Vetprep Bovine

Front 1

What agent causes Blackleg in cattle?

Back 1

Clostridium chauvoei

Front 2

What agent causes Malignant Edema?

Back 2

ummm any of the agents in the "7-way vx"

Front 3

Which agent causes Redwater Dz aka Bacillary Hemoglobinemia?

Back 3

Clostridium haemolyticum

Front 4

Which agent causes Black Dz aka Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis?

Back 4

Clostridum novyi, type B

Front 5

Which agent causes Enterotoxemia in cattle?

Back 5

Clostridium perfringens B, C, E

Front 6

Which agent causes Overeating Dz in cattle?

Back 6

Clostridium perfringens, type D

Front 7

Which agent causes Jejunal Hemorrhagic Syndrome in cattle?

Back 7

Clostridium perfringens, type A

Front 8

What agents comprise the "7-way vx?"

Back 8

Clostridium chauvei, septicum, novyi type A+B, sordelli, perfringens type C+D

Front 9

Which clostridial dz am I based on these key words?

6 mo-2 yo bovine
bruised or damaged muscle (from transport, handling, injections)
crepitus
foul sweet odor (like rancid butter)
rapidly fatal

Back 9

Blackleg <--C. chauvei

Front 10

Which clostridial dz am I?

infected open wound (injury, castration, dystocia)
swelling w/out gas accumulation
fatal

Back 10

Malignant Edema <--clostridium chauvei, septicum, novyi (A+B), sordelli, perfringens (C+D)

Front 11

Which clostridial dz am I?

predisposed by liver damage
large necrotic area of liver
anemia
hemoglobinuria
Prevention includes vx & protecting against liver flukes

Back 11

Bacillary hemoglobinuria (Redwater dz) <-- C. haemolyticum

Front 12

Which Clostridial dz am I?

usually affects sheep
gray-black, foul-smelling liver

Back 12

Black Dz (Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis) <-- C. novyi, B

Front 13

Which Clostridial dz am I?

sensitive to noise
stiff tail
prolapsed third eyelid
sawhorse stance
lock jaw
flared nostrils

Back 13

C tetani

Front 14

Which Clostridial dz am I?

introduced by infected feed
therefore affecting >1 animal/herd
muscle tremors/fasciculations --> ascending paralysis
no treatment

Back 14

C botulinum

Front 15

Which Clostridial dz am I?

babies under a week old
reddened sections of fluid-filled intestines ("purple gut")
usually fatal

Back 15

Enterotoxemia <--C perfringens B,C,E

Front 16

Which Clostridial dz am I?

<2 yo
aka Pulpy Kidney Dz
nervous signs
glucosuria

Back 16

Overeating Dz <-- C perfringens, D

Front 17

Clostridium perfringens, type A --> Jejunal Hemorrhagic Syndrome in calves.

What is this disease called in adult cattle?

Back 17

Hemorrhagic Enteritis from C perfringens type A

Front 18

Which agent causes Johne's Dz?

Back 18

Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis

Front 19

How do cattle acquire Johne's dz?

What effect does this have on herd management?

Back 19

from contaminated feed or milk

only feed calves milk from Johnes negative cows

Front 20

Which part of the intestinal tract does Johne's dz most affect, causing severe thickening of it?

Back 20

ileum (& regional LN)

Front 21

Which age is most affected by Johne's dz?

Back 21

calves <6 mos

Front 22

Because tests for Johne's dz have high specificity but low sensitivity, we recommend....

Back 22

running 2+ tests

Front 23

"Herd Status Program" is about preventing spread of what disease?

Back 23

Johne's Dz

Front 24

Why are cows affected w/ Johne's dz said to "waste away?"

Back 24

because they get such bad watery diarrhea they lose a lot of weight & just "waste away" to nothing if left with it long enough

Front 25

Is there an effective treatment for Johne's Dz?

Back 25

nope

Front 26

Which breed does Johne's Dz mostly affect?

Back 26

I guess Holsteins. The answer = dairy cows

Front 27

What kind of virus is the agent that causes bovine Viral Diarrhea?

Back 27

pestivirus (flaviviridae), so it's an RNA virus

Front 28

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus is similar to what disease in swine? In sheep?

Back 28

Classic Swine Fever
Border Virus Dz

Front 29

In-utero infection w/ BVDV at the following stages of gestation normally results in:

50-100 days
100-150 days
40-125 days w/ NCP virus

Back 29

abortion
congenital defects

PI

Front 30

Are you looking for Ab or Ag for a definitive diagnosis of BVDV?

Back 30

antigen

Front 31

T/F Ear notches for immunohistochemistry are used to test for BVDV.

Back 31

True

Front 32

What is Mucosal Dz?

Back 32

a peracute, often fatal attack of BVD

Front 33

What is the main way BVDV is maintained in a herd?

Back 33

by PI's

Front 34

Acute BVD is characterized by oral ulcers, respiratory signs such as oculonasal discharge, pneumonia, fever, & diarrhea.

How old are animals that normally get acute BVD?

Back 34

youngish....6-24 mos (under 2 years)

Front 35

What is treatment of BVDV?

Back 35

Preventing 2ndary infections, such as Mannheimia hemolytica pneumonia.

Supportive care, eg IV fluids

Front 36

T/F Chronic BVD is eventually fatal.

Back 36

True

Front 37

Animals subclinically infected w/ BVDV will be positive for ____ without having any clinical signs.

Back 37

antibodies

Front 38

What reproductive effects does BVDV have?

Back 38

infertility, early embryonic death

congenital defects

Front 39

How does an animal acquire Chronic BVD?

Back 39

a non-cytopathic PI superinfected w/ a CP-BVD

Front 40

Intussusceptions usually cause what acid-bases imbalance?

Back 40

hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

Front 41

What is THE most sensitive way to test copper levels?

Back 41

liver biopsy...

The liver stores copper. It's pretty good at maintaining homeostasis, so serum Cu levels may be ~normal until the liver is totally depleted of its Cu stores.

Front 42

What dz causes a granulomatous ileitis & colitis and albumin to be dumped into the intestinal lumen?

Back 42

Johnes (M avium, ssp paratuberculosis)

Front 43

Which gas-filled organ --> monotone "boink" @ left 9-13th ICS?

Back 43

rumen--boink, not ping

Front 44

Actinomyces bovis causes what disease?

Proper management involves what?

Back 44

Lumpy Jaw

Remove scabrous/prickly feed

Front 45

6 mo feedlot steer:
weight loss
enlarged left flank
gas-filled w/ rumen poorly filled w/ poor motility
chronic bronchopneumonia

What kind of bloat is this--frothy or free gas bloat?

Back 45

free gas bloat (aka type 1 vagal indigestion)

the mediastinal LN are enlarged --> cow unable to eructate --> free gas bloat

Front 46

What can you give a cow to increase the pH if it has rumen acidosis?

Back 46

magnesium things....

magnesium oxide
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium carbonate

Front 47

Distended right flank, right-sided mootone PING (@9-13th rib), no rumen contractions. Feces are normal. A large turgid structure to the right of the midline is rectally palpated. There is no xiphoid pain.

What kind of torsion does this animal have?

Back 47

abomasal torsion

Front 48

Teeth grinding, restless, kicking @ abdomen (she hurts), scant dark blackberry jam feces....sausage-shaped mass palpated rectally.

What is it?

Back 48

intussusception

Front 49

ovine herpes type something or other causess what disease in bovine?

Back 49

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Front 50

Malignant Catarrhal Fever --> arteritis, leading to multisystemic signs such as fever, big LN, corneal opacity & oculonasal discharge.

Back 50

true story

Front 51

A calf has small raised lesions in her mouth. No other abnormalities/clinical signs noted.

You aren't too concerned. What is the fairly common "calfhood disease" that you suspect she has?

Back 51

Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Front 52

What are the 2 parapoxviruses bovines get?

Back 52

Bovine Papular Stomatitis & Pseudocowpox.

Front 53

When are permanent incisors usually IN WEAR by?

Back 53

1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5

Front 54

When are permanent incisors usually ERUPTED by?

Back 54

18-24
24-30
33-36
42-48 mos

Front 55

When in doubt...cow incisors...

Back 55

1 = 18-24 = 1.5
2 = 24-30 = 2.5
3 = 33-36 = 3.5
4 = 42-48 = 4.5

(1s, 2s, 3s, 4s)

Front 56

The 3 commonest causes of colic in a cow =

Back 56

intussusception
cecal dilation +/- torsion
abomasal volvulus

Front 57

A cow is colicking. You palpate what feels like a "loaf of bread" just cranial to her pelvis. There is a right-sided ping high up on her right side, from the last rib to the pelvis.

Remember she's colicking. Based on this, the high right ping, & the load of bread, what does she have?

Back 57

cecal displacement/torsion

Front 58

Type 2 (bleeding abomasal) ulcers cause ...

Back 58

melena & anemia

Front 59

What is the proper name of Banamine? What kind of drug is it?

Back 59

Flunixin meglumine (NSAID)

Front 60

What effect do NSAIDs have on the stomach?

Back 60

they decrease mucosal blood flow, hence ulcers

Front 61

Which agent causes Woody Tongue?

Back 61

Actinobacillus lignieresii
(lignieressi sounds like lingual kinda)

Front 62

Woody tongue is a granulomatous inflammation of the tongue caused by rough feed --> A. lignieresii infection.

What kind of feed should NOT be fed to these cows?

Back 62

rough & scabrous (stemmed) feed

Front 63

How might you treat Woody Tongue?

Back 63

sodium iodide & antibiotics

Front 64

A cow has a hard bony mass lesion at her ventral mandible.

What treatment is known to be effective for Lumpy Jaw but is no longer recommended due to food safety issues?

Back 64

IV iodine

Front 65

Infection w/ Johne's dz usually occurs when the cows are young, however clinical signs don't show up until...

Back 65

they're stressed

Front 66

After eruption of bovine incisors, how long does it take for them to be "in wear?"

Back 66

~6 mos

Front 67

After a random snowstorm, a dude calls you, freaking out that he's got a bunch of 5ish mo old calves not doing right.

They are weak, listless, & have severe edema of the perineum & vulva. You note hemorrhagic diarrhea from a couple while you're doing your PE.

What kind of toxicity do you suspect?

Back 67

acute Oat Toxicosis. They said the snow makes the branches fall down & the dumbo calves eat them.

Front 68

What are the two main effects of acute oat toxicosis?

Back 68

renal + GI

(tubular necrosis & hemorrhagic diarrhea)

Front 69

What is the treatment for acute oat toxicosis?

Back 69

IV fluids & give them hay (so they'll stop eating the oak leaves or whatever)

Front 70

What causes xiphoid pain in a cow?

Back 70

traumatic reticulopericarditis

Front 71

You want to see if a cow has xiphoid pain so you perform a Scooch test. What do you do?

