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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Left |
L
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Right |
R
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Medial |
M
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Cranial |
Cr
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Caudal |
Cd
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Oblique |
O
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Dorsal |
D
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Ventral |
V
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Lateral |
L
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Rostral |
R
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Palmar |
Pa
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List the veterinary anatomic directional terms, and abbreviations, that are commonly used to properly position the patient for a radiograph.
Plantar |
Pl
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List the “General Principles of Radiographic Positioning” discussed in this reading assignment?
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1. Two views at right angles are necessary to obtain a diagnostic study, except thoracic and spinal examinations in horses or in cases or trauma or debilitated animals. 2. Importance of centering the primary beam on the lesion itself. 3. Use an x-ray film that is sufficiently large to completely cover the system to be examined.
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How can stress for the patient be minimized during a radiographic procedure?
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Animals should be handled in a slow, quiet manner with a calm, soft voice and gentle stroking. Avoid quick, loud movements or severe restraint. Starting and releasing the rotor switch will allow the animals to get used to the noise. As much technical preparation as possible should be done prior to positioning the animal on the table.
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What is a caliper and how is it used in radiography?
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Instrument used to measure the thickness of an anatomical area of interest in centimeter increments.
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When preparing for a radiograph, what size of film should be selected?
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A film that is of sufficient size to cover the system to be examined.
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What is considered manual or mechanical restraint for radiographic procedures?
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Mechanical restraint is preferred and includes muzzle, sandbags, sponges.
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What precautions should be taken when using manual restraint and radiographing a patient?
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Lead aprons, lead gloves should be worn and the x-ray beam should be limited to the system to be examined by coning devices or by adjustment of the collimator.
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If a body part to be radiographed has a significant difference in density between its thickest and thinnest part, do the following:
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Take two separate exposures with different measurements.
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What is the purpose of collimating the primary x-ray beam?
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Decreases the amount of scatter radiation, increases radiographic contract and allows for the smallest field size possible.
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Dorsal |
Front of the lower limbs or along the back
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Ventral |
Underside of the animal – along the chest and abdomen
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Cranial |
Towards the head
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Caudal |
Towards the tail
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Rostral |
Towards the nose
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Medial |
Inside of the leg
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Lateral |
Outside edge of the leg
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Proximal |
Higher end of the extremity or bone
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Distal |
Part of the bone or limb furthest from the main part of the body
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Palmar |
Underside of the forelimb (the “palm”)
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Plantar |
Underside of the hindlimb (the “sole”)
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Direction of x-ray beam or area
Oblique |
Radiographic view taken at an angle
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What factors affect radiographic detail?
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Focal film distance, movement, size of the focal spot, poor film screen contact, overexposed or underexposed radiographs (poor techniques chart), poor radiographic processing (most common factor).
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What factors affect radiographic contrast?
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Kilovoltage (biggest factor), scattered radiation, light leakage, rapid, high temperature processing techniques.
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What factors affect radiographic density?
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Primary factor is the mAs setting followed by kilovoltage distance of focal spot to the surface of the film,
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What factor causes film fog?
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Light leakage, film exposed to radiation from any source, overdeveloped film, contaminated developer.
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5) What measures can be taken by the radiographer to prevent finger crescent artifacts on the film?
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Avoid rough handling.
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What factor would cause your film to be yellow after processing?
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Fixation time too short, exhausted fixer solution.
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What factor would cause film to be blurred or distorted?
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Motion (patient, cassette, machine), too great focal film distance, poor film-screen contact, poor centering of primary x-ray beam.
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What factor could cause air bubbles on the film?
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Film not agitated when place in developer.
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What could be the result of the radiographer having film developer on their hands while loading and unloading the cassette?
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Finger crescent artifacts.
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If the cassette is not centered directly under the x-ray beam, what will be the result?
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Film will be blurred or distorted.
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Define the following terms:
Quality assurance |
A system of activities, the purpose of which is to provide assurance that overall quality control is being done effectively. The system involves continuing education on the adequacy and effectiveness of the overall quality control program and initiates corrective measures when necessary.
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Define the following terms:
Quality control |
The overall system of activities, the purpose of which is to provide a quality product or service that meets the needs of the users. The aim of quality control is to provide quality that is satisfactory, adequate, dependable and economical.
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What is the purpose of a QA/QC program?
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? It provides a way to minimize the radiation dose to the patient and to those assisting,. It allows production of quality radiographs that provide information for an accurate diagnosis. Its use leads to a decreased number of repeated films that reduces overall cost per examination.
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What duties in a QA/QC program may be the responsibility of the technician?
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Do most of the quality control tests, interpret the data, and keep the records.
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What is the purpose of a Tracking Chart?
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Provides the means to record the data for ease in interpretation and tracking of results.
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What is the purpose of the Source-Image Distance test? Briefly describe the steps involved to complete the test.
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To ensure the accuracy of the SID. Measure from the focal spot marked on the tube housing to the tabletop, measure from the tabletop to the top of the cassette in the Bucky tray. add these two numbers and they should equal the SID that is marked. Measure marks on tube stand as well for accuracy.
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What is the purpose of the test to check light field size? Briefly describe the steps involved to complete the test.
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To ensure that the x-ray beam is properly centered the tube stand, collimator and x-ray tube must be perpendicular and properly aligned. With x-ray tube in normal position, use level to confirm tube is level and parallel with table, stand at end of table visually verify they appear to be perpendicular
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Why is it important to check the locks or cables for overhead crane movement?
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To ensure adequate locking and movement so the x-ray tube doesn’t drift during the exposure.
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What is the purpose of the Light Field Alignment or “Nine-Penny” test? Briefly describe the steps involved to complete the test.
