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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leon Blum
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French socialist politician
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Vo Nguyen Giap
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He was a principal commander in two wars: the First Indochina War (1946–1954) and the Vietnam War (1960–1975). He participated in the following historically significant battles: Lạng Sơn (1950); Hòa Bình (1951–1952); Điện Biên Phủ (1954); the Tết Offensive (1968); the Nguyên Huế Offensive (known in the West as the Easter Offensive) (1972); and the final Hồ Chí Minh Campaign (1975).
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Mao Zedong
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Ruthless and ambitious, Mao turned China into a world military power and created a cult of personality, forcing the distribution of his image and his "Little Red Book" (a collection of political maxims) upon the Chinese people. His campaign to export communism made China a threat to the West and led to confrontations in Southeast Asia and Korea.
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George Kennan
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In 1949 Kennan clashed with John Foster Dulles over the issue of the recognizing communist China. Dulles leaked the story to a journalist and Kennan decided to resign from his policy planning post. He joined the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton but in 1952 Harry S. Truman appointed Kennan as the United States ambassador in Moscow.
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Dean Acheson
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Over the next two years Acheson played an important role in devising both the Truman Doctrine and the European Recovery Program (ERP). Acheson believed that the best way to halt the spread of communism was by working with progressive forces in those countries threatened by revolution. After becoming Secretary of State in 1949, Acheson and George Marshall, Secretary of Defence, came under increasing attack from right-wing politicians who considered the two men to be soft on communism.
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Bao Dai
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After much negotiation the following was agreed: (1) Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel; (2) North Vietnam would be ruled by Ho Chi Minh; (3) South Vietnam would be ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong opponent of communism; (4) French troops would withdraw from Vietnam; (5) the Vietminh would withdraw from South Vietnam; (6) the Vietnamese could freely choose to live in the North or the South; and (7) a General Election for the whole of Vietnam would be held before July, 1956, under the supervision of an international commission.
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Dean Rusk
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Assistant secretary of state for Asian desk rags to riches went to oxford involved in 2 administrations of U.S. policy
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Bay Vien
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General Le van "Bay" Vien, was an independent military force within the Vietnamese National Army whose leaders once had lived outside the law and had sided with the Viet Minh. During its heyday, Binh Xuyen funded itself with organized crime activities in Saigon while effectively battling Communist forces
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General Jean de Lattre
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De Lattre was the commander in chief in Indochina during the 1950s. Westmoreland failed to learn from de Lattre's tactics and strategies such as winning the hearts of the Vietnamese population (de Lattre was creating special programs to convince Vietamese people not to join the communists). De Lattre masterfully blended mobile warfare, counterinsurgency warfare, trench warfare, and several forms of unconventional warfare. Westmoreland only relied on the conventional warfare doctrines such as using heavy firepower to defeat enemies.
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General Henri Navarre
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May 1953 - In May 1953, the French government appointed General Henri Navarre commander in Vietnam and charged him with mounting a major new offensive against the Viet Minh. Two months later the new French government of Joseph Laniel promised to " perfect" Vietnamese
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Major General Rene Cogny
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In mid-June 1953 he focused his attention directly upon the T'ai region and the Dien Bien Phu valley, when the commander of French Union ground forces in northern Vietnam, Major General Rene Cogny, proposed that Dien Bien Phu should not only be re-occupied ...In mid-June 1953 he focused his attention directly upon the T'ai region and the Dien Bien Phu valley, when the commander of French Union ground forces in northern Vietnam, Major General Rene Cogny, proposed that Dien Bien Phu should not only be re-occupied as an anchor position from which to provide military support for the mobile operations of locally-based T'ai forces, but mat it could also eventually become the T'ai regional capital in place of Lai Chau: which town he
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Zhou Enlai
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On October 1, 1950, MacArthur called on the commander of the North Korean forces to surrender. The same day Chinese premier Zhou Enlai warned the West that the Chinese people “will not tolerate foreign aggression and will not stand aside should the imperialists wantonly invade the territory of their neighbor.” Two days later Zhou Enlai called in the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Kavalam Panikkar, and told him that if American troops crossed the thirty-eighth parallel .