Back 71

squeeze down on the withers....she should dip her back. If she doesn't, she has xiphoid pain, indicative of TRP

Front 72

T/F Woody Tongue often affects several cows at once.

Back 72

True. It's due to feed that's harsh on their mouth & lets bacteria into the wounds on their tongue. Cows in a herd are all fed the same shit

Front 73

You have a valuable 15 day old calf that has severe diarrhea & is anorexic.

You give him Total Parenteral Nutrition with glucose, amino acids, & _______ added.

Back 73

lipids

TPN = glc, aa, lipids (makes sense)

Front 74

2 yo Holstein heifer:

papple
no rumen contractions
no xiphoid pain
monotone ping on L, from 11th rib to hip
you palpate a large, fluid-filled rumen

What's she got?

Back 74

Failure of Omasal Transport

Front 75

Failure of omasal transport is a type of vagal indigestion leading to accumulation of fluid & gas in the rumen, no rumen contractions, & inappetance.

What is a big cause of vagal indigestion?

Back 75

TPR

Front 76

When might a cow with TPR not exhibit xiphoid pain?

Back 76

w/ a chronic TPR I think?

Front 77

Does Anaplasma marginale cause hemoglobinuria?

Back 77

no because it causes extravascular hemolysis

Front 78

9/100 adult cows in a herd are pale, icteric, & febrile. They exhibit no hemoglobinuria. These 9 cows were introduced into the herd about a month ago.

Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Leptospirosis
Anaplasma
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Anthrax

Back 78

Anaplasma marginale --> extravascular hemolysis so no hemoglobinuria.

Lepto, bacillary hemoglobinuria, & anthrax all cause hemoglobinuria.

Anthrax doesn't cause icterus.

Front 79

Does Anthrax cause icterus?

Back 79

no

Front 80

Several calves have been dying off in some guy's herd. Some of them show signs of weakness & stiffness before dying, & others drop dead w/ no warning.

Necropsy: bilateral symmetrical muscle atrophy
pale, dry, skeletal muscle w/ white streaks

What is killing these calves?

Back 80

Vit E/Selenium deficiency aka White Muscle Dz

There are 2 forms: one is acute cardiac form in which they drop dead w/out warning
The other is the skeletal muscle form, in which they show CS

Front 81

Selenium is required for which enzyme to work?

Back 81

glutathione peroxidase

Front 82

What is the job of Glutathione Peroxidase?

Back 82

to break down H2O2 & lipoperoxides to water & harmless alcohols

Front 83

Oleander & Gossypol both have toxic effects on which organ?

Back 83

heart

Front 84

A show bull is brought to your clinic on a Sunday because the owner noted that the bull is reluctant to eat hay or grain and has a swollen throat area (photo). The owner gave him a magnet (to prevent TRP) orally via balling gun two days ago in preparation for the show season. You examine the bull in the chute and find T=105F, HR=95, and RR=50 and that he is coughing occasionally. He has decreased rumen motility and mild bloat. The bull is reluctant to allow you to palpate the external throat area. His breath smells necrotic, but you are not able to see any obvious lesions in his mouth with the light you have. No other abnormalities are noted. You suggest to the owner that additional diagnostic tests may help, but you think the signs indicate that he likely has _________.

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Pharyngeal trauma
Woody Tongue (Actinobacillosis)
Abscessed tooth
Anaplasmosis

Back 84

Pharyngeal trauma

(the magnet was found in his retropharyngeal tissues)

Front 85

A recently freshened cow presents for decreaseed appetite & poor milk production. She is gaunt but otherwise normal in appearance.

What is the best differential for this cow?

Back 85

LDA

Front 86

10 day old dairy calf w/ white diarrhea. She is dehydrated, hypovolemic, weak, & unable to stand.

What are you going to add to her IV fluids?

Back 86

sodium bicarb

"She is severely acidotic, evidenced by lethargy & inability to stand"...remember diarrhea causes acidosis, vomiting causes alkalosis.

Front 87

What are the 3 main players in non-specific calf diarrhea?

Back 87

enteropathogenic E coli
rotavirus
cryptosporidium

Front 88

Where does an intussusception usually occur in cows?

Back 88

jejunum/ileum

Front 89

Herd history of diarrhea, reproductive problems, & occasional cerebellar hypoplasia.

You suspect BVD. How is it most likely being maintained in the herd?

Back 89

persistently infected carrier cattle infected as fetuses can spread the virus to its herd mates its whole life

Front 90

A suspeptible non-immune cow carrying between 60-150 days gestation, if infected by NCP-BVD, can pass it to the fetus, creating a ....

Back 90

PI carrier calf

Front 91

Actinomyces bovis -->

Back 91

lumpy jaw

(actinoMYCES affects the Mandible)
(actinobaciLLus Ligniersii causes LINGUAL dz aka woody tongue)

Front 92

Paste worming guns balling guns, etc are the #1 cause of what kind of trauma?

Back 92

pharyngeal

Front 93

__________ is a normal rumen inhabitant which invades breaks in the mucosa of the tongue --> painful granulomas.

Back 93

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Front 94

At which age do most beef cattle have ONLY their 1st & 2nd permanent incisors?

Back 94

2.5 years

Front 95

There are 3 parapoxviruses. 2 affect cows. 1 affects small R. All 3 can get humans.

What are they?

Back 95

cows = BPS & pseudocowpox
small R = contagious ecthyma of sheep & goats


*BPS = bovine papular stomatitis = small raised lesions in calves' mouths

Front 96

Bristle grass (setaria lutescens) --> _______ in young cattle & horses.

Back 96

oral ulcers

Front 97

Abomasal torsion --> hypochloremia & metabolic alkalosis.

What are we going to add to her IV saline based on this information?

Back 97

20 meq/L potassium

alkalosis means H+ is going to leave the cells in exchange for K+ = hypokalemia. Don't forget this! (it applies to more than just cows)

Front 98

What is the classic "ping" of an LDA?

Back 98

left-sided variable pitched ping from last rib diagonally down to the 8th rib

Front 99

You are presented with a valuable cow for diagnosis and treatment. She was paste wormed yesterday using a paste gun and benzimidazole wormer. Today she has inappetence, mild bloat, extended head, drooling, and swelling and pain in the throat area. Her temperature is 104.5F on a cool morning. You diagnose ________.

Back 99

pharyngeal trauma

Front 100

Mucosal dz occurs in cattle when:

Back 100

a 5-mo calf which was PI as a fetus w/ NCP-BVD is superinfected w/ a CP-biotype due to rearranging of the parent non-CP viral RNA.

Front 101

4 yo Jersey cow has hard, non-painful swelling of her mandible. Rads show lysis & productive bone lesion, with distortion of the teeth.

What is it?

Back 101

Actinomycosis
(A bovis)

Front 102

Normally, abomasum is located near the ventral midline.

With LDA, why is there a variable high-pitched ping?

Back 102

due to changing gas pressures

Front 103

You are called to treat a cow who has eaten green chopped alfalfa & has bloat.

1st you pass a stomach tube but little gas escapes.
Next you insert a ruman trocar into the left flank & a lot of froth comes out, w/ a pH of 6.2.

You should now tx the cow w/ what drug to further relieve the bloat?

Back 103

Poloxalene PO

(to decrease the surface tension & destabilize the froth)

(p.s. the rumen pH is WNL)

Front 104

You're working in the western US as a bovine vet. Get a call because some cows are standing in the corral instead of eating w/ the others.

They are drooling & champing their mouths (whatever that means). The guy's daughter's horse is also affected. They have high temps & ulcerated tongues, but no lesions on their feet or teets.

Why do you contact the State & Federal veterinarians & The General, Diplomate to the World, & WWF Champion?

Back 104

You suspect Vesicular Stomatitis

Front 105

How is Vesicular Stomatitis spread?

Back 105

insects & infected fomites

Front 106

3 yo Holstein freshened 3 days ago. Very decreased appetite & milk production. Severe acute diarrhea. It's a hot summer day. Her feces smell fout & fetid, and are a dark green/brown.
She has scleral injection & only 1 rumen contraction/minute.

What is your preliminary diagnosis?

Back 106

Salmonellosis.

Recently freshened cows are at highest risk.

Endotoxins (LPS) --> fever, decreased appetite, decr R contractions, scleral injection.

Front 107

Why are horses not affected by Foot & Mouth Dz?

Back 107

only cloven-hoofed animals are affected by FMD!!

Front 108

What is an important differential for FMD in swine?

Back 108

swine vesicular dz

Front 109

In bovine, 4 important differentials for FMD are:

Back 109

Vesicular stomatitis
BPS
Pseudocowpox
Bluetongue

Front 110

Cow's got ascites w/ a high fibrin content. What's the cause?

Back 110

inflammatory process (eg TRP)

Front 111

When are cows most susceptible to developing a displaced abomasum? Why?

Back 111

first month after parturition due to subclinical or clinical hypocalcemia causing decreased abomasal motility

Front 112

5 mo calf w/ diarrhea, fever, oral ulcers (mostly on the dental pad). He entered the feedlot 2 weeks ago.

What do you suspect?

Back 112

BVD.

(causes clinical illness in young animals that are stressed, commonly present w/ oral ulcers)

Front 113

Routine fecal exam on young calves reveal rectangular shaped egg thingys. What the heck are they?

Back 113

young cattle get tapes (Moniezia) which are usually non-pathogenic.

Front 114

A feedlot asks you to examine a 6-month old steer calf that is showing bloat. He has been in the feedlot for 2 weeks, is not gaining weight, and is still on a transition ration. He is the only animal in the pen affected. You find he has T=104 F, HR=96, RR=38, and the cranioventral lungs sound harsh with wheezing on both inspiration and expiration. The areas are also consolidated on percussion. The rumen contains gas which disappears when you pass a stomach tube, but the rumen has very poor motility. What is your diagnosis?

Back 114

bacterial bronchopneumonia

This is a common cause of free gas bloat in young animals.
The enlarged mediastinal LN affects the thoracic vagal nerve, causing gas accumulation & decreased motility.

Front 115

Abomasal torsion causes what electrolyte abnormalities?

Back 115

hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, & hypokalemia

Front 116

Mycobacterium avium, ssp paratuberculosis is most commonly recognized in cattle @ what age?

Back 116

2-5 years old

Front 117

Abomasal torsion --> abomasal ping on which side?

Back 117

right

Front 118

The most common congenital anomaly associated w/ fetal infection with BVD =

Back 118

cerebellar hypoplasia

(less commonly microphthalmia & hyedranencephaly)

Front 119

You are examining a herd of calves with weight loss & diarrhea.

You perform a McMaster fecal egg count. What is the minimum egg count at which you should plan to deworm the calves to promote weight gain?

