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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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different forms of heterarchy |
Agricultural Revolution : leadership in villages was more institutionalized, achieved, informal, and hierarchical. Urban Revolution : One central leader operating through sub-leaders, who may operate through their own subordinates. |
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why is “social substitutability” important for warfare? |
People begin to hold entire groups responsible for their individual members’ behaviors created “social substitutability". This is important because groups begin killing any one person to get "even", eventually spiraling into ongoing feuds. |
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how serious were economic and gender inequalities in villages? |
Agricultural Revolution : Economic and gender inequalities began in some places, while most remained gender-egalitarian. Urban Revolution : Continued warfare and gender inequality developed, some believing they developed together. Increasing in complex societies. Commodification led to deeper gender inequality. In later years of the urban revolution both economic and gender inequalities greatly increased. |
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What is ancestor veneration? how might it have been used as social control? |
Ancestor cults, in which members venerate leaders”, holding respect, secrecy and ritual knowledge. |
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why was pottery such a significant technology in villages? |
Pottery indicates sedentism well beyond normal forager camping; tools accompanying the ceramics also indicate increased sedentism. |
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What happened to mortality and fertility in the transition from foraging bands to domesticating villages? |
Agricultural Revolution : Lot harsher, both fertility and mortality increased. Fertility did increase more. lot harsher, both fertility and mortality increased. Fertility did increase more. Urban Revolution : Mortality went up or at least stayed the same. |
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what was one of the main destructive environmental practices humans practiced over the centuries? what was its impact? |
Agricultural Revolution : Farming degraded the land and population growth and improved technology led to deforestation. Urban Revolution : Waterlogging (over-irrigating), salinization (reduced land fertility with salt), and deforestation lead to erosion. |
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"commodity chain" |
Gather resources, transform into goods/commodities, and distribute them to consumers. |
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what is cultural diffusion of domesticating techniques, what is “demic” diffusion of the same, and why do they matter? |
Some foragers resisted the diffusion of farming and herding into their lands. This is why some villages appeared while others didn't. demic diffusion is incorporation of hunter–gatherers into the farming communities. |