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Colonel Christian de Castries
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In 1946 Castries, soon to become a lieutenant colonel, was sent to Indochina. He was wounded and spent a year recuperating in France before returning to Vietnam as a full colonel. In December 1953 he was charged with defending Dien Bien Phu against the Viet Minh and was given a field promotion to brigadier general. After an eight-week siege, the garrison was defeated. The French were overrun by the Viet Minh forces on 7 May 1954, effectively ending the First Indochina War and the French presence in Southeast Asia. Castries was held prisoner for four months while an armistice agreement was reached in Geneva. He retired from the military in 1959.[1]
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Colonel Charles Piroth
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while commanding an artillery unit north of Saigon, he had been wounded in the left arm but refused to leave his battery. By the time he arrived at the Saigon hospital, his arm had to be amputated above the elbow. then committed suicide when he failed to take out the viet minh artillery at dien bien phu
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Admiral Arthur Radford
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Admiral Arthur W. Radford, advocate of an aggressive policy in the Far East, is slated to be reappointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for ... Lawton Collins, is expected to return from, his position as the President's personal Ambassador to South Vietnam in a few weeks and ..
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General Matthew Ridgeway
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the use of B-29 Bombers to aid the french was shot down by General Matthew Ridgeway. "Wrong war, wrong place" (was a pentagon study for use of tactical nukes)
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Phan Van Dong
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1954 - A founder of the Viet Minh and an architect of the communist revolution that drove out the French colonials in 1954, he became communist chief Ho Chi Minh's steadfast administrative workhorse. DIED. PENELOPE FITZGERALD, 83, late-blooming ...DIED. PHAM VAN DONG, 94, Vietnam's tough and erudite Prime Minister for three decades during the war against the US and the country's subsequent reunification ; in Hanoi. A founder of the Viet Minh and an architect of the communist revolution that drove out the French colonials in 1954, he became communist chief Ho Chi Minh's steadfast administrative workhorse. DIED. PENELOPE FITZGERALD, 83, late-blooming, prizewinning British author of The Bookshop ...
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John Foster Dulles
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The resignation of Mr. John Foster Dulles as United States Secretary of State on April 15 was widely regarded as a personal and national tragedy. Mr. Christian and other able officials seem to have foreign policy well in hand, however, and It has be come clear that Mr. Dulles, ...
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Mendes-France
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French Premier Pierre MendesFrance raced the clock today in a quest to win an IndoChina cease-fire based on division of Viet Nam at the 18th parallel. But his efforts were set back by said last night's meeting with the Soviet foreign . minister resulted in a complete ...
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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Catholic- Confucian Traditions, Patriotic, Honest, Anti-communist, Nationalist, Believed ordained to govern Distrusted anyone not in his family. Did not see the "big picture" in Vietnam
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General J. Lawton Collins
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"lightening Joe" Envoy of President Eisenhower *Limit or cutoff aid if situation does not improve,
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Colonel Edward Lansdale
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key adviser to Diem . Former ad. executive, former O.S.S. agent. Helped put down revolt in Philippines: Psychological warfare
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Major Lucien Conein
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Aug 1954 - A special mission of a dozen CIA officers arrived in Vietnam in July and August 1954, and a detachment of that unit set up shop in Hanoi and Haiphong, at the time those cities were gradually being evacuated by the French. The paramilitary program was under ...A special mission of a dozen CIA officers arrived in Vietnam in July and August 1954, and a detachment of that unit set up shop in Hanoi and Haiphong, at the time those cities were gradually being evacuated by the French. The paramilitary program was under Major Lucien Conein, veteran of the OSS Jedburgh program as well as an earlier assignment to Indochina at the end of World War Conein and his colleagues recruited Vietnamese, trained them at a secret CIA base on
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Battle of Haiphong
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Oct 20, 1946 - He protested, but relations steadily worsened until, on 20 October 1946, French troops, ships, and aircraft opened fire on Viet Minh forces at Haiphong harbor in northern Vietnam. Thousands, mostly civilians, were killed in the "Battle of Haiphong."However, one month later the French announced that South Vietnam would become an autonomous state under pro-French Bao Dai, not Ho. Ho considered this a breach of the deal he had made in good faith. He protested, but relations steadily worsened until, on 20 October 1946, French troops, ships, and aircraft opened fire on Viet Minh forces at Haiphong harbor in northern Vietnam. Thousands, mostly civilians, were killed in the "Battle of Haiphong."