Back 119

300 eggs/gram of feces

Front 120

It's summer, and a cattle ranch in a heavily irrigated pasture has just called you into action because there have been 10 acute deaths in the herd of 70. When you get there, you see other affected herd mates that are icteric, have port wine-colored urine, bloody diarrhea, are ataxic, stare blankly into space, are pale, and have petechiations. You perform blood work and see that there is anemia, azotemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. What is your likely diagnosis?

Back 120

Redwater dz aka Clostridium haemolyticum aka bacillary hemoglobinuria.

(Fasciola hepatic damages the liver, creating anaerobic tracts for the Clostridium to thrive in)

Front 121

What is the treatment of choice for cattle affected w/ Johne's dz?

Back 121

cull them

Front 122

A 7 day old calf presents w/ acute watery diarrhea. He is markedly depressed, floppy, unresponsive, & 10% dehydrated.

Describe his chem values.

Back 122

hypovolemic, severe metabolic acidosis (base def prob over 15), hyperkalemia & possible sepsis.

Front 123

A cow most prone to developing fatty-liver syndrome would have a BCS of....

Back 123

idk something like 4.25/5 (fat cows)

when daily energy requirement increases, TAGs are mobilized & the liver can't keep up

Front 124

A dairyman is trying out a new feeding protocol to help increase milk production. Since he instituted the change a week ago, several of his best cows have become mildly depressed, dropped in milk production, and several have developed diarrhea. A needle aspirate from the rumen two hours after feeding reveals an average pH of 5.2 among these cows. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Grain overload
Vagal indigestion
Hardware disease (TRP)
Left displaced abomasum

Back 124

grain overload. the rumen is acidic.

Front 125

Why does TRP cause a papple shaped cow? (right pear, left apple)

Back 125

The local peritonitis from hardware dz --> poor motility of the forestomachs, so the rumen fills (creating a gas cap), while the abomasum accumulates fluids.

Front 126

Impeded pyloric outflow in a cow results in what elyte imbalances?

Back 126

hypochloremia & metabolic alkalosis

Front 127

Chloride varies inversely with

Back 127

bicarb

therefore low Cl = high bicarb (alk)
high Cl = low bicarb (acidosis)

Front 128

What is a characteristic clinical sign of a cow w/ pyometra?

Back 128

there really isn't any...they usually show few if any overt signs

(unlike the dog)

Front 129

When is the bovine chorioallantoic slip first detectable?

Back 129

1 month

Front 130

What do you give to induce abortion in a cow within the first 4 months of gestation?

Back 130

PGF2a

Front 131

What is the proper AI site for both cows & horses?

Back 131

intrauterine of course

Front 132

When can we first ultrasound for a pregnancy diagnosis in cows?

Back 132

28days (1 month, just like the chorioallantoic slip)

Front 133

A 3yo Holstein had a difficult labor a couple weeks ago. Now she is acting weird, with her ears erect, seems hyperexcited & bothered by noise.

What bacterial infection does she have?

Back 133

tetanus

Front 134

What is the first major sign in a herd if there is Trichomoniasis going around?

Back 134

poor calving percentage (due to EED)

Front 135

You bred your cow to a bull a week ago, and now she has a pyometra.

What is the most likely agent causing post-coital pyometra in bovine?

Back 135

Tritrichomonas foetus

Front 136

Brucella causes abortion when in gestatioN?

Back 136

late gestation

Front 137

Leptospirosis causes abortion when in gestation?

Back 137

mid- to late-gestation

Front 138

A cow's milk has low progesterone levels on day 0, and high levels on days 21 & 24.

What does this mean?

Back 138

she's probably pregnant

Front 139

A set of twins were just aborted at 8 months gestation. Necropsy reveals absolutely no abnormal findings.

What is the most likely cause of their abortion?

Back 139

physiological abortion (twins aren't good in cattle)

Front 140

Why is Utrecht suture pattern ideal for closing bovine uterus post-C-section?

Back 140

nice mucosal:serosal seal

Front 141

Aborted fetus has enlarged LN & spleen.
Destructive lesions in thymus.
Chronic granulomatous infection.

What caused the abortion?

Back 141

Epizootic Bovine Abortion (aka foothill abortion)

Front 142

What is the vector for Epizootic Bovine Abortion?

Back 142

Ornithodoros coriaceus

(epizOOtic bOvine abOrtion)
(OrnithOdOrOs)

Front 143

Placentomes are first palpable ...

Back 143

75-90days (so by 3 months)

Front 144

You have a clockwise uterine torsion. Which way should you roll the cow?

Back 144

clockwise

Front 145

During a preg check, you feel crepitus in one of the cow's uteruses. What do you suspect?

Back 145

macerated fetus

Front 146

How long does it take to induce parturition in a cow via Dexamethasone?

Back 146

usually 2 days (between 2-7 days)

Front 147

When is a calf infected with BVD to become a PI?

Back 147

during the first 125 days of gestation

Front 148

You're called to see a 35 day post-partum cow. Her PE is totally normal except she has a large amount of mucupurulent discharge coming from her uterus (you know because you did a vaginal exam & saw it coming thru the cervix omgvom).

What are possible treatments for her endometritis?

Back 148

intrauterine penicillin or tetracycline
uterine dilute betadine flush or something
short-cycle her with PGF2a

Front 149

Neospora is a differential for bovine abortions occurring...

Back 149

4-6 months of gestation

Front 150

Brucella
Listeria
Leptospirosis

cause abortion when in the cow?

Back 150

late-term

Front 151

What disease did I die from?

My brain has foci of nonsuppurative cellular infiltrates w/ occasional foci of necrosis.

Back 151

Neospora

Front 152

How do you synchronize a dairy herd?

Back 152

2 injections of PGF2a 11-14 days apart

Front 153

Fusion of fetal membranes & chorioalloantoic vessels between a male & female bovine fetus -->

Back 153

freemartin (the female calf will be too manly to get pregnant, this is why we hate twins)

Front 154

What hormone is the female calf exposed to when her shit's fused to her male twin in utero?

Back 154

Mullerian inhibiting hormone (a male hormone)

Front 155

How do you induce abortion in a cow that is 5-8 months along in gestation?

Back 155

PGF2a + Dexamethasone

Front 156

How do you try to correct a CCW uterine torsion medically?

Back 156

push on the vagina & roll the cow CCW

Front 157

Who is commonly the reservoir of Tritrichomonas infection for a herd?

Back 157

mature bulls (with their wrinkly peens)

Front 158

How long does it usually take for a cow to clear a Trichomonas infection?

Back 158

2-4 months

Front 159

What effect does PGF2a have on a cow in anestrus?

Back 159

no effect

Front 160

You are doing a preg check on a herd. Tag 062013 has placentomes & BILATERAL uterine artery fremitus.

How far along does she have to be?

Back 160

at least 7 months to feel BILATERAL uterine artery fremitus

(vs 4 months for ipsilateral fremitus, and 2.5-3 months for placentomes)

Front 161

PI calf is created when the non-immune dam is viremic with ________________ BVD @ days ________ of gestation.

Back 161

non-cytopathogenic BVD @ 50-150 days of gestation

Front 162

For a calf what is normal
presentation
position
FL

Back 162

anterior presentation
dorso-sacral position
FL extended

Front 163

What CS do adult bovine with Trichomonas usually show?

Back 163

none, they are usually asymptomatic

Front 164

When can a vet ultrasound for pregnancy in a cow?

Back 164

60-90 days

(69 = sex .... ha)

Front 165

In order to be classified as a Satisfactory breeder from a Breeding Soundness Exam, what % of sperm must a bull have with normal morphology?

Back 165

70% normal morphology
30% motility

but this is the bare minimum, for a "Satisfactory" result.

70 + 100 does NOT equal 100 in this case

Front 166

A 4-year old dairy cow in her third lactation presents after calving normally about 95 days ago. No one has observed her in estrus since calving. On physical exam, you find a non-pregnant heavy, fluid-filled uterus, and an apparent corpus luteum on one ovary. Assuming treatment is successful, which of the following is the most significant therapeutic effect of a single intra-muscular injection of PGF2-alpha in this patient?

Back 166

lyse her CL, increase uterine motility, evacuate the uterus, & bring her into estrus

Front 167

A female calf is examined. She has a small ano-genital distance & an enlarged clitoris.

What do you suspect?

Back 167

that she had a male twin & is a Freemartin

Front 168

The cow is the only hooved animal to ovulate....

Back 168

after the end of estrus

Front 169

~1 hour after a difficult labor (in which the calf had to be pulled out), the cow goes down. She is pale with a HR of 100 (increased).

What do you suspect?

Back 169

uterine tear

Front 170

You are brought in to examine a herd of 4-7 mo old dairy calves. They are all small & thin, and many have developed diarrhea & anorexia. Many of them have "sunburn." Two died recently.

You perform necropsy & find a small hard liver. It shows fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, & megalocytosis.

Plants containing what toxin can cause these signs?

Back 170

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA's)....possibly from old alfalfa?

Front 171

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy can cause a disease in humans mimicking what other disease?

Back 171

Creutzfeldt-Jakob dz

Front 172

The most COMMON respiratory dz of calves 3-8 mos old is called...

Back 172

Enzootic Pneumonia

Front 173

What is the cause of Enzootic Pneumonia?

Back 173

poor housing (poor ventilation)

Front 174

Calves w/ Enzootic Pneumonia are commonly concurrently infected w/ which intestinal parasite?

Back 174

Eimeria (coccidia)

Front 175

3 yo Jersey heifer put down in the field. Necropsy of her heart reveals hemorrhagic & white masses on all leaflets of her tricuspid valve.

What is the likely diagnosis?

Back 175

tricuspid valve endocarditis

Front 176

What is a gram +ve obligate pathogen of bovine mammary gland?

Back 176

Strep agalactiae

Front 177

SS BEC CLARE DAMN = gram neg or pos?

Back 177

gram +ve

Front 178

Strep agalactiae --> clinical or subclinical mastitis?

Back 178

usually subclinical

Front 179

You can diagnose Strrep agalactiae by running a CAMP rxn. What does this entail?

Back 179

Putting the suspected Strep agalactiae on a plate w/ Staph auerus? Together they will cause lysis of RBC & clearing of your culture plate?

Front 180

How does ingestion of Amsinckia intermedia plants cause secondary photosensitization?

Back 180

they contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Front 181

How do Pyrrolizidine alkaloids cause photosensitization secondary to liver damage?

Back 181

PA's cause liver damage.
The liver can't clear chlorophyll-breakdown products (phylloerythrin).
Phylloerythrin (ERYTHR) causes sunburn (red)

Front 182

What are the 3 classical liver lesions from pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

Back 182

megalocytosis
bile duct hyperplasia
fibrosis

Front 183

Why do pyrrolizidine alkaloids cause megalocytosis of liver cells?

Back 183

PA's inhibit hepatocyte mitosis. The hepatocytes swell as they age (megalo) and when they did they are replaced by fibrous tissue instead of other hepatocytes.

