Vibrio, Campylobacter, And Helicobacter

Front 1

What is the gram stain and shape of vibrio, campylobacter, and helicobacter?

Back 1

They are enteric gram negative bacilli that are either curved or spiral-shaped rods

Front 2

What are the most important species of vibrio?

Back 2

Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus

Front 3

Which species of vibrio commonly causes gastroenteritis?

Back 3

V. parahaemolyticus

Front 4

What type of infections are seen with vibrio vulnificus?

Back 4

Skin lesions, wound infections, bacteremia associated with eating raw oysters in immunosuppressed

Front 5

What is the serogroup that causes classic cholera?

Back 5

Vibrio cholerae O139

Front 6

What are the two important strains of cholera?

Back 6

Classical cholerae and El Tor strains (which are less severe)

Front 7

Describe the cholera enterotoxin

Back 7

The cholera enterotoxin comes from a phage gene and is nearly identical to the E. coli LT enterotoxin; it permanently activates adenylate cyclase and stimulates fluid secretion in intestinal epithelial cells

Front 8

What is the habitat of virbrio cholerae?

Back 8

It is found in environmental water sources and marine shellfish

Front 9

Describe the transmission of vibrio cholerae

Back 9

It is primarily transmitted from human to human via the fecal oral route and from contaminated drinking water or food

Front 10

Describe the clinical manifestations or vibrio cholerae infection

Back 10

They can colonize the small intestine with no invasion; they also cause nausea, vomiting, massive diarrhea causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (hypovolemic shock)

Front 11

What are the vaccines for cholerae?

Back 11

An oral live attenuated strain of V. cholerae and a vaccine that is killed cells plus a subunit of the toxin

Front 12

Describe the shape and oxygen requirements of campylobacter jejuni

Back 12

They are slender spirally curved rods and are microaerophilic (extremely sensitive to oxygen)

Front 13

What is the habitat of campylobacter jejuni?

Back 13

They are normal intestinal flora of many animals

Front 14

How is campylobacter transmitted?

Back 14

Human disease is usually a food-borne gastroenteritis from contaminated milk, water, or food

Front 15

Describe the clinical manifestations of campylobacterosis

Back 15

Acute infections show diarrhea, persistent fever, and abdominal pain

Front 16

What are two sequelae of campylobacterosis?

Back 16

Guillain-Barre syndrome (causes disease through molecular mimicry) and Reiter's syndrome

Front 17

Where is helicobacter pylori commonly found?

Back 17

stomach mucosa in patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers

Front 18

What are the major cellular antigens of helicobacter pylori?

Back 18

The flagella and CagA protein, which is injected into the host cells and kills them, causing inflammation

Front 19

What are the important exoenzymes of helicobacter?

Back 19

It secretes urease, which neutralizes gastric acids and stimulates neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis

Front 20

What is the important exotoxin of helicobacter?

Back 20

It secretes a vacuolating cytotoxin which induces vacuolation and cell death in epithelial cells

Front 21

How is helicobacter pylori transmitted?

Back 21

It is transmitted person to person via fecal-oral route

Front 22

Describe the clinical manifestations of helicobacter pylori

Back 22

Colonization is asymptomatic, but can develop gastritis and ulcer formation

Front 23

Describe the pathogenesis of helicobacter pylori

Back 23

They use their flagella to move beneath the mucin layer and attach to the gastric epithelium; they release urease which releases ammonia to protect the bacteria from the acidic pH

Front 24

How is helicobacter pylori diagnosed?

Back 24

It is confirmed based on the histological examination of gastric biopsies

Front 25

How is helicobacter pylori treated?

Back 25

It is treated with combination therapy of antibiotics