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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is flushing? How should it be done? What is the importance?
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Technique to increase nutrient uptake prior to breeding.
ewes: increase by 20-30% 2-3 weeks prior to breeding rams: increase feed for 8 weeks prior to breeding increase probability of increased oocytes, viable semen |
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basics of breeding management in sheep
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vasectomized ram with ewes for 2 weeks to get them cycling together
2-4 rams/100 ewes |
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gestation period in sheep
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140-151 days
average: 148 days |
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methods of preg check in sheep
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non-return to heat, ultrasound, bagging up late, ballottement, doppler, x-ray, laparotomy, vaginal biopsy, rectoabdominal palpation, steroid assays
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When can ultrasound be used to preg check sheep, and how should it be done?
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20+ days post-breeding
go on right side, transabdominal, just caudal to teat in non-haired portion |
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What is tagging (in a sheep)?
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shearing around teats, vulva, anus
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What are the benefits of shearing a ewe prior to parturition?
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takes up less room in pen
makes barn less humid makes her less likely to lamb in the snow |
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Sheep puberty: age, factors affecting
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5-15 months old
>60% adult body weight factors: nutrition, breed, time of lambing, scrotal size (bigger = faster) |
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Sheep estrous cycle
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16-17 days long
estrus lasts 10-40 hours natural servicing occurs 2-6 times/cycle AI window: 18-24 hours after onset of estrus |
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What are some seasonal effects on sheep breeding?
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short day breeders (fall and winter)
breeds from equitorial regions decreased scrotal circumference decreased libido increased abnormal sperm |
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signals of start of parturition in sheep
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restlessness, mothering, colostrum 2-3 days before, vulvar swelling, decreased appetite, decreased body temperature
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What happens in stage I and stage II of sheep parturition?
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stage I: uterine contractions; lasts 2-8 hours
stage II: cervix dilation; lasts 20mins-2 hours placenta expelled 2-4 hours after birth |
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newborn lamb weight and timeline
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8-15 pounds
stands at 30 mins suckling at 2 hours |
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What is the age range for highest productivity in sheep?
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3-6 years
can breed up to 10 years |
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What occurs in the post-partum period in sheep?
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uterine involution by 30 days
suckling delays a return to estrus 10% have a non-fertile estrus within 48 hours |
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nutrition of lactating ewe
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increase rations 50% over the last 1/3 of gestation
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milk production in ewe
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peak is reached at 2-3 weeks post-partum
starts to decline about 8 weeks |
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weaning sheep and lamb Vax
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set up creep ASAP
wean at 8 weeks vaccinate for Clostridium C and D 2 weeks prior to and then at weaning |
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manipulation of reproduction drugs in sheep
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progesterones: MAP or intravaginal FGA given with PMSG or ECG
prostaglandins: only work during normal breeding season Synchromate B (ear implant) |
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Induction of parturition drugs in sheep
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dexamethasone
estradiol |
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causes of sheep infertility
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genetic abnormalities, asynchronous mating, early embryonic death, abnormal zygote, starvation, selenium deficiency, high environmental temperature, high plane of nutrition (pregnancy toxemia), estrogenic compounds in diet, vaginal/uterine prolapse
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causes of abortion in sheep
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stress
pregnancy toxemia infectious causes (vibrio, toxo, EAE) |
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Vibrio in sheep
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Camphylobacter fetus ssp. fetus
causes late preg abortion, still birth, weak lambs ewes usually asymptomatic gross:placentitis with edema and necrosis of cotyledons |
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Toxoplasmosis in sheep
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infection early in gestation: EED, fetal death, mummy
infection late in gestation: abortion, perinatal lamb loss ewes usually asymptomatic gross: cotyledons have grey/white foci control: remove cats, rumensin |
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Enzootic abortion in ewes
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Chlamydia
late abortion, still birth, mummy congenital infections abort first pregnancy if infected late in pregnancy, may not abort until next pregnancy gross: chorionitis, elementary bodies control: hygiene, tetracycline, vaccine |
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When should you intervene with sheep dystocia?