Front 184

Which food-bourne illness is associated with causing Guillian-Barre syndrome in humans?

Back 184

Campylobacter jejuni

Front 185

What is Guillian-Barre syndrome in humans?

Back 185

an autoimmune dz causing demyelinated polyneuropathy. It's usually triggered by respiratory or GI infections

Front 186

A local purebred Hereford herd is having a bad outbreak of papillomas.

What is the best way to treat this herd?

Back 186

create an autogenous vaccine by isolating some of the warts from the bulls

Front 187

Bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by which Clostridial organism?

Back 187

Clostridium novyi, type D

Front 188

Liver damage by ___________ predisposes to C. novyi, type D

Back 188

Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)

Front 189

Your client has a herd of cows that he wants to eliminate from Lepto hardjo-bovis.

What is the most effective way of going about this?

Back 189

Treat them with oxytetracycline to eliminate all the carriers.

Vaccinate them regularly.

Front 190

Bovine ECG shows a P-R interval getting progressively larger til there's a dropped QRS complex.

What kind of Mobitz block is this?

Back 190

2nd degree Mobitz type 1 heart block

Front 191

2nd degree Mobitz type 1 heart block is also known as what kind of beat?

Back 191

Wenckebach beat

Front 192

2nd degree Mobitz type II heart block looks like what on an ECG strip?

Back 192

unchanged P-R interval & occasionally you'll observe a P-wave without a QRS complex.

Front 193

Anaplasma (from ticks) is a Rickettsial organism found at the margin of bovine RBCs.

How would you treat?

Back 193

oxytetracycline

Front 194

A herd of beef cattle were recently moved to a pasture of lush forage high in tryptophan.

In the rumen, tryptophan is converted to what lung toxicant?

Back 194

3-MI

(3-methylindole)

Front 195

3-methylindole (3-MI) causes (+/- fatal) respiratory disease called...

Back 195

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema (ABPE)

Front 196

5 yo Holstein down in corral. Gave uneventful birth 3 days ago. Fed TMR. Now she is barely responsive & unable to assume or maintain sternal recumbency. T 98, HR 100.
She is weak with no rumen motility.
Uterine lochia is red & mucoid.
Normal feces, full bladder palpated.

What is the treatment for Milk Fever?

Back 196

IV Calcium

Front 197

A dairy cow has right eye & ear droop & no palpebral response of the right eye.

You suspect Listeriosis. What would you see on CSF tap if you were correct?

Back 197

mononuclear pleocytosis

Front 198

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis is an important differential for Listeriosis in cattle.

What do you see on CSF tap with TEME (& with Listeriosis)?

Back 198

TEME = neutrophilic pleocytosis

Listeriosis = mononuclear pleocytosis

Front 199

Listeriosis is usually from silage kept at a pH _____

Back 199

pH >5.0

Front 200

A bunch of calves show hair loss, pruritis, & are thin & pale. They are anemic. Several have pneumonia.

Skin scraping shows a 6-legged parasite.

What do they have?

Back 200

Lice (lice are instects so they have 6 legs instead of 8 like ticks & mites)

(fyi Hematopinus is a sucking louse)

Front 201

Which is characterized by thousands of larvae in the abomasum of an adult cow?

Type I or Type II Ostertagiasis

Back 201

Type II

(Type I = naive calves, not characterized by such large numbers of larvae)

Front 202

Newborn calf has an ugly tibial fracture due to a crazy birth I guess.

How are you going to treat?

Back 202

full-length fiberglass cast & Thomas splint for 6-10 weeks

(make sure to change it every 2-3 weeks)

Front 203

You have to be really careful giving mineral oil PO because...

Back 203

it can easily be aspirated, causing a terrible aspiration pneumonia

Front 204

Propylene glycol is used in cattle to treat....

Back 204

ketosis (it's a glucose precursor)

Front 205

What causes a "nutmeg liver?"

Back 205

right heart failure!

it's passive congestion of thye sinusoids

Front 206

What effect on the heart does pericardial effusion have?

Back 206

causes right heart failure

Front 207

Necropsy of a cow shows a "nutmeg liver" with red central veins & sinusoids between tan areas of swollen hepatocytes.

This is due to...

Back 207

passive congestion from right-sided heart failure

Front 208

A couple of steers are blind, star-gazing, with aniscoria, strabismus & NO PLR. They also have diarrhea.

What vitamin are they most likely deficient in?

Back 208

Vit A deficiency --> no PLR

(I think Vit A is often linked with the eyes)

Front 209

DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference) diet is fed to cows to prevent what post-partum disease?

Back 209

milk fever!

Front 210

Recently, there has been an outbreak of several cows with an acute onset of ataxia, nystagmus, circling, strabismus, and depression followed by strange behavior, vocalization, convulsions, and death in just two days. A few cows appear to be initially less severely affected and have intense pruritus and alopecia which is then followed by similar clinical signs as above. The only recent change in environment is the acquisition of fifty pigs that are housed close by. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Back 210

pseudorabies

(the primary host = pigs, which are usu asymptomatic)

Front 211

How does a DCAD diet enhance dietary Ca2+ utilization, lessening the risk for Milk Fever?

Back 211

enhances PTH

Front 212

A dairy cow has a sole absecess on her left rear lateral claw.

What is your plan of treatment?

Back 212

pare out sole abscess & apply a wooden block to the left rear medial claw!

Front 213

A recently freshened cow has a painful left kidney & cloudy/bloody urine.

What are the 3 top causes of pyelonephritis in cows?

Back 213

E coli
other coliforms
Corynebacterium renale (it's in the name)

Front 214

Copper deficiency leads to achromotrichosis (pale hair coat) & dysfunction of which enzyme?

Back 214

tyrosinase

Front 215

Adequate levels of copper are required for proper functioning of tyrosinase.

What does tyrosinase do?

Back 215

convert L-tyrosine --> melanin

Front 216

This parasite causes huge economic losses to the cattle industry every year by damaging the leather (hide).

Back 216

Hypoderma bovis aka
cattle grub aka
heel fly aka
warble fly

Front 217

Cows with clinical signs of tetanus usually acquired the infection from

Back 217

recent uterine infection (eg metritis).... the answer was NOT from stepping on a nail

Front 218

Tetanus toxin binds to what receptors (causing paralysis)?

Back 218

GABA receptors

Front 219

A 2 year old nonlactating dairy cow in California has a sudden onset of head tilt and drooling. The owner also reports that she appears less active and less interested in feed than normal, and today is circling in one direction in the pen. You examine her and find T=105F, HR=96, and RR=32. There is ptosis, drooped ear, and weakness of the lips on the affected side. You take a lumbosacral spinal tap (see photo), and submit the CSF to your lab. The results show elevated protein and WBCs, with the cell type being mainly monocytes. The lab reports seeing some gram positive bacteria in the monocytes of the CSF. Based on these findings what is the best treatment for this condition?

Chloramphenicol
Penicillin
Metronidazole
Metoclopramine
Enrofloxacin

Back 219

Penicillin for Listeria (or ampicillin or tetras)

The others are NOT allowed to be used in food animals!!! (Chloramphenicol, Metronidazole, Metoclopramine, Enrofloxacin)

Front 220

With which drug do you treat Listeriosis in cattle?

Back 220

penicillin, ampicillin, or tetracyclines

Front 221

You arrive at a ranch that has had a die-off of 12 beef cows. You walk out and notice that they do not display rigor mortis. You also note that they have fresh, non-coagulated blood coming out of their nose and mouth. The owner wants to know if he can use the meat.

What samples do you collect for your diagnosis?

Back 221

vitreous humor or blood from an ear scrape

this is ANTHRAX. we do not cut these bodies open or the organism will sporulate when the oxygen hits it, causing us to become infected.

there will be no eating this meat.

collect the sample then burn or bury the carcass on site

don't forget to contact state/fed vets

Front 222

There has been an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak due to contaminated crops on a nearby farm.

What is the appropriate way to ID & test suspected carriers?

Back 222

choose a random sampling of cattle & send out stool for a O157:H7 specific fecal culture

Front 223

What is the enterohemorrhagic strain of E coli that releases Shiga-like toxins & causes dz in humans?

Back 223

E coli O157:H7 (which is usually non-pathogenic in cattle)

Front 224

When you see cattle dying without rigor mortis & their blood doesn't coagulate, what are you afraid of?

Back 224

Anthrax

Front 225

You are presented with a 6 month old Saler bull which is depressed, off feed, and breathing hard. He was shipped to the new farm 7 days previously. On physical exam, you find T=105F, HR=80, RR=45, and the scleral vessels are injected and dark. The animal is dyspneic and open-mouth breathing (see image). The cranioventral lung fields auscult abnormally, with harsh inspiratory and expiratory sounds as well as expiratory wheezes. Percussion of the thorax reveals ventral consolidation. Which of the following is the most likely correct diagnosis?

Back 225

Mannheimia hemolytica --> bovine bronchopneumonia

Front 226

Mycoplasma species don't have a cell wall, therefore you won't treat with which 2 types of antibiotics?

Back 226

penicillins or cephalosporins

Front 227

Mycoplasma bovis causes respiratory dz in young cattle & what in older cattle?

Back 227

arthritis/tenosynovitis

Front 228

What drug has recently been approved in the US for treatment of Mycoplasma bovis respiratory infection?

Back 228

tulathromycin

Front 229

Which bacterium is associated with Shipping Fever incattle?

Back 229

Mannheimia hemolytica

Front 230

A 6 month old Brown Swiss presents for respiratory distress of 1 day duration. She has a moist, painful cough and a loud inspiratory stridor. On physical exam, it is noticed that the head and neck are extended, there is a swelling around the larynx, and ozena. She also has a temperature of 104.6F and episcleral injection. On palpation of the larynx, a cough is easily elicited along with pain and increased stridor. What is the most likely organism causing this and diagnosis?

Back 230

Calf Diphtheria (aka necrotic laryngitis) <--Fusobacterium necrophorum

Front 231

You are called to a dairy operation. One of the heifers has a huge wound on the ventral aspect of her neck. There's a big ol fly leaving the wound, & LOTS of wriggly larvae everywhere.

What parasitic larvae eat LIVING tissue, creating a huge wound?

Back 231

screwworm aka cochliomyia hominivorax

the fly lays her eggs around the wound margins, larvae hatch within a day, and they eat living tissue, creating a much bigger wound

Front 232

A cow has received IV glucose, SQ insulin, & oral propylene glycol.

What is she being treated for?

Back 232

ketosis

Front 233

A cow undergoing a blood transfusion shows signs of anaphylaxis--tachypnea, dyspnea, ptyalism, rough lung sounds.

What are you going to reach for?

Back 233

epi
antihistamines
dex
oxygen

Front 234

Which of the following is FALSE regarding proper milking procedures?

