Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what causes the indifferent gonad to become an embryonic testis?
|
SRY antigen
|
|
|
embryonic sertoli cells make what for proper male reproductive tract deveolopment?
|
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor (MIF) which causes regression of the Mullerian Ducts
|
|
|
embryonic leydig cells make what for proper male reproductive tract developement?
|
Testosterone which stimulates the development of the Wolffian Ducts (which become the vas deferens, seminal vesicales, and Epididymis. Testosterone is also converted to DHT for development of the penis and scrotum
|
|
|
Describe the masculization of the brain
|
Testosterone released from the leydig cells makes its way to a zone in the hypothalamus called the sexual dimorphic nucleus. T is converted to Estradiol (E2) which causes male libido. E2 also masculinizes brain (increases size)
induces tonic release of GnRH in adult animal (GnRH is regulated by T E2 and P4). T causes male agressive behavoir |
|
|
Seminiferous Tubule
_____________ cells - Leydig which release T4 and are - stimulated by _____ from the__________ Spermatogonium stimulated by _________. For spermatogenesis to occur HIGH ___________ is absolutely required for development from spermatocytes to spermatids |
Seminiferous Tubule
Interstitial cells - Leydig which release T4 and are - stimulated by LH from the pit Spermatogonium stimulated by- FSH. For spermatogenesis to occur HIGH Testosterone is absolutely required for development from spermatocytes to spermatids |
|
|
why don't female embyros develope a masculized brain from the dams E2
|
They make alpha feto protein which binds E2 but not T
|
|
|
Sertoli Cells function in the adult
|
1.nurture developing sperm
2.forms blood testis barrier 3.endocrine function, both T4 and FSH affect it FSH - Inhibin (Inhibin neg feedback on pit FSH) - Androgen binding protein (ABP) binds T4 and DHT to increase levels of the hormones T4 - enzymes involved in spermatogenesis |
|
|
What effect do Anabolic Steriods have on the male reproductive tract?
|
1.Anabolic Steriods can not be converted to E2 or DHT
2.without E2 animal decreases libido 3.without DHT animal decreaes acessory sex gland size and function 4.anabolic steriods act T, so increase male aggresive behaviors and increase muscle mass 5.Anabolic steriod also provide neg feedback on hypothalamus release of GnRH and anterior pitutitary release of LH and FSH. 6.without LH and FSH T4 concentration in testis drops from 100 X to 3 X not sufficient fro spermatogenesis 7.spermatogenesis stops or at least reduced - Leydig cells - shrink Seminiferous tubules not making sperm 6 shrink :. testis physically shrinks |
|
|
long term effcts of anaboic steriods on repro
|
- dependent upon length of administration, time when
administered (young vs old animal) & compound short duration & some luck 6 recovery in 6-12 months - very little known about effects on immature animals - can be a real problem when owner retires animal for stud horses, dogs 6 no pregnancies |
|
|
what gland controls seasonal breeders?