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after 1-1.5 hours of no progress during stage II (cervix dilation)
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vaginal prolapse in sheep
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late gestation
not enough space, bad tail docking, estrogens, pushing/crowding |
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uterine prolapse in sheep
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after birth
can see caruncles/cotyledons causes: difficult delivery, hypocalcemia |
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What is balanoposthititis in sheep?
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pizzle rot
Brevibacterius ammoninogenes urea converted to ammonia-->irritation keep clean, antibiotic ointment, ammonium chloride to decrease urine pH |
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What causes scrotal mange in sheep?
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Chorioptes bovis
Ivermectin |
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What causes scrotal abscesses in sheep?
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Actinomyces pyogenes
Tx: drain |
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What causes epididymitis in sheep?
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Brucella ovis: congenital or passive venereal infection: do not Vx! Test and cull!
Actinobacillus seminis: severe, acute, painful, peripubertal lambs |
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goat estrous cycle
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21 days long
12-36 hour estrus AI window: 12-24 hours after onset of estrus buck jar: collect scent from male to see if she's in heat |
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goat gestation period
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140-155 days
average is 2-3 days longer than sheep |
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preg check in goats
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increased progesterone during late pregnancy DOES NOT Dx pregnancy
cervical palpation: softened at 30 days, out of reach at 50 days |
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induction of parturition in goats
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dexamethasone
estradiol prostaglandins should birth within 30 hours induce at 142-144 days |
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Infertility in goats
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does: endometritis, Chlamydia, Salmonella, lepto, listeria
bucks: spermatic granuloma between epididymus and testes |
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elk estrous cycle
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21 days long
estrus lasts 1-6 hours |
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elk gestation period
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247 days (8.2 months)
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elk breeding stats
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short day breeders (september to november)
calving in June 18 months old at first breeding conception rate: yearling 30-50%, 2+ 90-100% actual calving rate: 2 years 25-40%, 3+ 80-90% |
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elk calf stats
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one calf born per dam
weight: 35-45 pounds |
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elk nursing and weaning
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four teats
calf mortality slightly increases post-weaning wean at 200-300 pounds weaning age: 95-125 days |
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elk production stats
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males: 5-8 years of productivity
females: 8-12 years of productivity 350-400 pounds at time of first service mature weight: male 800-1000pounds, female 600 pounds |
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Elk vaccination protocol and health needs
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use killed vax
lepto (5 strains), vibrio, IBR (rednose), BVD, PI3 (parainfluenza), BRSV (resp syncitial virus), MCF?, clostridium, mannheimia, Pastruella, e coli, hemophilus somnus, Selnium, Copper, parasites, bluetongue |
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Ostrich reproductive anatomy
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cocks and hens
phallus and testicles will increase in size 400% during mating ovary and oviducts are on the left |
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Ostrich sexual maturity and behaviors
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2-3 years
males prepare the nest and incubate the egg photoperiod-dependent egg laying (January-October) usually lay one egg every other day (indeterminant layers) productive for 40+ years |
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HOW LARGE IS AN OSTRICH EGG? THIS WILL BE ON EXAM
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1200-2300 grams
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Ostrich sexual dimorphism
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females: grey feathers
males: black-red beak and scales on legs during breeding |
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Ostrich adult height and weight
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male: 250-400 pounds
female: 200-350 pounds 4.5-5 feet at hip, 7.5-9 feet at head |
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Ostrich infertility
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egg must be fertilized within 15 minutes of laying
candle at 7-10 days failure to copulate, seasonal infertility, extreme temperatures, nutritional (selenium, vit A, vit E), black pigment, lack of estrogen, bacT infection of oviduct |
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egg-binding in ostrich
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genetic, cold weather, nutrition, exercise
Dx: x-ray, U/S, palpation, manual exam Tx: increase temp, oxytocin, Sx, calcium, vitamins |
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prolapse in ostrich
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phallus: replace then purse-string suture, Abs, NSAIDs
vaginal: replace then purse-string suture, cold weather stress |
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INCUBATION AND HATCHING IN OSTRICH
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42 DAYS
use separate rooms for incubation and hatching 97.5F with 22% relative humidity for incubation check for 13-15% weight loss of egg (fluid absorption) store eggs for 5-7 days at 55-65F turn 6 times per day minimum make sure air cell is facing up transfer egg to hatching room 3 days before hatch and stop turning |
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post-hatching care for ostrich
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transfer to rearing area by 12-24 hours
yolk sac should be resorbed by 10 days feed turkey food |
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male llama characteristics, anatomy
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body size, conformation, ear shape, color of fiber
nonpendulant scrotum plateau at 30 months old fibroelastic penis with sigmoid flexure prepuce: posterior orientation-->urinates backwards protractor penis muscle positions it forward for mating cartilagenous urethral process used to dilate cervix to enter uterus prostate and bulbourethral glands |
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prepucial adhesions in llama
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occurs in prepubertal animals
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sexual maturity in llamas
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males: 2.5-3 years
female: 12-24 months |
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semen collection in llamas
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electroejactulation under anesthesia, use intravaginal condom or sponge, aspirate from uterus after copulation, artificial vagina
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semen evaluation in llama
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85% spermatozoa
highly viscous, milky white volume = 3ml slow motility is normal concentration: 24million/ml |
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What is berserk male syndrome in llamas?
