonenveloped.
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nonenveloped!
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what is the mortality rate for fox encephalitis from adenovirus? what happens usually?
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15-20% and hemorrhage due to endothelial damage.
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what is CAV-2 and what does it cause?
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the respiratory form of CAV, causes tracheobronchitis
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T/F CAV-2 vaccination cross-protects against CAV-1
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true.
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what horse species is special when it comes to adenovirus and how?
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arabian foals. they lack CMI B/T cells so they get pneumonia and lymphopenia leading to death! widespread tissue destruction.
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what virus causes weak calf syndrome? how is it induced and what about vaccination?
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BAV bovine adenovirus.stress induced and NO vax because there are too many serotypes (10).
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why is it hard to control adenovirus in general?
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non-enveloped and very persistent infection
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what virus causes marble spleen disease and hemorrhagic aplastic anemia in birds?
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adenovirus!
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would you give a pregnant bitch a modified live vaccine?
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no that's a no-no.
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T/F a wart can only form if the basal cells get infected, not the upper granular layer.
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true.
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how long is the pap virus incubation period and where does it occur?
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it's short for a lytic productive infection, but longer for nonproductive infections (like hyperplasia and transformation)
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T/F warts come from a nonproductive pap infection.
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true.
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what kind of immune response (humoral/CMI) does a pap virus induce?
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humoral!
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T/F bleach kills parvo but not papillomavirus.
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false. kills them both.
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T/F papillomaviruses have high host/tissue specificity and are benign and self-limiting
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true.
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WHERE on the body does bovine papilloma show up.
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head, genitals, teats, legs
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which of the following does NOT get papillomavirus: cows, horses, dogs, cats
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cats don't get papillomavirus.
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what are type 4 bovine papillomaviruses?
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alimentary and bladder carcinomas from bracken fern
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what are sarcoids?
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equine papillomas that are locally invasive and are generally for life.
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what is the tissue tropism for canine pap virus and the age of dogs it infects?
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young dogs.......mucous membranes
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T/F you can't get pap virus from a dog.
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FALSE. it's highly contagious and zoonotic.
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you see giant horn-like things coming out of a rabbits mouth. what is it and what do you do?
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it's papillomavirus, it will regress.
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whats the main incidence of bovine papilloma?
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calves in the winter.
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adult form parvo: where do you find it?
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crypt cells of the gut and the hematopoietic system (bone marrow/thymus/spleen/LNs)
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what type of virus can be immunosuppressive?
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parvo! panleukopenia!
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neonate parvo cell tropism?
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pantropic but especially GIT/hematopoietic/CEREBELLUM/myocardium
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if you see a little kitty that can't stand due to ataxia or has tremors what virus might it have?
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parvo! cerebellar hypoplasia.
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if a dog is born with CHF what virus might it have?
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parvo (myocardium tropism)
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where does parvo enter? primary replication location?
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mucosa into lymphoid cell. primary replication is in the pharyngeal lymph nodes.
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where does parvo have its primary viremia?
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secondary replication sites ie it's tropism spot
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how is parvo shed?
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feces.
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LEARN EVERYTHING ABOUT CANINE, FELINE AND PORCINE PARVO.
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OK.
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enteritis and panleukopenia in adult cats indicates what virus?
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parvo
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ataxia, thymic atrophy and panleuk in kittens indicate what virus?
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parvo.
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how many serotypes does feline parvo have?
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1.
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the signs for adult and baby parvo are the same for cats and dogs except what?
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myocarditis in dogs instead of the ataxia in kittens.
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what are the 2 serotypes of canine parvo?
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type 2 subtype 2a and 2b
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what 2 dogs are susceptible to parvo the most?
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rotts and dobies
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whats the most obvious sign of porcine parvo?
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reproduction problems
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when are animals MOST susceptible to parvo if they have high colostral antibodies?
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13-18 weeks!
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when are animals with low maternal antibodies most susceptible to parvo?
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6-13 weeks.
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what is the type and shape of the papillomavirus genome?
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dsDNA, supercoiled, circular
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how do pap viruses enter?
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endocytosis
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what is the cell topism for pap viruses?
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epithelium! integument and mucosal membranes
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WHERE are most permissive cells found for pap viruses?
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keratinizing (outmost) skin layer
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what kind of cell is required for a papilloma to grow?
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non-permissive! viral genome persists (episome) and is expressed = hyperplasia = papilloma
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T/F papilloma formation is considered cell transformation
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FALSE.
remember, transformation is a RARE event that the virus doesn't like. |
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T/F a productive infection correlates with cell death.
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true.
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feline panleukopenia is from what virus?