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To ensure that the x-ray field is actually going where the light field indicates. Center the x-ray tube over the table, set SID to normal setting, verify collimator is level, put cassette in Bucky tray and center under table, Set collimator field indicators to a field that is app 6 x 8 inches, Turn collimator light on and place one penny in the middle of each edge inside the light field and one in the middle on the outside of each light field, develop film and should show as placed on table.
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What is the purpose of the Fog test? Briefly describe the steps involved to complete this test.
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To access any fog in the darkroom that may be adding unwanted density to the film during processing.
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Define the following terms:
Accelerators |
Chemicals that increase the Ph of the developer and subsequently increase the rate of developing.
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Define the following terms:
Acidifiers |
Compounds that accelerate the fixing process and neutralize the alkaline developer.
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Define the following terms:
Buffer |
Compounds in the fixer that maintain proper solution Ph.
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Define the following terms:
Developer |
A chemical solution that coverts the latent image on a film to a visible image by converting the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver.
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Define the following terms:
Developing agents |
Chemical solutions used to convert a latent image on an x-ray to a visible image.
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Define the following terms:
Dry Side |
dry side in the darkroom where the cassettes are unloaded and reloaded.
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Define the following terms:
Fixation |
The process by which the unexposed silver halide crystals are removed from the film and the gelatin is hardened.
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Define the following terms:
Fixer |
The chemical solution used during fixation.
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Define the following terms:
Hardeners |
Chemical added to the fixing solution or to developers in automatic processors to prevent excessive emulsion swelling.
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Define the following terms:
Latent image |
An invisible image on unprocessed x-ray film after it has been exposed to ionizing radiation or light.
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Define the following terms:
Rinse bath |
A solution (usually water) used to remove excess developer solution before the film is placed in the fix tank.
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Define the following terms:
Solvent |
Water; dissolves the ingredients of the developer or fixer and diffuses the chemical into the emulsion of the film.
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Define the following terms:
Wet side |
wet side of the dry room where actuial chemical processing is performed.
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Radiography begins and ends in the ___________________.
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dark room
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What are 3 components of a good darkroom?
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Clean, organized, and lightproof.
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List the requirements of the darkroom. (i.e. size, location, equipment, etc.)
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no less than 6 x 8 feet, climate control (relatively cool and low humidity)
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The walls of the darkroom should be white or cream colored because:
a) It is easier to keep these colors clean. b) These colors help to detect light leaks. c) Film can be held to the wall to determine quality. d) More reflection of the safelight is produced, providing a more visible working environment. |
d
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding safelights?
a) They should be 20 watts or less. b) They must be at least 4 feet from the work area. c) The brown filter is for blue-light-sensitive film. d) Film can be exposed to safelights indefinitely with no ill effects to the film. |
b, c
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What is the ideal pH for developing radiographs?
a) 9.8 to 11 b) 7.2 to 7.4 c) 2 d) 7.8 to 9.8 |
a
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Unexposed silver halide crystals remaining on the film are removed at this stage:
a) Rinsing or stop bath b) Washing c) Fixing d) Developing |
c
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Advantages of automated film processing include:
a) Consistent quality of processed radiographs. b) Dry radiographs are produced in a short amount of time. c) A much smaller space is necessary. d) All of the above. |
d
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The most effective darkroom doors include:
a) Doors that do not lock b) Revolving door system c) Double door system d) Both b and c are correct |
d
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What is the primary function of the developer?
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Converts the latent image on a film to a visible one.
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What is the purpose of the rinse bath between the developer and the fixer?
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Stops the developing process and rinse the developer from the film and prevents carry over contamination to the fixer.
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What is the purpose of the fixer in the developing process?
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It clears the unexposed halide crystals from the film and hardens the gelatin coating so that the film can be dried without damaging the film surface.
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What would happen to the image on the radiograph is the unexposed silver crystals were allowed to remain on the film after developing?
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They would discolor and darken when exposed to light
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How can biologic growth be prevented in hand-processing tanks?
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Through good housekeeping – chemicals changed and processing tanks drained ( and cleaned with bleach water), water tank drained at the end of each day.
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How often should processing fluids/chemicals be replaced or changed?
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In general every 4-6 weeks.
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An x-ray cassette is:
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a lightproof encasement designed to hold x-ray film and intensifying screens in close contact.
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Advantages of automated film processing include:
A) Consistent quality of processed radiographs B) Dry radiographs are produced in a very short time C) A much smaller space is needed D) All of the above |
d
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What is the ideal pH at which to develop radiograph?
A) 9.8 to 11 B) 7.2 to 7.4 C) 2 D) 7.8 to 9.8 |
a
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A radiograph that has a general lack of density of the image and the background can be caused by:
A) faulty film processing B) incorrect film-screen matching C) x-ray machine out of calibration D) all of the above |
d
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The purpose of the rinse bath is:
A) to remove silver halide crystals B) harden the gelatin of the film C) convert a latent image on a film to a visible image. D) remove excess developer solution before the film is placed in the fix tank. |
d
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The most effective types of darkroom doors include:
A) doors that do not lock B) revolving door systems C) double door system D) both b and c are correct. |
d
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All of the following are legally valid methods of labeling a radiograph except:
A) Lead-impregnated tape B) Lead-marker C) Permanent marker after developing D) Photo imprinting label system |
c
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Which of the following is not required on the label ID of a radiograph?
A) Initials of radiographer B) Date taken C) Patient name and owner?s name D) Name and address of the hospital or veterinarian |
a
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An invisible image on an unprocessed x-ray film after it has been exposed to ionizing radiation or light is:
A) a radiograph B) an x-ray C) a latent image D) none of the above. |
c
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Radiographic film should be handled:
A) by the edges only B) with clean hands C) with dry hands D) all of the above |
d
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