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male llama imprinted on people
very territorial and aggressive incurable |
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mature body weight of camelids
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llama: 100-150kg (220-330pounds)
alpaca: 30-50 kg (66-110pounds) |
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female reproductive anatomy of llamas
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similar to horse: bicornate, T-shaped horns
cervix: 2-3 annular rings |
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ovarian events in llamas
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induced ovulators
periods of long reproductive receptivity (36 days), only 48 hours of non-receptivity follicle maturation and atresia leads to rhythmic increases/decreases in estrogen |
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ovulation in llamas
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occurs 26-42 hours after natural mating
follicles 7mm or greater increase in serum LH 15 mins after copulation--lasts for 6 hours can induce ovulation with hormones (LH, GnRH, HCG) |
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corpus luteum function in llamas
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maintains pregnancy due to progesterone secretion
peaks at 9 days post-mating CL regresses on day 10-11 if not pregnant |
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mating behavior in llamas
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depends on degree of follicle maturity
spits off male if pregnant mating lasts 15-45 minutes can clip or wrap tail to facilitate |
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gestation period in llamas
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335-365 days (345 day average)
most pregnancies in left horn |
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llama placenta
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diffuse epitheliochorial
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preg check in llamas
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progesterone levels
U/S: 15 days transrectal, 50 days transabdominal spitting off ballottement rectal palpation |
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pregnancy loss in llamas
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high EED in first 30-90 days
stress, placental insufficiency, hormonal imbalance, genetics, uterine infection, rebreeding too soon after partruition |
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Infectious causes of pregnancy loss in llamas
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lepto
toxo chlamydia BVD |
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Parturition behavior in llamas
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occur early in morning-afternoon
dams do not lick off cria frequent urination and defication give birth standing head comes out first |
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Parturition timeline in llamas
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whole process takes 2-3 hours
stage I: prepatory 1.5-2 hours stage II:expulsion of fetus 10-20 min stage III: placenta expulsion 1-2 hours |
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dystocia in llamas
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low prevalence
due to uterine torsion or malposition |
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induction of parturition in llamas
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prostaglandins
should occur within 25 hours |
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post-partum period in llamas
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ovarian activity resumes in 3 days
uterine involution in 21 days breeding recommended after day 15-20 |
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neonatal care in llamas
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clear airway (oxygen if needed)
normal weight: llama15 pounds, alpaca 18-20pounds standing and suckling: 30-60 mins give tetanus antitoxin if dam is unvax meuconium passed: 24-36 hours treat umbilicus |
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neonatal llama exam
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patent anus
normal genitalia cleft palate normal nasal airflow |
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passive immunity in llamas
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gut closes in 8 hours
check for FPT 24 hours after birth (serum total protein, globulins, camelid-specific IgG) Tx for FPT: plasma transfusion |
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llama infertility
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congenital defects from too much inbreeding
endometritis, metritis: strep endometrial cysts: poor prognosis cystic ovaries: variable response to GnRH or HCG |
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preventive med in llamas
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Vax prior to parturition: clostridium, tetanus, lepto, west nile
selenium, vit E colostrum bank deworm |