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Battle of Hanoi
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marked the opening salvo of the First Indochina War. The explosives, set off at 20:03 in the evening, had been smuggled past French Army guards into the city's power plant. The result explosion plunged Hanoi into darkness, and throughout the city the newly formed Viet-Minh began attacking French military positions and French homes.[1] Surviving French troops, alerted by friendly spies, gradually gained a numerical superiority. French artillery shelled the city, and house to house searches for conducted searching for the Viet-Minh leadership.
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Korean War
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The decision to engage in war in Vietnam and Korea had its ideological root in the Truman Doctrine which found clear expression in MacNamara's so called "Domino Theory". America reasoned that if first Korea and then Vietnam fell to communists, many other nations in proximity would be at risk. The US refused to have a policy of appeasement which had allowed Hitler to fortify Germany leading to WWII. In both Vietnam and Korea, America fought the forces of communism to keep nations free from Soviet control. This was the goal throughout the presidential administrations of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson. Although both wars were fought for the same reasons, the nature and circumstances of each war were quite different.
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"Containment"
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Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect"
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Domino Theory
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The domino theory was a theory during the 1950s to 1980s, promoted at times by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. The domino effect suggests that some change, small in itself, will cause a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change, and so on in linear sequence, by analogy to a falling row of dominoes standing on end. The domino theory was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War to clarify the need for American intervention around the world.
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Marshall Plan
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The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the large-scale economic program, 1947–1951[1], of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe.
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Truman Doctrine
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a policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.[1
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Vietminh Army
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"League for the Independence of Vietnam") was a national independence movement founded in South China on May 19, 1941 .[1] The Việt Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. When the Japanese occupation began, the Việt Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the Republic of China. After the Second World War, the Việt Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed the United States in the Vietnam War.
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Ho and Giaps view of how to win the war ( steps)
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1) Raids 2) Larger military actions 3) Kill shot?
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Street without joy
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Street Without Joy or La Rue Sans Joie was the name given by troops of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps to the stretch of Route 1 from Huế to Quảng Trị during the First Indochina War[1]. The Viet Minh had fortified a string of villages along a line of sand dunes and salt marshes between Route 1 and the South China Sea and used these bases to launch ambushes on convoys passing on Route 1 and on the adjacent Hanoi-Saigon railway line which together formed the principal lines of communication between northern and southern Vietnam[2].
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Viet Bac
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Village, 80 miles outside of Hanoi, Base of operations for Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh. Where French almost captured Ho Chi Minh.
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Giaps Offensive (1949) Chinese Border
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The United States recognized the South Vietnamese state, but many other nations viewed it as simply a French puppet regime and would not deal with it at all[citation needed]. The United States began to give military aid to France in the form of weaponry and military observers. By then with almost unlimited Chinese military supplies entering Vietnam, General Giáp re-organized his local irregular forces into five full conventional infantry divisions, the 304th, 308th, 312th, 316th and the 320th. The war began to intensify when Giáp went on the offensive, attacking isolated French bases along the Chinese border
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Giaps Offensive (1951) Red River Valley
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20,000 Viet Minh under Gen. Giap begin a series of attacks on fortified French positions in the Red River Delta (extending from Hanoi to the Gulf of Tonkin). The open areas of the Delta, in contrast to the jungle, allow French troops under the new command of Gen. Jean de Lattre to strike back with devastating results from the 'De Lattre Line' which encircles the region. 6000 Viet Minh die while assaulting the town of Vinh Yen near Hanoi in the first attack, causing Giap to withdraw.