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parvo!
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what kind of nucleic acid is parvo? how many "genes" and proteins does it have?
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2 "genes"
4 proteins |
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does parvo have an envelope? what kinds of things is it resistant to?
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nonenveloped
ether, heat, and pH stable |
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what cell tropism does parvo have? incubation period?
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rapidly dividing cells!!!!!
hella short incubation period. |
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how does parvo (nonenveloped) get out of a cell?
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lysis.
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poxvirus is a DNA/RNA virus and is relatively small/big.
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dna
huge. |
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poxvirus is enveloped/nonenveloped and how does it enter?
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BOTH
non more common though. can be in dry scabs for years. so usually endocytosis |
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where does poxvirus replicate?
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in the cytoplasm, which is against the rule.
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how do poxviruses get released?
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budding.
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what are viroplasms?
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pox "virus factories" = progeny assembly sites. huge ass inclusion bodies.
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what is the pox cell tropism?
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epithelium!
skin lesions = zoonotic |
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pox is local/systemic
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BOTH
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what's the route of transmission for systemic pox?
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respiratory
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what kind of cells are involved in pox viremia?
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macrophages/monocytes
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what's the pox incubation period?
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short
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what's the transmission model for poxvirus?
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HORIZONTAL - DIRECT CONTACT.
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pox viruses use arthropods...so they are arboviruses?
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NO! use them mechanically only.
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localized pox is long/short lived and systemic pox is long/short lived
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local - short
systemic - long |
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T/F cowpox is non-zoonotic
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false.
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which pox is reportable?
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camelpox
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what's the natural reservoir for cowpox?
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rodents.
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what species get parapoxvirus?
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ruminants! especially ewes
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what is "orf"? is it zoonotic?
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contagious pustular dermatitis. it is zoonotic and its from parapoxvirus.
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once you vax a ewe for parapoxvirus is she all good?
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NO b/c its localized. ONLY if she gets the systemic version and lives will she be immune.
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which involves ulceration, cowpox or pseudocowpox?
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cowpox.
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which form of capripoxvirus is reportable? sheep/goatpox or lumpskin disease?
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BOTH
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who gets lumpyskin disease?
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cattle.
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what disease is characterized by severe systemic disease and subcutaneous gelatinous swellings?
how is it transmitted? |
leporipoxvirus (european rabbits!).
horizontal. |
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what are the 2 forms of fowlpox?
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skin - dry form
systemic/MM - wet form |
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herpes usually causes ________ infections.
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LATENT.
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what are the 3 subfamilies of herpes?
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alpha, beta, gamma
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herpes are enveloped/nonenveloped.
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enveloped
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alpha herpes viruses are fast or slow?
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FAST
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beta herpes viruses are fast or flow?
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SLOW.
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what are the 4 genera of alpha herpes?
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simplex
varicellovirus iltovirus mardivirus |
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look at herpes lecture I C 4. know the starred viruses.
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OK.
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which herpes causes cytomeglia?
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BETA.
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what kind of tissues does beta herpes go for?
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secretory glands, lymphoreticular tissue, kidneys
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what are the 2 genera of beta herpes?
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muromegalovirus
cytomegalovirus |
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what type of tissue does gamma herpes go after and what type of infections generally?
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lymphoproliferative!
lytic infections. |
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what are the 2 genera of gamma herpes?
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lymphocryptovirus
rhadinovirus |
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how do herpes viruses enter?
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endocytosis/fusion
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where does herpes replicate?
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nucleus.
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where do herpes progeny virions accumulate?
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the ER cisternae then cytoplasmic vesicles.
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how are herpes virions released?
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exocytosis.
some cause cytolysis. |
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what are 4 outcomes of herpes-cell interactions?
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-cytolysis (Alpha/Beta)
-syncytia formation -latency (episome) -transformation |
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T/F proviruses are fairly common with herpes
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FALSE. uncommon.
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what's the big point about herpes virus properties?
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they form a latent infection in the natural host and can be shed without clinical signs.
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what is the cell tropism for herpes?
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urogenital/respiratory mucosa and the skin.
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what's important regarding a fetus who's parent has localized herpes?
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it can go systemic in the kid.
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what's the pattern for shedding of alpha herpes?
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periodic!
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what is the SOURCE of shedding for latent alpha herpes?
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neurons.
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what is the cell tropism for beta herpes specifically? what is the pattern for shedding?
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respiratory.
constant shedding. |
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how does herpes get transmitted (horiz or vertical)?
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BOTH!
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milk/blood transmission is considered horizontal or vertical?
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horizontal.
placental is vertical. |
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why do we vax for herpes if it can't stop latency or reactivation?