|
pineal gland
|
|
|
pineal gland is controled by
|
light
|
|
|
light _______ the release of melatonin
|
inhibits
|
|
|
BSE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
(BULLS) Common hereditary foot problems: |
• Corkscrew claw defect
• Interdigital fibromas (corns) • Weak pasterns • Post-leggedness • Sickle hocks |
|
|
BSE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
(BULLS) Common ocular problems: |
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis or pinkeye (Moraxella bovis) |
|
|
TESTES EVALUATION
Testicular Volume (TV) Measurement of TV can help: |
• Predict potential sperm production
• Identify problems with sperm production • Help determine potential number of (mares) that can be mated per day |
|
|
Internal Genitalia
• In bulls, the most common abnormal finding is enlargement, excessive firmness or loss of lobulation of the ______________ |
Internal Genitalia
• In bulls, the most common abnormal finding is enlargement, excessive firmness or loss of lobulation of the vesicular glands |
|
|
SEMEN EVALUATION
• Motility raw semen extended semen • Minimum values Bulls - fair gross swirling/wave > __________________ Stallions > ____________ |
SEMEN EVALUATION
• Motility raw semen extended semen • Minimum values Bulls - fair gross swirling/wave > 30% progressive Stallions > 60 % progressive |
|
|
SEMEN EVALUATION
• Morphology head defects acrosome defects protoplasmic droplets • Minimum values Bull > _____________ Stallion > ______________ |
SEMEN EVALUATION
• Morphology head defects acrosome defects protoplasmic droplets • Minimum values Bull > 70 % normal Stallion > 60 % normal |
|
|
SEMEN EVALUATION
Ancillary Tests |
• Sperm chromatin structure assay
• Fluorescent probes (stains/dyes) • Antisperm antibody tests • Biochemical analysis of seminal plasma |
|
|
SEMEN EVALUATION
Fluorescent Stains |
• Can be used to evaluate specific aspects of
sperm morphology or integrity |
|
|
SEMEN EVALUATION
Antisperm Antibody (ASA) tests |
• Spermatozoa develop in an immune-privileged
site • Blood-testis barrier is tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells • Disruption of the B-T barrier can lead to development of ASA (i.e. trauma, neoplasia) • ASA (IgG) can cause a decrease in fertility |
|
|
BSE CLASSIFICATION: BULLS
|
• Satisfactory
• Questionable* • Decision Deferred • Unsatisfactory |
|
|
BSE CLASSIFICATION: STALLIONS
|
• Satisfactory Breeding Prospect
• Questionable Breeding Prospect • Unsatisfactory Breeding Prospect |
|
|
Swedish Highland Cattle are assoicated with what reproductive probelms
|
testicular hypoplasia
cryptorchidism intersex conditions chromosomal abnormalities |
|
|
XXY cats are usally have what gonad problem
|
testicular hypoplasia
|
|
|
cryptorchidism incidence and most common speices
|
1%
pigs, dogs, horses |
|
|
Is cryptorchidism inhertided treat
|
controversial
may be in some individuals isolated event in most individuals |
|
|
crytorchidism:
_________ (unilateral/bilateral) more common. _______ tends to be intra-abdominal and _______tends to be inguinal. |
unilateral
left right |
|
|
problems with cryptorchidism
|
risk of neoplasia increased
prone to torsion of the spermatic cord |
|
|
in bilateral cryptorchism what part of the histolgoy of the testis is prominent
|
interstital cells- leydig
|
|
|
what is the most frequent cause of reduced fertility in the male
|
testicular degeneration
many causes primary spermatocytes most susceptible |
|
|
testicular degeneration potential causes:
|
elevated temperature
frostbite systemic infections nutritional factors toxins vascular occlusion obstruction to sperm outflow autoimmuntiy age hormonal deficiencies |
|
|
cause of orchitis
|
trauma
infection-hematogenous |
|
|
torsion of the spermatic cord is most common in what speices
|
dogs and horses
|
|
|
testicular interstitial cell tumor
|
leydig cell tumor
tan in color discrete, soft most common testis tumor of the dog minimal androgen production seldom metastasize |
|
|
sustentacular cell tumor
|
sertoli cell tumor
white, lobular, firm frequent in dog metastasis unusual estrogenic effects: feminization, alopecia, bone marrow suppression |
|
|
teratoma
|
most frequent equine testicular tumor
primarily in cryptorchid testis may contain multiple tissue types |
|
|
most common penis lesions in the bull
|
penile deviation
infectiou pustular balanoposthitis persistent frenulum penile hematoma preputial abscess fibropapilloma |
|
|
common penis lesions in the stallion
|
priapism
paraphimosis and phimosis neoplasia (SCC) habronemiasis (summer sores) coital exanthema urethritis |
|
|
equine coital exanthema
|
equine herpesvirus 3
species specific self limiting venereal transmission |
|
|
common penis lesions in the dog
|
transmissible venereal tumor
canine herpesvirus fracture of the os penis |
|
|
ulcerative posthitis
|
"pizzle rot" in sheep caused by corynebacterium renale/high protein rations
|
|
|
common penis lesions in the boar
|
preputial diverticulitis
|
|
|
most common accessory sex gland lesion of the bull
|
seminal vesiculitis
|
|
|
prostatic disease is common in what speices
|
dog
|
|
|
ampullitis is most common in what spieces
|
equine
obstruction of ductus deferens |