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French public opinion of the "dirty war" (1952)
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A strong anti-war movement came into existence in France driven mostly by the then powerful French Communist Party (outpowering the socialists) and its young militant associations, major trade unions like the General Confederation of Labour as well as notable leftist intellectuals.[1
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Dien Bien Phu
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Giap focus operations towards Laos. Worries French. Takes Dien Bien Phu, leaves it lets French take it.
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"Mooring Points"
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French decide to retake DBP, Make it a Mooring point. New French Tactic by Gen. Henri Navarre.
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Operation Castor
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Nov. 1953 French retake DBP. Major Genral Rene Cogny said DBP was going to be a meat Grinder ( Future Prediction)
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Giap-warfare-2 factors
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1) People 2) Weapons
He had full power in the field. |
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Battle of Dien Bien Phu
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March 13, 1954 - Outnumbering the French nearly five-to-one, 50,000 Viet Minh under Gen. Giap begin their assault against the fortified hills protecting the Dien Bien Phu air base.
Giap's artillery pounds the French and shuts down the only runway, thus forcing the French to rely on risky parachute drops for re-supply. Giap's troops then take out their shovels and begin construction of a maze of tunnels and trenches, slowly inching their way toward the main French position and surrounding it. |
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Operation Vulture
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French doomed unless U.S. aids them. Admiral Arthur Radford. Use of 60 B-29 Bombers to aid French. Shot down by General Matthew Ridgeway " Wrong War, Wrong Place"
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Fire Bases ( Gabrielle, Beatrice, and Isabelle)
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Three artillery bases—named Gabrielle, Beatrice, and Isabelle—were established on the surrounding hills to protect the garrison and airfield below. The French believed that if the Vietminh attacked the central base, they could destroy them in the crossfire from the surrounding bases. The French artillery commander, Colonel Charles Piroth, boasted that no Vietminh cannon would "be able to fire three rounds before being destroyed" by the French artillery. By May 1954, roughly 13,000 French troops had arrived at Dien Bien Phu
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1954 Geneva Accords
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May 8, 1954 - The Geneva Conference on Indochina begins, attended by the U.S., Britain, China, the Soviet Union, France, Vietnam (Viet Minh and representatives of Bao Dai), Cambodia and Laos, all meeting to negotiate a solution for Southeast Asia.
July 21, 1954 - The Geneva Accords divide Vietnam in half at the 17th parallel, with Ho Chi Minh's Communists ceded the North, while Bao Dai's regime is granted the South. The accords also provide for elections to be held in all of Vietnam within two years to reunify the country. The U.S. opposes the unifying elections, fearing a likely victory by Ho Chi Minh. |
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SEATO
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Military Defense Pact. "Sept 1954" South East Asia Treaty Organization.
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Binh Xuyen, Cao Dai, Hoa Hao
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Vietnamese Government payments to Hoa Hao and Cao Dai sects / confessional forces are overdue
Representatives of the Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Dan Xa, Lien Minh and Binh Xuyen confessional forces (sects) meet at Tay Ninh and agree to form a "United Front" against Prime Minister Diem |
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CIA
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As early as 1954 that Saigon leader Ngo Dinh Diem would ultimately fail to gain the support of the South Vietnamese people. Meanwhile the CIA crafted a case officer-source relationship with Diem's brother Ngo Dinh Nhu as early as 1952, a time when the French were still fighting for Indochina( Helped rig election for Diem.)
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