1. post-milking teat dip is the most effective way of preventing contagious mastitis
2. fore strip each quarter
3. replace liner every 25 milkings
4. pre-milking teat disinfectant is most effective for preventing environmental mastitis
5. shut off vacuum before removing claw

Back 234

wow i literally don't know what half those words are....but you only have to change the liner every 500-1000 milkings, not every 25

Front 235

What is the most effective way of preventing environmental mastitis?

Back 235

pre-milking teat dip

(post-milking teat dip is for preventing contagious mastitis)

Front 236

We talked about applying a Thomas splint to a calf with a fractured tibia.

Where does the Thomas splint extend from, and what joint is immobilized as a result?

Back 236

pelvis --> foot, minimizing movement of the stifle joint

Front 237

6 week old dairy calf died with fever & respiratory dz. Others in her group are also affected.

Necropsy shows serosal & subq petechiae & heavy wet red lungs.

What is the bacterium causing this?

Back 237

Salmonella dublin

(S dublin causes septicemia in dairy calves 4-8 weeks old)

Front 238

You examine a Holstein steer with the complaint of poor appetite, depressed attitude, and ventral swelling. You note a normal TPR, but he has a large ventral swelling that pits on palpation (see image). On rectal exam, a small bladder is palpable. What is the correct diagnosis?

Back 238

ruptured URETHRA!

Front 239

A couple of steers have died after being fed moldy sweet potatoes the other day.

Necropsy shows dark red & firm lungs, with hemorrhage, edema, emphysema, & bullae throughout.
Interstitial pneumonia.

What is the pneumotoxin produced by the interaction between Fusarium solani & the sweet potato?

Back 239

4-ipomeanol

those mean sweet potatoes!

Front 240

What do you expect to happen to lactation with acute pyelonephritis in a dairy cow?

Back 240

abrupt cessation of lactation

Front 241

You see gram neg rods on a urine analysis from a cow with pyelonephritis.

What antibiotic is great to treat coliform pyelonephritis with, since it has no withdrawal time?

Back 241

Ceftiofur

(vs penicillin, ampicillin, or tetracyclins, which have withdrawal times)

Front 242

What virus causes Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

Back 242

bovine herpesvirus-1

Front 243

Red Nose, white plaques.

What virus is it?

Back 243

bovine herpesvirus-1 (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis)

Front 244

BRSV --> honking cough

What does BRSV stand for?

Back 244

bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Front 245

bovine herp-1 causes what?

Back 245

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Front 246

You are presented with a Longhorn steer with a large bloody sore on its left side just behind the scapula (see image). There is pus and serum mixed with blood. Once you clean away this material, there appears to be a large open superficial sore, slightly raised (excoriated granuloma). The impression smear you make is full of intracellular pleomorphic gram positive rods. What organism is causing this lesion?

Back 246

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Front 247

A valuable bull that has been heavily grain fed for show for over 3 months is found bleeding from the nose. You examine the animal and note a fever of 104 F, rapid respiratory rate, and HR of 90 beats/min. You tell the owner that this bull may have developed rumen acidosis in the past, a resulting liver abscess and has now developed ___________.

Back 247

vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia

Front 248

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis likes to cause lesions in different places depending on the species.

Where do these lesions occur in
cattle?
horses?
small R?

Back 248

cattle = on their side

horse = pectoral & ventral abscesses (maybe even internal absc)

small R = caseous lymphyadenitis

Front 249

T/F A liver abscess can progress into pulmonary hemorrhage.

Back 249

true....that's that vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia shit from above

Front 250

Explain the vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia thing.

Back 250

Explanation - By chance a liver abscess in a few animals that develop rumen acidosis may form near the posterior vena cava and cause infected thrombi to break off and move down pulmonary arteries into the lung until they lodge and form an abscess. Pulmonary embolic abscesses then create tracts from affected arteries to an airway, which results in pulmonary bleeding. This condition is extremely difficult to treat successfully and animals usually die within months of a massive bleed.

(copied & pasted from vetprep)

Front 251

You examine a very ill 4-year old Holstein dairy cow on a large commercial dairy. She freshened one week ago and was producing well, until she was found down and unwilling to rise this morning when you were called. T=103F, HR=90, and RR=35. The scleral vessels are dark are enlarged, her rumen is fairly empty and the motility is poor, and she appears too weak to rise. Rectal exam reveals an involuting uterus which can be retracted, discharging a brownish red mucoid non-odorous lochia through the vagina. The left rear quarter of her udder is swollen, hot, painful, and discolored (see image), and contains a serum-like secretion with clumps of fibrin in it. What is your diagnosis?

Back 251

coliform mastitis

LPS (endotoxin) causes those signs.

Tx with IV fluids & NSAIDs

Front 252

How are you going to treat an acute coliform mastitis in a cow?

Back 252

IV fluids, NSAIDs, supportive care of course

Front 253

A 2 mo old calf presents with a 2-week history of non-progressive general rigidity following tactile/auditory/visual stimulation.

What is this disease called?
Is it autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant?

Back 253

Myotonia congenita

Autosomal dominant

Front 254

You examine a 3-year old beef cow which has been acting depressed for the last 24 hours, and has failed to remain with the herd. The cow's temperature is 104F, heart rate is 100 bpm and is pounding loudly, and the respiratory rate is elevated at 42 breaths per minute. The mucous membranes are pale. You take a blood sample back to your nearby clinic and observe the blood smear (image shows Anaplasma marginale along the RBC margin). The PCV is 20%. Of the following, what is the single best, most cost-effective treatment for this cow?

Back 254

long-acting tetracycline injection

Front 255

A dairyman brings his prize 6-month old bull calf to your clinic because he is not eating all his feed today and has diarrhea. He has just purchased this registered bull calf from a neighboring state, and it was shipped a week ago during some very cold weather. You examine the bull calf and find T=104, HR=90, and RR=35, with poor rumen motility. There are several ulcers on the dental pad, and the diarrhea is foul-smelling and contains flecks of blood. The calf is hemorrhaging from small scleral blood vessels (see photo). You quickly take a blood sample and have your assistant run it to the state diagnostic lab, which calls you less than an hour later to say that the thrombocyte count is 5000. You tell the owner that the calf appears to have bovine virus diarrhea infection with thrombocytopenia. What should your first line of therapy be if you are to save this calf?

Back 255

whole blood transfusion before he/she fatally hemorrhages (she's got no platelets!)

Front 256

All the following deficiencies cause neurological disturbance EXCEPT:

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Copper
Thiamine

Back 256

Vitamin D deficiency does not cause neuro disturbance...it causes bone shit like Ricketts

Front 257

Copper deficiency can have what neurological effect?

Back 257

demyelination & pathological fx of vertebrae

Front 258

Thiamine deficiency can cause what neurological disease?

Back 258

polioencephalomalacia

Front 259

What organism is an obligate intracellular parasite of bovine RBCs?

Back 259

Anaplasma marginale

Front 260

What is the holding layer for a right paramedian incision in a bovine?

Back 260

external rectus fascia

Front 261

7 y Jersey cow presents for anorexia, bottle jaw, brisket edema, true jugular pulse.

What is your top differential?

Back 261

right heart failure

Front 262

What 4 things comprise Tetralogy of Fallot?

Back 262

1. Dextroposed aorta
2. Pulmonic stenosis
3. VSD
4. RV hypertrophy

Front 263

There are 5 dead cows & 2 dead birds next to a pond.

Who did it?

Back 263

blue green algae toxicity


(cows can die within minutes of drinking the water!)

Front 264

Sudan grass --> nitrate poisoning.

What's the treatment?!

Back 264

IV methylene blue! Whattttt!

Front 265

A calf has a thrombocyte count of 5000. Is that high or low?

Back 265

SUPER LOW, give him a whole blood transfusion before he starts bleeding out!

Front 266

In the middle of winter, a Holstein presents with ataxia, head pressing, nystagmus, and star gazing.

Her serum sodium levels are way high.

Explain the pathophys of Salt Poisoning.

Back 266

no access to water (eg frozen water supply) leads to intracellular sodium accumulation, production of intracellular proteins.

When the cow is able to drink again, the hyperosmolar environment causes water to rush into the cells.

Front 267

A bunch of cows have decreased milk production. California Mastitis Test reveals Somatic Cell Counts between 100,000 and 200,000.

What does this tell you?

Back 267

that they have normal #s of somatic cells & therefore do NOT have subclinical mastitis (that would be over 200,000 cells)

Front 268

Name an agent that causes Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis.

Back 268

Moraxella bovis

Front 269

Is there are a BRSV vaccine?

Back 269

yes

Front 270

Lungs don't collapse when thorax is opened.
Interstitial pneumonia
Lungs have a rubbery consistency

What virus might have caused this?

Back 270

BRSV

Front 271

Sudan grass causes what kind of toxicity?

Back 271

nitrate toxicity

(treat with IV methylene blue)

Front 272

A steer is acting weird. He won't open his mouth & keeps pumping his tail.

What does he have?

Back 272

tetanus

Front 273

What is trismus?

Back 273

inability to open the mouth (lock jaw) eg from tetanus

Front 274

Aflatoxin B1 is a type of...

Back 274

mycotoxin

Front 275

Aflatoxin B1 is a type of mycotoxin that can cause damage to what organ?

Back 275

liver

Front 276

A 5-day dairy calf has decreased appetite and is depressed. On physical exam, you note that she has a temperature of 104F, HR 120, scleral injection, and one eye has cloudy material in the anterior chamber. Pending lab results, you make a tentative diagnosis of what condition?

Back 276

Failure of passive transfer, sepsis, & hypopyon

Front 277

Name 4 diseases that cause bovine teat lesions

Back 277

Vesicular stomatitis
Pseudocowpox
Bluetongue virus
Herpes mammillitis (ulcers)

Front 278

You are doing an ECG on a Charlois & note a tall, slender P wave >0.4 mV.

What is this pattern called?
Which part of the heart is enlarged?

Back 278

enlarged RA

P pulmonale = tall slender P wave, >0.4 mV

Front 279

5 yo Holstein with weird eyes (bilateral swelling of the conjunctiva) & bilaterally enlarged prescapular & prefemoral LN.

How do you best diagnose what you suspect as lymphoma?

Back 279

Do an ELISA for envelope glycoprotein gp51 antibodies

(in cows w/ lymphoma the gp51 Ab titer is usually increased)

Front 280

A group of cattle live on poor volcanic soil. They show achromotrichia, ill thrift, & an elevated temperature. They have a history of chronic diarrhea & respiratory disease.
TTW shows Pastuerella multocida.

What soil deficiency is causing these symptoms?

Back 280

copper deficiency

Front 281

A 3 yo show cow is pale. She has an acutely bleeding abomasal ulcer. She's going into hypovolemic shock or something.

What's THE most important thing to do for her right now?

Back 281

4-8 L whole blood transfusion

Front 282

A farmer accidentally gave his constipated cow a lot of propylene glycol PO instead of mineral oil like he meant to.

