Vett 132 Small Animal Diseases Ii

Front 1

_________ is the study of the characteristics, causes, and effects of disease.

Back 1

Pathology

Front 2

Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance are primary functions of the:

Back 2

Urinary System

Front 3

The term that means pertaining to the same side of the body is

Back 3

Ipsilateral

Front 4

The process where tissues break apart or decline and which may be due to a normal consequence of aging or may be due to a disease process is called:

Back 4

Degeneration

Front 5

The group of microscopic single-celled organisms that require moist environments to survive and the group to which Giardia and Toxoplasma belong are:

Back 5

Protozoa

Front 6

An organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients is called a:

Back 6

Parasite

Front 7

Certain predisposing conditions exist that make a disease more likely to develop in an animal and these conditions are known as:

Back 7

Risk factors

Front 8

The body's first line of defense whose primary functions include protection, temperature regulation, and sensation is the:

Back 8

Integumentary System

Front 9

The term that means affecting or originating on the opposite side is:

Back 9

Contralateral

Front 10

___________ is the branch of biology concerned with the form of the body.

Back 10

Anatomy

Front 11

The study of the body and its parts with only the naked eye is termed:

Back 11

Gross Anatomy

Front 12

The body's first line of defense whose primary functions include protection, temperature regulation, and sensation is the:

Back 12

Integumentary System

Front 13

_________ is the study of cells.

Back 13

Cytology

Front 14

___________ are single cell microbes that may be in the shape of rods, balls, or spirals and may found in all types of environmental conditions.

Back 14

Bacterai

Front 15

Define Anatomy:

Back 15

deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts – what they look like and where they are located.

Front 16

Define Physiology:

Back 16

deals with the functions of the body and its parts how things work and what they do.

Front 17

Define histology

Back 17

department of anatomy dealing with minute structure, composition and function of tissues.

Front 18

Define cell

Back 18

the smallest subdivision of the body that is capable of life.

Front 19

Define tissue:

Back 19

groups of similar cells joined to perform the same function.

Front 20

Define organ:

Back 20

a somewhat independent body part that performs a specific function or functions

Front 21

Define system:

Back 21

most complex level of body organization. Groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities, i.e. the digestive system.

Front 22

Define homeostasis:

Back 22

maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body.

Front 23

Define bilateral symmetry:

Back 23

the left and right halves of the animal’s body are mirror images of each other.

Front 24

Cranial

Back 24

towards the head end of the body.

Front 25

Caudal

Back 25

towards the tail end of the body

Front 26

rostral

Back 26

towards the tip of the nose when talking only about the head

Front 27

dorsal

Back 27

toward the back

Front 28

ventral

Back 28

toward the belly

Front 29

medial

Back 29

toward the median plane

Front 30

lateral

Back 30

away from the median plane

Front 31

proximal

Back 31

towards the body (extremity)

Front 32

distal

Back 32

away from the body (extremity)

Front 33

center

Back 33

pertaining to a center, located at the midpoint

Front 34

peripheral

Back 34

pertaining to or situated at or near the periphery (portion of the system outside the central region).

Front 35

List the levels of organization of the body beginning with the simplest level.

Back 35

Cells, tissues, organs, systems.

Front 36

What are the microscopic and macroscopic components?

Back 36

Microscopic deal with structures so small a microscope is needed to see them (cells, tissues). Macroscopic (gross anatomy) deals with structures seen by the unaided eye.

Front 37

List 4 major tissue types

Back 37

Epithelia, muscle, connective, nervous.

Front 38

list the 11 major body systems

Back 38

Skeletal, integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, sensroy, endocrine, urinary reproductive

Front 39

The spherical body in the center of a cell which is enclosed by an envelope and contains DNA is:

Back 39

Nucleus

Front 40

The term that describes excessive cell reproduction and results in an increase in the number of cells is:

Back 40

Hyperplasia

Front 41

The term that describes the death of cells due to an injury or pathological condition is:

Back 41

Necrosis

Front 42

The major tissue type whose functions include; production of body movements and the production of heat.

Back 42

Muscle tissue.

Front 43

___________ are single-celled microbes that may parasitize cells directly and destroy them or they may produce ___________ that damage cells or elicit violent reactions of the immune system.

Back 43

Bacteria, toxins

Front 44

The gel-like internal substance of cells that includes many organelles suspended in water intracellular fluid is:

Back 44

Cytoplasm

Front 45

The major tissue type whose functions include; communication between body parts, integration and regulation of body functions, includes tissue of brain and spinal cord.

Back 45

Nervous tissue

Front 46

The term____________ refers to a solution that has the same concentration of particles as another solution. Example: Cells placed in an___________ solution maintain constant volume and pressure because the potential osmotic pressure of the intracellular fluid matches that of the extracellular fluid.

Back 46

Isotonic

Front 47

The term____________ refers to a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes as another solution. Example: ____________ saline contains less salt than is found in intracellular fluid. Cells expand in a hypotonic solution

Back 47

Hypotonic

Front 48

The major tissue type whose functions include; lining the body cavities, glandular activity, and covering and protecting the body surface.