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reduce severity and reduce duration of shedding.
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what is "red nose"?
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BHV-1 , an alpha virus. respiratory and genital which can cause abortions.
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Alpha herpes are ____tropic and ____tropic
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pneumo, neuro
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what is "pump handle" respiration?
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caused by infectious laryngotracheitis aka young bird herpes.
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what are 2 problems with larygotracheitis (herpes)?
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pump handle respiration
decreased egg production |
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what is the tropism for marek's disease (herpes)?
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epithelium -> feather follicle -> respiratory tract -> macrophages
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what's the pathogenesis for marek's disease?
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respiratory -> epithelial primary repl -> macrophage/monocite viremia -> lymphoid cells -> polyneuritis and lymphoproliferation
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what is polyneuritis in marek's disease (herpes)?
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enlargement of peripheral nerves and "range paralysis"
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what are the factors determining the outcome of marek's disease (herpes)?
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virulence
dose age/sex/immune status genetics |
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what are the 4 overlapping syndromes for marek's disease (herpes)?
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neurolymphamatosis (classic) - range paralysis
acute - respiratory ocular lymphomatosis - gray eye cutaneous - lymphoproliferative |
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how is marek's disease transmitted?
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horizontal only
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what is the vax for marek's disease?
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turkey herpesvirus
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what's the natural host for pseudorabies?
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pigs.
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what if a non-pig gets pseudorabies?
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nothing happens.
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what's the big symptom in secondary hosts of pseudorabies?
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mad itch
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what does bovine herpes t2 cause?
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ulcerative mammilitis
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what virus causes FMD?
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bovine herpes t2
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T/F herpes simiae B is zoonotic
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TRUE !
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what's an asian macaque and why do you care?
|
endemic for herpes B that will kill us.
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HOW are alpha herpes shed again?
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mucosal membranes
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what's the cell tropism for betaherpes?
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epithelium and something else i missed it.
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how are betaherpes transmitted?
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vertical and horizontal
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how often are betaherpes shed?
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continuously
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what's the big problem from betaherpes? ie what 2 organ systems are hit.
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respiratory and reproductive
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what does betaherpes do to individual cells?
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cytomegaly.
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T/F betaherpes is ubiquitous.
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true.
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T/F betaherpes is zoonotic.
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false
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what virus is malignant catarrhal fever?
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gammaherpes! sporadic
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what's the cell tropism for gammaherpes?
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lymphoid, epithelium (resp/GI)
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T/F gammaherpes are latent
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true.
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which herpes virus does NOT get respiratory epithelium?
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NONE. know that they all do.
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what are clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?
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peripheral corneal opacityes and uveitis, nasal discharge and diarrhea
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asfarviridae is enveloped/nonenveloped
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enveloped!
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what's the big deal with asfarviridae?
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it's extremely stable in protein and animal tissues ie refrigerated ones.
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how does asfarviridae enter? where does it replicate?
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endocytosis. in the cytoplasm
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T/F asfarviridae doesn't form inclusion bodies
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false.
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what's the cell tropism for asfarviridae?
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lymphoreticular tissue esp. macrophages so viremia/systemic bigtime.
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how is asfarviridae transmitted?
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horizontal aerosol!
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T/F asfarviridae is an arbovirus
|
true.
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what's the ONLY DNA virus that is an arbovirus?
|
asfarviridae. the soft tick.
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what's the reservoir for asfarviridae?
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feral pigs.
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how would you detect asfarviridae?
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ELISA only. nothing else.
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what's the real name for asfarviridae? is it reportable?
|
african swine fever virus
yes it's reportable |
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what's the primary clinical sign for chronic african swine fever virus?
|
skin lesions
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what's special about asfarviridae and antibodies?
|
it induces huge titers of non-neutralizing antibodies
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what disease does asfarviridae LOOK LIKE?
|
hog cholera
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BHV-1 (alpha) causes what 2 diseases? is it zoonotic and what's the natural host?
|
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis yes it's enzoonotic from PIGS |
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what are the 2 transmissions for BHV-1 (alpha) and the general diseases they cause?
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aerosol = "red nose" abortions
direct (sex/AI) = genital disease |
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how does BHV-1(alpha) disseminate?
|
viremia!
from URT/tonsils -> neuro then encephalitis |
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what's disease does SuHV-1 cause? is it zoonotic?
|
pseudorabies! Aujeszky's disease
yes it's enzoonotic |
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what 3 things does the course of pseudorabies depend on?
|
age
immune status virulence |
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how is pseudorabies transmitted?
|
horizontal AND vertical
respiratory eating aborted fetuses (mmmmm) spit and placenta |
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in pig primary pseudorabies infection what's the difference between young and adults who get it?
|
young = respir -> neuro -> death
adults = respir -> repro problems -> neuro |
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what happens to secondary hosts for pseudorabies?
|
death. they are dead-end hosts.