Propylene glycol in great concentrations damages renal tubules.

What are you going to do for this cow?

Back 282

large amounts of oral & IV fluids to cause diuresis & flush the propylene glycol out

Front 283

No PLR.

Back 283

vitamin A deficiency

Front 284

Interdigital necrobacillosis (infectious footrot) on beef cattle living in muddy conditions.

What antibiotic are we going to treat with, in addition to putting them in a dry pasture?

Back 284

oxytetracycline for interdigital necrobacillosis

Front 285

Hairy foot warts (aka papillomatous digital dermatitis). How are we going to treat?

Back 285

foot trimming & oxytetracycline spray

Front 286

How do you treat Psoroptic mange?

Back 286

Ivermectin

Front 287

A group of calves have been on a diet containing cottonseed.

They are dyspneic, weak, & some are dying.

What is the toxin?

Back 287

gossypol

Front 288

Ostertagia ostertagi (roundworm of cattle) causes what appearance to the abomasum?

Back 288

Moroccon leather

Front 289

Hypericin ingestion --> photosensitivity aka sunburn.

Is this a primary or secondary process?

Back 289

primary Hypericin photosensitization

Front 290

What causes alpha-mannosidosis?

bacterial infection
neoplasia
genetic
fungal

Back 290

genetic

Front 291

3 mo calf with pneumonia.
Auscultation reveals:
loud holosystolic murmur on both sides
PMI @ tricuspid valve
On left, PMI @ pulmonic valve (far forward)

What congenital defect is it?

Back 291

VSD

Front 292

What is the commonest cardiac congenital defect in cattle?

Back 292

VSD

(I think this is the commonest in all species except dogs & possibly horses? Look that up)

Front 293

A cow is found dead in pasture. On necropsy, her bladder is filled with bloody urine. All body fluids are icteric & hemorrhagic. The liver has a large anemic infarct in it.

A liver infarct & red urine is classic for what disease?

Back 293

Red Water Dz aka bacillary hemoglobinuria, caused by Clostridicum hemolyticum aka Clostridium novyi, type D

Front 294

A cow dies after a week of showing the following CS:

corneal opacity
high fever
lymphadenopathy
neuro signs

Necropsy reveals lymphocytic perivasculitis in the brain.

She was part of a small dairy herd, in a pasture bordering a sheep pasture. There were no recent feed change or toxic plants found in the pasture.

Back 294

MCF! It's caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (which doesn't usually make the sheep sick)

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Front 295

An anemic infarct of the liver is classic for what bovine disease?

Back 295

Red Water Dz aka bacillary hemoglobinuria (C novyi, D)

Front 296

You diagnose a quarter pounder w/ ocular lymphoma.

What do you recommend as the next step?

Back 296

euthanasia--cattle with lymphoma cannot be used for human consumption

Front 297

A bull has ventral abdominal edema & his breath smells like ammonia.

You do an abdomenocentesis. What is the preferred test to run to determine if the free fluid collected is urine?

Back 297

creatinine

a creatinine level greater than 2x the level in serum = urine

Front 298

Why don't we use BUN or K+ values to determine if free abdominal fluid is urine?

Back 298

because BUN & K freely diffuse back into blood & lymph, so their values can? will? be falsely decreased

Front 299

You perform a joint tap on a Holstein bull's swollen carpus.

TP = 4.7
TNCC = 27,000
Neutrophils = 84%

Is it infected or no?

Back 299

infected joint =
TP over 4.5
TNCC over 25,000
Neutr over 2,000

Front 300

You examine a cow with blepharospasm & chemosis. Fluorescein stain shows a centrally located corneal ulcer.

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for her condition?

chloramphenicol
long-acting oxytetracycline inj
penicillin G subconjunctivally
florfenicol
benign neglect

Back 300

the answer is chloramphenicol--remember what it does to humans (BM suppression) & realize you wouldn't want to eat meat containing it

Front 301

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctival ulcers usually heal on their own in time, so benign neglect is an option.

What is the downside to this route?

Back 301

cattle with IBK are going to be less productive & unthrify til it heals & they're feeling better

Front 302

A 4 year old Ayrshire cow presents with a two day history of depression, anorexia, fever, conscious proprioceptive deficits, right sided head tilt, and head-pressing. A neurologic exam identified cranial nerve deficits. Particularly, the right ear is drooping, the right eye appears "dropped", and she is drooling from the right side of her mouth. Where is the lesion?

(choose between left/right, extra & intracranial)

Back 302

right intracranial

head tilt & CN deficits are usually on the side of the lesion.

intracranial lesions --> conscious proprioceptive deficits, head pressing, depression

Front 303

Calf diphtheria = necrotic _______

Back 303

laryngitis

Front 304

You are doing preg checks on a herd & see white plaques on the 27th cow's vagina.

What do you think it is?

Back 304

infectious pustular vulvovaginitis <-- bovine herpes-1

Front 305

Several feedlot steers have interdigital lesions which you diagnose as infectious footrot, or interdigital necrobacillosis.

What would an effective treatment be for this feedlot situation?

Back 305

single injection of Florfenicol (SQ)

Front 306

Which of the following has the SHORTEST withdrawal time in beef cattle?

Ceftiofur
Oxytetracycline
Penicillin
Sulfadimethoxine

Back 306

Ceftiofur has I think a 4-day withdrawal time for meat but I could be wrong

Oxytet is almost a full month (28 days)

Front 307

Why is oxygen therapy NOT beneficial in the treatment of cyanide toxicity?

Back 307

the Hb can't release the O2 it already has to the tissues, so adding more oxygen isn't going to help the situation

Front 308

Can you think of any treatments for cyanide toxicity in cattle?

Back 308

sodium thiosulfate
sodium nitrate
methylene blue

Front 309

Methylene blue is used as treatment for which two toxicities in cattle?

Back 309

cyanide toxicity & nitrate poisoning

Front 310

What is dysphonia?

Back 310

voice changes

Front 311

What causes the abomasum to have a Morrocan leather apperance?

Back 311

ostertagia

Front 312

How do you treat Ostertagia?

Back 312

ivermectin

Front 313

Cow presents with dysphagia, inspiratory dyspnea, voice changes, & megaesophagus.

Which CN is affected?

Back 313

CN X (vagus)

Front 314

In a cow with a left intracranial lesion, which side would you expect her head tilt to be towards?

Back 314

the left

Front 315

An 8 week old Beefmaster calf presents with a 2 day history of rapid and labored respiration, depression, salivation, nasal and ocular discharge, and a "honking" cough. On physical exam, there are no signs of sepsis, but the calf is tachypneic, dyspneic and febrile. Crackles are audible throughout the lung fields. What is your top differential?

Back 315

BRSV

(honking cough!) the explanation was longer than this, the only thing that stood out to me was the fact that the animal was not septic

Front 316

What is the commonest supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle?

Back 316

atrial fibrillation

Front 317

In cattle, atrial fibrillation is often the result of digestive stuff.

Since the SA node is not working, what wave might be absent on the ECG strip?

Back 317

P wave

Front 318

Young calf with respiratory dz. Auscultation of harsh bronchial tone over the cranioventral aspect of the lungs suggests consolidation of this region.

What do you think it is?

Back 318

Enzootic Pneumonia

Front 319

A deficiency in branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase causes wht smelly urine disease?

Back 319

Maple Syrup Urine Dz

Front 320

Maple Syrup Urine Dz has what effect on the brain?

Back 320

encephalopathy/spongiform changes in brain

Front 321

Hereford & Polled Shorthorn calves can be born with a deficiency in which enzyme, leading to Maple Syrup Urine dz?

Back 321

branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase

Front 322

Which agent causes calf diphtheria?

Back 322

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Front 323

What must you do prior to administering general anesthetic to a ruminant?

Back 323

withold feed & water for a period sufficient to decrease the chances of bloat or regurg

Front 324

What kind of toxin is alfatoxin?

Back 324

mycotoxin

Front 325

What is the vector for Trypanosomiasis, the parasite that causes Nagana in cattle?

Back 325

tsetse fly!

Front 326

Nervous coccidiosis affects cattle of what age?

Back 326

under a yeara

(coccidia = young cattle)

Front 327

Which coccidian causes Nervous Coccidiosis in calves?

Back 327

Eimeria

Front 328

What agent causes TEME in cattle?

(thromboembolic meningoencephalitis)

Back 328

Histophilus somni

Front 329

Which parts of the brain does Histophilus somni affect?

Back 329

cerebellum & BS

Front 330

Pathophys of TEME.

Back 330

Histophilus somni infects endothelial cells. Once they are degraded, they expose subendothelial collagen, which triggers the clotting cascade, creating thrombi.

Front 331

TEME & Polioencephalomalacia are difficult to distinguish from each other based on CS.

What is a key difference between TEME & PE?

Back 331

TEME causes a high fever

(Teme = high T)

Front 332

What is the definitive host of Sarcocystis cruzi?

Back 332

dogs

Front 333

Life cycle of Sarcocystis cruzi =

Back 333

dog eats a carcass or piece of meat with sarcocysts in the muscle.

dog shits out sporocysts.

cow eats sporocysts.

Front 334

A valuable newborn calf has a femoral fx. What is the best treatment?

Back 334

IM pin

Front 335

Bovine Somatotropin aka growth hormone has what APPROVED use in cattle?

Back 335

to increase milk production & prolong lactation in dairy cows

(they're given it q 2 weeks)

Front 336

A farmer is having problems with his calves in the 2wk - 6mo age category. They are alert but dyspneic, then die suddenly.

PM shows pale cardiac & skeletal muscles. What's the cause?

Back 336

Vit E/Selenium deficiency

Front 337

5 mo steer was introduced into the feedlot 3 weeks before he developed diarrhea & quickly died.

PM = erosions of dental pad, ileitis, & severely ulcerated esophagus.

What are you thinking?

Back 337

Mucosal Dz

Front 338

When you hear about a calf with a "moist painful cough" what do you think?

Back 338

calf diphtheria aka necrotic laryngitis

Front 339

Illness in young calves caused by Eimeria is best treated with what drug?

Back 339

Amprolium

Front 340

When you hear a honking cough in a cow, what do you think?

Back 340

BRSV

Front 341

Deficiencies in copper, Vitamin A, & thiamine can all cause neuro disorders in livestock.

Back 341

true

Front 342

Psoroptic mange is best treated with

Back 342

Ivermectin

Front 343

Forage Poisoning is also known as...

Back 343

botulism

Front 344

You are performing a PE on a 2 yo Holstein & hear muffled heart sounds w/ a distinct washing machine sound (splashing & dripping), best heard on here left side. She has prominent jugular veins.

What do you think is causing this?

Back 344

advanced traumatic reticulopericarditis

Front 345

5 recently freshened dairy cows have developed a nasty smelling Salmonella diarrhea.