Back 48

Epithelial tissue

Front 49

What is the range of cell sizes (diameter)?

Back 49

10-30 nm

Front 50

Define and describe meiosis.

Back 50

Meiosis – process of cell division in organisms that reproduce sexually and results in the production of gametes

Front 51

Define apoptosis

Back 51

a form of cell death necessary to make way for new cells an d to remove cells whose DNA has been damaged to the point at which cancerous change is liable to occur

Front 52

Define necrosis

Back 52

the death of cells in a tissue or organ caused by disease or injury.

Front 53

Define pathogens

Back 53

agent of disease such as bacterium or a virus.

Front 54

Define virus

Back 54

parasitic protein covered capsule containing either one strand of DNA or one strand of RNA. They lack the ability to reproduce themselves and rely on cells to do this.

Front 55

Define prion

Back 55

proteins or proteinaceous infectious particles lacking DNA or RNA. They can cause both inherited and transmissible disease. All known prion diseases are fatal.

Front 56

Define immunization

Back 56

– process by which an animal’s immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies that will recognize and destroy or disable identified bacteria or viruses.

Front 57

Define atrophy

Back 57

the shrinking in size of a cell.

Front 58

Define hypertrophy

Back 58

increase in cell size.

Front 59

Define hyperplasia

Back 59

– increase in the number of cells due to increased cell reproduction.

Front 60

Define dysplasia

Back 60

a change in the shape, size, appearance or cell organization which may occur due to chronic irritation or neoplasia.

Front 61

Because all cells in an individual animal contain the same genetic material, do all cells look alike?

Back 61

No.

Front 62

What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 62

Prokaryotic cells were the first cells and resemble present day bacteria without a nucleus and a single strand of DNA. Eukaryotic cells are found in all multicellular organisms and have a distinct nucleus.

Front 63

Define genetic mutations. What can cause these?

Back 63

Occurs when a DNA geneis damaged or changed in such a s way that it alters the genetic message carried by the gene.

Front 64

Define mutagens

Back 64

Facotrs causing mutations such as viruses, ionizing radiation and certain chemicals.

Front 65

List and describe the characteristics used to classify different epithelial tissues.

Back 65

Number of cells, shape of cells, prescense of surface specializations

Front 66

Different classifications of glands,

Back 66

endocrine, exocrine, unicellular exocrine, multicellular exocrine.

Front 67

List the 3 types of muscle

Back 67

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Front 68

List the phases of healing:

Back 68

inflammatory, organization (formation of granulation tissue), repair, maturation/remodeling phase.

Front 69

Define microvilli

Back 69

a microscopic hair-shaped cell that projects from the surface of the lining of the small intestine, increasing the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients.

Front 70

Define basement membrane

Back 70

a noncellular, collagen-based structure that supports epithelial tissue.

Front 71

Define endocrine glands

Back 71

glands or cells that release their regularoty products directly into the bloodstream.

Front 72

Define exocrine glands

Back 72

glands that release their secretions through ducts that directly to the location intended to be controlled.

Front 73

Define hormones

Back 73

chemical messengers of the body that are produced and excreted by specific cells for the purpose of regulating specifc organs or cells.

Front 74

Define gland

Back 74

a cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.

Front 75

What are the 4 common types of epithelial membranes?

Back 75

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional

Front 76

Even though blood and bone appear to be grossly different, they both represent types of connective tissue. Why?

Back 76

They are both comprosed of 3 distinct components: extracellular fibers, ground substance, and cells.

Front 77

Define inflammation

Back 77

body’s attempt to isolate the area, limit damage caused by the injury, and prevent further damage.

Front 78

Define proud flesh

Back 78

when tissue granulation becomes too thick and stands out above the epithelial layer.

Front 79

Define epithelialization

Back 79

epithelial cells around the wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of epithelial tissue over the granulation tissue.

Front 80

Define granulation tissue

Back 80

the perfused, , fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds

Front 81

Define and describe first-intention healing

Back 81

When wound edges are brought together so that they are adjacent to each other (re-approximated)

Front 82

Define and describe second -intention healing.

Back 82

wound is allowed to granulate, results in a broader scar, healing process slower

Front 83

Is scar tissue stronger than original, healthy tissue?

Back 83

It is strong, but lacks the flexibility of healthy tissue.

Front 84

_________ are cancers of the blood cells while ____________ are cancers of the lymphatic system.

Back 84

Leukemias, Lymphoma

Front 85

All of the following are characteristics of malignant tumors except:

Back 85

Are encapsulated by a tough fibrous capsule

Front 86

Systemic symptoms that occur at sites distant from the site of the primary tumor and that are indirectly associated with cancer is called________.

Back 86

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Front 87

The term that describes general ill health and malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation and is usually associated with severe disease is called:

Back 87

Cachexia

Front 88

____________ tumors are not encapsulated and tend to spread to other regions of the body.

Back 88

Malignant