"mad itch" "pseudorabies" foamy mouf |
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what disease does EHV-4 (alpha) cause?
|
equine rhinopneumonitis
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What type of infections do retroviruses usually establish?
|
steady-state persistent productive.
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can retroviruses cause transformation or go latent?
|
can go latent, can cause transformation
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are retroviruses enveloped?
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yup.
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how long do retroviruses last for? and what do they infect?
|
LIFE LONG
WBCs |
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describe the retroviral nucleic acid
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+sense ssRNA diploid
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what are the 5 retroviral genes?
|
gag (capsid)
pro (tease) pol (ymerase) env LTR (regulatory, enhancer) |
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what are the 2 modes of retroviral replication/transmission?
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endogenous (proviruses)
exogenous (infectious agents) |
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HOW are exogenous retroviruses transmitted. are they proviruses?
|
horizontal and vertical
YES often proviruses |
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how do retroviruses enter?
|
fusion.
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where does retroviral replication occur? where are the progeny assembled?
|
the nucleus.
the plasma membrane. |
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how are retroviruses released?
|
buddin'.
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do retroviruses go provirus or episome?
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either.
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T/F retroviral tumors are monoclonal
|
true. because the transformation is so random it only hits in one place.
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what will be the result of horizontal transmission in an immunocompetent vs and immunoincompetent host?
|
+: transient viremia, persistent (latent) infection
-: viremia, persistent productive infection |
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what will be the result of vertical transmission of a retrovirus?
|
persisent productive infection -> clinical disease.
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what's the CMI doing in a retroviral infection?
|
ADCC against viral-specified, nonstructural proteins expressed on the surface of transformed cells. (stopping tumors)
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Equine infectious anemia is commonly called what? how long is it's incubation period?
|
"swamp fever"
looooong incubation |
|
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what is the cell tropism for EIA and in what cells is there a cell-associated viremia?
|
lymphocytes and macrophages
lymphocytes |
|
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what's a big sign of chronic EIA?
|
cachexia, ventral edema
|
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what's the MAIN route of transmission for EIA?
|
horizontal!!!
like mosquitos/flies and shit AS WELL AS milk/saliva/urine |
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what's with the recurrent episodes of acute fever and anemia with EIA?
|
because of mutations
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what does the subacute EIA infection loo like?
|
persistent moderate fever (after recovery from acute!)
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is vertical transmission possible with EIA?
|
yes, but horizontal happens mainly
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what's the best way to control EIA>?
what about a vaccine? |
vector control! also isolate and limit movement of positive horsies
no vax. |
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what is the overall pattern of the clinical course for EIA?
|
it's variable.
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how does you test for EIA?
|
coggins test yo.
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what are the 3 genera for rhabdovirus?
|
lyssavirus (rage)
vesiculovirus (lil bladder) ephemerovirus (bovine fevah) |
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what's the diff btw variant and ecotype?
|
variant = ID'd by antigenic relatedness and genotyping
ecotype = variant IDd in connection w/ primary reservoir host |
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|
what are the 5 terrestrial variants of lyssavirus (rabies) in North America?
|
AV1 = skunk in north central US and california + texican canines
AV2 = skunk in south central US AV3 = arizonian gray foxes AV4 = arctic and red fox in alaska AV5 = east coast coons |
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T/F all lyssaviridae are rabies viruses
|
FALSE there's african and australian ones that are non-rabies
|
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what's the envelope status and shape of rhabdoviruses?
|
enveloped and bullet shaped
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T/F the rabies virus is pretty labile
|
true.
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how do you kill rabies virus?
|
soap n water (detergent)
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what is the nucleic acid for rhabdoviridae?
|
ssRNA
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what are the 5 proteins in rhabdoviridae?
|
G-lycoprotein,
M-atrix/membrane, L-RNA polymerase and pk, P-phosphoprotein N-ucleocapsid |
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which 3 proteins make up the RNP complex for the rhabdovirus nucleocapsid?
|
L P and N
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how do rhabdoviruses enter (2 ways)?
|
receptor endocytosis or fusion
|
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where do rhabdoviruses replicate?
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cytoplasm
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T/F the envelope is NOT required for VSV or BEFV infection hence they are more stable than rabies
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true.
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of the 3 rhabdovirus genera which 2 shut down cell biosynthesis?