Culture shows it is S. typhimurium. While waiting for the antibiotic susceptibility tests to come back, what can you treat these cows with?

Back 345

ceftiofur

Front 346

Bracken Fern contains a toxic glycoside. What are 2 effects of ingestion of this plant (I know there are more than that, but I only know these 2 cause they keep coming up =))

Back 346

BM suppression & tumors

Front 347

BLAD is an autosomal recessive dz. What are the chances of an offspring being born w/ the dz if two carriers are bred?

Back 347

25% of course

(50% carriers, 25% RR, 25% rr)

Front 348

What does BLAD stand for?

Back 348

bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Front 349

You auscult a cow & hear a rapid irregular HR w/ no atrial sounds or compensatory pauses. There is no regular rhythm to this irregularity. What are you thinking?

Back 349

atrial fibrillation = irregularly irregular =)

Front 350

What is the commonest arrhythmia in cows & what usually causes it?

Back 350

atrial fibrillation from GI or electrolyte abnormalities

Front 351

A cow has mastitis. The affected quarters are hot & swollen. There is serum-like secretions w/ clots coming out of the teats. omg vomit.

What type of mastitis is it?

Back 351

coliform mastitis of course (just kidding but apparently we're supposed to really know this)

Front 352

Which of the following is NOT a zoonotic pathogen shed in cow's milk?

Brucella abortis
Mycobacterium avium, ssp paratuberculosis
Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella dublin
Campylobacter fetus, venearealis

Back 352

the campy foetus venearealis one isn't shed in milk

Front 353

T/F Salmonella typhimurium causes sepsis in cattle.

Back 353

true

Front 354

4 mo old heifers w/ lameness & fever. Pneumonia.

PM shows ventral yellow firm nodules in a consolidated lung, polyarthritis & tenosynovitis.

Diagnosis?

Back 354

mycoplasma bovis

Front 355

A 2 yo Holstein is lame in her right hind limb. On PE you are able to simultaneously extend her hock & flex the stifle.

What's your diagnosis?

Back 355

ruptured peroneus tertius

(this is definitely NOT normal!)

Front 356

If a cow has a "flying scapula," which muscle has ruptured?

Back 356

serratus ventralis

Front 357

What abnormal joint actions would a ruptured gastrocnemius result in?

Back 357

hock flexion with concurrent stifle extension

Front 358

Several cows have 1-3 cm cysts on their backs with little breathing holes in them vomit.

What's your diagnosis?

Back 358

Hypoderma bovis or H. lineatum

aka cattle grub, heel fly, warble fly ew to all the above

Front 359

How long should a cow be off feed & water before being put under general anesthesia?

Small ruminants?

Back 359

36 hours off feed, 12-24 off water

Small ruminants less

Front 360

1-2 mo old dairy calves are dying.

PM shows petechial hemorrhaging & heavy, red, wet lungs.

What is a common cause of septicemia & therefore these signs in young dairy calves?

Back 360

Salmonella dublin

Front 361

You are called to a farm to diagnose & treat several nursing calves that have suddenly gone blind & unaware of their surroundings.

In the barn you find a drum half-filled with used motor oil.

What kind of toxicity should you be treating these calves for? Do NOT say gasoline like I did (who knew there was a difference ahahah)

Back 361

LEAD

Front 362

A dairy farmer in California calls you in distress. He has just found 16 dead yearling Holstein heifers in a pasture near his home. There are no survivors. All 16 were observed yesterday and appeared normal. You perform a postmortem on two animals and find the plant pictured in the rumen. You walk out to look at his pasture and note that this plant is growing in the cemetery adjacent to his pasture, and you find a pile of clippings containing grass and the plant near the fence. What is the plant? Yew.

How does yew kill cows?

Back 362

depressed myocardial conduction (blocks Na+ movement thru membranes)....yew contains alkaloids called taxines which are cardiotoxic

Front 363

It is March and you are called to a beef ranch because several beef cows on lush pasture have been found dead and another is staggering, according to the rancher. By the time you arrive this cow is down on her side with her legs paddling. The HR=140 and is pounding, while T=103F. The eyelids are fluttering, there is nystagmus, and champing of the jaws. Which of the following disorders fits these signs best?

Back 363

hypomagnesemia (Grass Tetany)

Front 364

What plant causes a similar clinical scenario to Yew?

Back 364

Oleander

Front 365

7 mo feedlot steer w/ fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia.

What agent?

Back 365

Mannheimia hemolytica

Front 366

Fluoride toxicity at a young age affects which tissue?

Back 366

teeth....

fluoride toxicity also affects bones, but it didnt specifically say @ a young age

Front 367

Which of the following disorders does NOT affect the articular surfaces of bones?

osteofluorosis
osteomyelitis
septic arthritis
osteoarthritis

Back 367

osteofluorosis does not affect articular surfaces of bones!

Front 368

Which plant causes "Crooked Calf Dz" (ie cleft palate, crooked limbs, deformed spines)

Back 368

Lupine

(esp when moms are eating it in early pregnancy)

Front 369

Several 16-20 mo old dairy Holstein heifers which have been out in pasture have developed large areas of skin sloughing, mainly affecting white unpigmented areas.

Which of the following do you suspect?

mites
uviation
photosensitization
sunburn
culicoides

Back 369

photosensitization

(to determine if its primary or secondary to liver dz, run liver enz & bilirubin tests)

Front 370

Ingestion of which plant can cause primary photosensitization in cattle?

Back 370

Hypericum

Front 371

A valuable beef bull was moved from TX to the mountains of Colorado.

He has edema of his brisket, ventral thorax, & submandibular region, dyspnea, tachypnea, increased HR but no murmur.

What do you suspect?

Back 371

High Altitude Dz aka
High Mountain Dz aka
Brisket Dz

Front 372

What's the pathophys of High Altitude Dz?

Back 372

hypoxic vasoconstriction --> pulmonary hypertension --> cor pulmonale, which is 2ndary heart dz (right heart enlargement & failure)

Front 373

What is the difference between primary & secondary copper deficiency?

Back 373

primary is an absolute low level of copper in feed

secondary is due to high levels of molybdenum (which decr Cu absorption & increases its rate of excretion)

Front 374

As a general rule, what should the ratio of copper to molybdenum in feed be?

Back 374

at least 5:1 Copper:Molybdenum

Front 375

What lung lobes does aspiration pneumonia normally affect?

Back 375

cranioventral

Front 376

3 wk old Jersey calf can't walk. Hocks won't flex due to continuous gastrocnemius tension.

This is a recessive dz known as....

Back 376

Spastic paresis aka Elso heel

Front 377

High fever.
CSF tap = xanthochromia, high protein & high neutrophils

Is it TEME or polioenceph?

Back 377

TEME = high fever

Front 378

A 4 month old Holstein calf presents with a right sided head tilt, a unilateral right ear droop, right eye ptosis and epiphora of the right eye. Otherwise, the calf is bright and alert. The owner mentioned that the calf suffered from a respiratory infection the previous week. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Back 378

otitis media-externa <--Mycoplasma from contaminated milk

Front 379

Can you treat Histophilus somni (TEME) with penicillin etc?

Back 379

Sure, if you catch it early enough it may help

Front 380

Schroder-Thomas splint or an IM pin for femoral fracture in a calf?

Back 380

IM pin is better they said

Front 381

What do you do when you diagnose a cow w/ Mycoplasma bovis mastitis?

Back 381

cull her

This is highly contagious AND has very poor response to treatment.

Other mastitises (is that a word?) you treat w/ anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, & frequent milking.

Front 382

Pulsus paradoxus = much stronger pulse on expiration than on inspiration.

What is pulsus paradoxus associated with?

Back 382

pericardial effusion or constrictive heart disease

Front 383

What pulse pattern normally results from atrial premature contractions?

Back 383

pulse deficits

Front 384

Atrial fibrillation creates what pulse pattern?

Back 384

Pulsus alternana (2 quick normal pulses followed by no pulse)

Front 385

PDA --> what pulse pattern?

Back 385

waterhammer pulse (large bouding pulse w/ sharp peak & very rapid decline)

Front 386

Match heart dz w/ pulse pattern:

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial premature contractions
PDA
Pericardial effusion

Pulsus alternans
Pulse deficits
Pulsus paradoxus
Waterhammer pulses

Back 386

Atrial fibrillation --> pulsus alternans
Atrial premature complexes --> pulse Deficits
Pericardial effusion --> pulsus paradoxus
Persistent ductus arteriosus --> Waterhammer pulse

That's right, they're in alphabetical order. BAM!

Front 387

Do you diagnose PDA in young or older animals?

Back 387

young

Front 388

Where do you best hear the aortic valve?

Back 388

left 4th ICS

(PAM 345)

Front 389

What could be a cause of liver abscesses in multiple cows from the same group?

Back 389

rumen acidosis

Front 390

How can rumen acidosis result in liver abscess?

Back 390

lower pH allows bacteria to translocate thru mucosa & be filtered from hepatic portal circulation by the liver

Front 391

what foodborne pathogen can cause hemorrhagic diarrhea & HUS (hemorrhagic uremic syndrome) in man?

Back 391

E coli O157:H7

Front 392

In paradoxic aciduria in the cow, which ion is exchanged for sodium in the renal tubules?

Back 392

H+ (ie the cow is pissing out acidic urine)

Front 393

Paradoxic aciduria is often due to HCl trapping in the abomasum, eg from a torsion.

Why is it called PARADOXIC aciduria?

Back 393

because the cow's HCl is trapped, the body is in an alkalotic state, so you would assume her piss would be alkaline. However, her pee is H+ rich

Front 394

WHY is her pee acidic if she's got paradoxic aciduria?

Back 394

I really dont know if I understand this, which means the explanation might be wrong.

Low Cl --> dehydration & high bicarb (always vary inversely remember?).

= alkalotic cow

H+ out in exchange for K+ into cells = hypokalemic cow

Kidney tubules start to use H+ instead of K+ to exchange for Na so to conserve Na. So they excrete the H+ in their urine.

ehhhh

Front 395

A Hereford calf several months old presents with constant hypertonia of the extensors of the rear limbs when it stands. It also has difficulty getting up. This started 1 month ago & has gradually gotten worse.

What does the baby bubby cow have?

Back 395

Spastic Paresis aka Elso Heel (genetic)

Front 396

What antibiotic is effective against coliform pyelonephritis?

Back 396

ceftiofur

Front 397

You are called to check on a cow the owner noticed wasn't doing well 4 weeks after putting her out to pasture.

She is weak, disoriented, belligerant (like Hank), with fever, increased HR/RR. Her heart is pounding loudly. She's got ticks on her. Pale mucous membranes (too bad you're not able to see the pic of her vag, they're showing just how pale VOMIT) Feces, urine are normal.

What tick-borne disease do you suspect?

Back 397

Anaplasmosis

Front 398

What do Clostridium novyi, type D & piroplasmosis have in common?

Back 398

they cause intravascular hemolysis & hemoglobinuria

Front 399

Muffled heart sounds & electrical alternans on ECG are caused by...

Back 399

pericardial effusion

Front 400

What does electrical alternans look like on an ECG strip?

Back 400

differing amplitudes of multiple successive R waves in the QRS complex

Front 401

Steer in respiratory distress has no breath sounds in his dorsal chest. What do you suspect?

Back 401

pneumothorax

(free air moves dorsally --> those lung lobes collapse)

Front 402

1 yo Angus w/ acute lameness & depression. Fever. Crepitant, edematous swelling on left shoulder that is hot & painful. No signs of trauma.

What clostridial agent caused it?

Back 402

Clostridium chauvei (blackleg)

Front 403

How does clostridium chauvei get into muscle if there is no evidence of trauma?

Back 403

GIT --> blood --> muscle

Front 404

How can you prevent C. chauvei infection?

Back 404

vaccinate at 3-4 mos

Front 405

Pinkeye =

Back 405

IBK (Moraxella bovis)

Front 406

A cow is circling to the right & has a bunch of droopy shit on her right face.

What is THE most common cause of CNS infection in ruminants, and therefore the most likely answer to this question?

Back 406

Listeria monocytogenes

Front 407

How do cows get Listeria monocytogenes?

Back 407

silage

Front 408

What is the classic brain lesion for Listeria?

Back 408

microabscesses & something else....monocytic perivascular cuffing maybe? i gotta check

Front 409

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis --> 6 in sore on flank w/ blood & pus coming out.

How should you treat?

Back 409

flush & let heal--it will resolve on its own without systemic involvement

Front 410

Post-milking teat dips (seriously sounds so gross) are NOT effective against which organism?

E coli
Corynebacterium bovis
Mycoplasma bovis
Staph auerus
Strep agalactiae

Back 410

NOT effective against E coli which is an environmental agent, not contagious.

Post is for contagious
Pre is for environmental

Front 411

You are called to a farm to check out one of the dairy cow's feet.

Which claw do you think is hurt?

Back 411

rear lateral claw in dairy cows

Front 412

3 wk old Holstein calf presents with diarrhea, fever, & anorexia. She has a stiff neck & hyperesthesia. Bloodwork shows high WBC & neutrophilia.

CSF tap = turgid, high protein, high WBC, w/ predominant cell = neutrophils.

what do you think?

Back 412

meningitis

Front 413

Oculonasal mucopurulent discharge, chemosis, fever, sneezing, white fibronecrotic plaques on conjunctival mucosa.

What's your diagnosis?

Back 413

IBR (bov herpes-1)

"Red Nose, White Plaques"

Front 414

Some cows are dead, others have diarrhea, arrhythmias, rumen stasis, & generalized muscle weakness.

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides?

Back 414

ok there are a bunch

oleander
foxglove
azalea
laurel
lily of the valley
milkweed
dogbane

Front 415

Fusobacterium necrophorum can cause liver abscesses.

Where is this bacteria coming from?

Back 415

it's part of the normal flora of the rumen, i think it might escape w/ rumen acidosis

Front 416

What is the most common urolith for cattle on a high grain diet to get?

Back 416

struvites (magnesium ammonium phosphate)

Front 417

Which of the following foodborne illnesses do NOT primarily cause GIT signs?

Yersinia enterocolitica
Shigella
E coli O157:H7
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni

Back 417

Listeria = neuro

Front 418

Name some flies that help w/ the transmission of Moraxella bovis (pinkeye)

Back 418

Lyperosia iritans
Haemotobia irritans
Muscua autumnalis
Stomoxys

Front 419

Tell me 4 things about Locoweed

Back 419

neuro
abortions
arid west
also affects horses

Front 420

Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic agent.

What animal serves as a new source of infection for cattle?

Back 420

white-tailed deer

Front 421

A client of yours has an established BVDV negative herd. What should he do w/ the replacement heifers he's going to have coming into the herd?

Back 421

immunohistochemistry on a skin biopsy

Front 422

Brisket edema, dropped milk production, increased HR, enlarged/dilated jugular veins, muffled heart sounds w/ occasional splashes.

what's your diagnosis?

Back 422

heart dz from traumatic reticulopericarditis

Front 423

When we suspect lymphoma what antibodies are we going to look for in the serum?

Back 423

Ab @ gp51 (glycoprotein)

Front 424

ulcerative/necrotic lesion of the interdigital space

Which is NOT a differential?

MCF
FMD
BVD
IBR
Interdigital necrobacillosis

Back 424

Inf bovine rhinotracheitis is not a differential for foot lesion

Front 425

What is the critical time to treat a Hypoderma infection??

You must know this

Back 425

early fall cause that's when the larvae start migrating thru the tissues!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 426

How do you treat Hypoderma (time & drug)

Back 426

Ivermectin (or 1 of the other ectins) in early fall

Front 427

Mycoplasma bovis respiratory infection can be treated with what drug

Back 427

Tulathromycin

Front 428

How are you going to treat corns in cattle?

Back 428

remove with sedation & local anesthesia

Front 429

When removing a corn, what structure do we have to be sure we don't invade?

Back 429

don't invade the interdigital fat pad!

Front 430

Postparturient hemoglobinuria is associated with low levels of....

Back 430

phosphorus (under 2 causes hemolysis)

Front 431

1-2 mo old dairy calves w/ aural discharge, head tilt, ataxia, facial paralysis, unilateral nystagmus, fever.

What infectious agent is causing this?

Back 431

Mycoplasma bovis

Front 432

What is the key difference between Hypoderma bovis & Hypoderma lineatum?

Back 432

H bovis L1s migrate to the epidural fat of the spinal cord

H lineatum L1s migrate to the esophagus

Front 433

What 7 drugs are absolutely illegal to use (even off-label) in food producing animals such as cattle?

Back 433

Chloramphenicol
Clenbuterol
DES
Fluoroquinolones
Nitrofurans
Nitroimidazoles
Vancomycin

Front 434

A herd is undergoing sudden death in calves & decreased reproductive efficiency in cows.

What plant should be on your DDx?

Back 434

gossypol (cottonseed)

this is cardiotoxic & will kill calves under 4 mos old

Front 435

Ruptured bladder would lead to what abnormal blood values?

Back 435

hyponatremia
hypochloremia
hyperphosphatemia
azotemia
+/- hyperkalemia

Front 436

What salvage procedure might we perform on a steer to get him to slaughter 1-3 months after a ruptured bladder & urethra?

Back 436

PU (perineal urethrostomy)

Front 437

Perilla mint has a toxic effect on what organ?

Back 437

lung

Perilla mint = pneumotoxin

Front 438

When pregnant cows eat Lupine, what dz does their calf get?

Back 438

crooked calf dz

Front 439

What 2 reproductive effects do Ponderosa pine needles have on cows?

Back 439

late-term abortion & retained placentas

Front 440

Nightshade (contains atropine) causes...

Back 440

mydriasis, paralysiis, depression

Front 441

Water hemlock is bad. What does it cause in addition to grand mal seizures??

Back 441

hypersalivation, tachycardia, tachypnea, & DEATH

Front 442

You are doing a routine check for FPT (failure of passive transfer) on a group of calves between 48-60 hours old.

One of the 3-day olds has a really low serum IgG. What are you going to do for her?

Back 442

give 1-2 L of bovine plasma

(a 3 day old calf isn't going to be able to absorb antibodies from colostrum)

Front 443

What is Thelazia?

Back 443

eye worm

remove it manually

Front 444

A group of calves that are being housed indoors during the winter have hair loss & thick gray skin.

What do you tell the owner?

Back 444

it's ringworm (dermatomycosis)

Front 445

What's the main fungus causing ringworm in cattle?

Back 445

trichophyton verrucosum
(2nd is trichophyton mentagrophytes)

Front 446

An air bronchogram indicates lung consolidation.

What pattern is represented by "air bronchograms?"

Back 446

alveolar pattern

Front 447

Exercise intolerance & collapse. The only abnormality you find on any routine tests are elevated AST, CK, LDH.

What enzyme deficiency do you think it is?

Back 447

myophosphorylase

Front 448

What is THE characteristic lesion of pooolllliiiioooooencephalommmmaaaallllaaaaaccccciiiiiaaaaa

(polio-encephalo-malacia)

Back 448

necrosis of cortical gray matter

Front 449

What breed of cattle get myophosphorylase deficiency?

Back 449

Charlois

Front 450

2 yo w/ stiff walk & arched back. Hi fever, washing machine murmur, distended jugular veins, +ve grunt test.

What do you suspect?

Back 450

traumatic reticulopericarditis

Front 451

What plant can cause 2ndary photosensitization (via liver damage)?

Back 451

Amsinckia intermedia (fickleweed) because it contains PAs

Front 452

hypocalcemia & milk fever cause what to happen to the heart?

Back 452

tachycardia but i don't get why?

Front 453

Most foodborne illnesses in humans are:

bacteria
protozoan
fungal
viral
going to require a lot of toilet paper

Back 453

the answer is virus!

Front 454

nitrate toxicity (eg from pigweed) is going to cause blood to be what color?

Back 454

chocolate brown (ew ew EW)

something about the rumen changing nitrate to nitrites & hemoglobin to methemoglobin blahblah i prob just switched the order of both of those

Front 455

Does traumatic reticulopericarditis result in brisket edema?

Back 455

eventually

Front 456

4 yo Beefmaster bull (mwuahaha I'll never get over this breed) has frothy nasal discharge
subq emphysema
infrequent loud cough
increased HR
open-mouthed breathing
crackles/wheezes throughout the lung field
interstitial pattern w/out consolidation
no septicemia

What part of his history am I leaving out?

Back 456

that he was recently moved to a lush pasture

this is Fog Fever aka acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema

Front 457

ONLY 15 QUESTIONS LEFT. F#&@*($* cow questions I am so excited to be done with them ahhhhhhhhhhh

Back 457

imagine how many more lives we would save some day if we never had to learn about cows?

Front 458

Several in a herd of cattle have begun to exhibit unusual neurologic signs including cortical blindness, head pressing, and teeth grinding. One of the affected animals dies and a necropsy shows evidence of gyral flattening as well as edema of the brain. A tentative diagnosis of polioencephalomalacia has been made. Which treatment recommendation will you make?

Back 458

supplement feed with thiamine

Front 459

Why isn't grain formulated for steers an appropriate feed for sheep?

Back 459

because it contains way too much copper

Front 460

How do you know you've debrided a sole ulcer deep enough?

Back 460

when you reach healthy bleeding tissue

Front 461

Xanthochromia on CSF tap is evidence of....

Back 461

prior hemorrhage

Front 462

When formulating a DCAC diet for late gestation in cows, what's the formula going to be?

Back 462

(Na+K) - (Cl+S)