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rabies and BEFV
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where does the bat variant of rabies replicate in the human?
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skin!
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how do rhabdoviruses get released?
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budding.
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Do rhabdoviruses use DI particles?
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yep, they mess up stuff.
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what's the cell tropism for rabies virus?
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neurons and secretory epithelium
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what's the cell tropism for VSV
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epithelium
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how are rhabdoviruses transmitted?
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horizontally via skin or mucosal lesions
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what's the best indicator species for vesicular stomatitis virus in an area?
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horsies.
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T/F BEV is long lived and reportable
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false.
shortlived and reportable |
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what's the cell tropism for BEV? how is it transmitted and controlled?
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reticuloendothelial system
horizontal vax/eradication/control |
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T/F vesiculovirus is reportable in ALL THREE SPECIES
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true.
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T/F vesiculovirus is zoonotic
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true.
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what kind of disease does vesicular virus cause in humans and animals? what's the incubation period?
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humans = flu like
animals = true. short. |
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T/F there are fairly low titers of virus in the vesicular fluid
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false very high.
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what's the cell tropism for vesiculovirus and how can you tell it apart from FMD?
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epithelium
lab only not visually! |
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what about horses and FMD?
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they don't get it.
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T/F vesiculovirus is usually self limiting and can cause horses to slough their hooves
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true and true.
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why don't we see vesiculovirus in pigs much?
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cuz they're not usually kept near cattle.
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who can get rabies?
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ALL warm blooded animals thanks to G proteins.
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what's the incubation period for rabies?
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2 weeks to 7 years.
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T/F a higher titer of rabies = shorter incubation period
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true.
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T/F rabies can be gotten from bite wounds only
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false.
aerosol too man. |
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what's the temporal pattern for rabies shedding in saliva?
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sporadic NOT constant and can be shed before clinical signs!
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is rabies viremic?
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nope. nerve migration only.
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what's the first clinical sign with a rabid animal?!?!
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can't swallow! choke!!
b/c of paralyzed laryngeal muscles. |
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what are the 3 forms of avian leukosis virus?
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lymphoid (WBCs transformed)
osteopetrosis - thick leg due to faulty resorption renal tumors |
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between ALV and ASV which one is v-onc +?
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sarcoma
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what are the 3 forms of avian sarcoma virus?
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erythroblastosis (stem cells)
myeloblastosis (W stem cells) myelocytomatosis (nongranular myelocyte) |
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how are ALV and ASV transmitted? which is more efficient?
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horizontal (saliva) - inefficient
vertical is good b/c chicks are immunocompromised |
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what's the big deltaretroviral disease? how long is the incubation period?
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bovine leukemia
LONG incubation |
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what's the cell tropism for bovine leukemia and is it replication competent?
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B lymphocytes
yes. |
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who usually gets bovine leukemia?
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dairy cattle over 4
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how is bovine leukemia transmitted? shed?
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horizontal and vertical
colostrum/milk/urine as well as mechanical vectors |
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out of FeLV and FeSV which is replication competent aka v-onc-?
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FeLV
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T/F FeLV can be transmitted by water dishes
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true.
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what's the cell tropism for FeLV/SV?
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W stem cells and platelets
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what's the pathogenesis for FeLV?
1) primary viremia location andtime 2) secondary location and time 3) secondary viremia location and time |
oral-nasal exposure->
1) 1-14d in mono/lympho 2) 3-12d in germinal centers 3) 14-28d in neutro/plates |
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what can cause a false negative FeLV test?
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if the animal is thrombocytopenic or leukopenic
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when can you detect FeLV with ELISA and with IFA and when does it start to shed?
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ELISA during primary viremia 1-14d
IFA secondary viremia 14-28d shedding after a month or more |
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T/F if a retrovirus isn't viremic it's not shedding.
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true.
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retrovirus: host has immune response
1) infection type 2) NA titer 3) shedding 4) anti-FOCMA titer |
latent in bone marrow
high NA titer not shedding b/c not viremic low anti-FOCMA titer |
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retrovirus: host has no immune response
1) infection type 2) NA titer 3) shedding 4) anti-FOCMA titer |
persistent productive
negative NA titer shedding negative anti-FOCMA |
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retrovirus: host has mini immune response
1) infection type 2) NA titer 3) shedding 4) anti-FOCMA titer |
negative NA titer
little sheddin positive anti-FOCMA |
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what are the 2 clinical manifestations of retrovirus infections and which most common?
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degenerative dz (common)
proliferative (neoplastic) dz if survive degenerative dz |
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can FeLV replicate in human cells?
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YES but doesn't mean it's zoonotic
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read up on lentivirus.
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ok.
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