Veterinary Pathology

Front 1

Pooling of blood in lungs indicates Right or Left heart failure?

Back 1

Left Heart failure

Front 2

Pooling of blood in liver, right or left heart failure?

Back 2

Right heart failure.

Front 3

intraventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and pulmonic stenosis

Back 3

tetrology of Fallot

Front 4

what is a sequelae of pulmonic stenosis?

Back 4

concentric R ventricular hypertrophy.

Front 5

aortic and subaortic stenosis

Back 5

swine and dogs
fibrous band beneath aortic valve
dilated aorta and concentric hypertrophy. sudden death due to ventricular fib. usual outcome

Front 6

tricuspid dysplasia

Back 6

cats, RA enlarges and eccentric hypertrophy of RV

Front 7

mitral valve malformation

Back 7

most common congenital cardiac malformation in cats.

Front 8

vascular ring analomy

Back 8

persistant right 4th aortic arch, entraps esophagus and causes esophageal dilation after animal starts eating solid food.

Front 9

heart in an abnormal location

Back 9

ectopia cordis

Front 10

diffuse endocardial thickening by collagen and elastin

Back 10

endocardial fibroelastosis

Front 11

hydropericardium

Back 11

exess fluid in pericardial sac, common in diseases that cause edema or ascites, common in R heart failure.

Front 12

hemopericardium

Back 12

blood in pericardial sac, usual secondary to aortic rupture in horses or atrial hemangiosarcoma rupture in dogs.

Front 13

serous atrophy of pericardial fat.

Back 13

seen in cachexia from any cause

Front 14

inflammatory Rxn where fibrin clots in the pericardial fluid

Back 14

fibrinous pericarditis
common in toxemias, hardware disease,

Front 15

focal fibrosis of endocardium

Back 15

usually caused by incompetant valves, jet lesions

Front 16

diffuse fibrosis of endocardium

Back 16

likely follows dilated cardiomyopathy of dogs

Front 17

mineralization of endocardium

Back 17

rare but can be from metastatic mineralization from hypercalcemia. Vit D toxicosis

Front 18

endocardiosis

Back 18

degenerative lesions on AV valves, thickened, smooth and glistening. can lead to incompetance and heart failure.

Front 19

endocarditis

Back 19

usually bacterial, valvular, mitral in most spp, tricuspid in cattle. lesion is rough not smooth like endocardiosis.

Front 20

name 2 things required for endocarditis

Back 20

bacteria and turbulent flow.

Front 21

mural endocarditis

Back 21

involves cardiac wall and is rare.

Front 22

grossly dull, grey and fragile myocardium

Back 22

hydropic degeneration

Front 23

nutritional cardiomyopathy form Se deficiency can cause what?

Back 23

mineralization of myocardium

Front 24

how does the myocardium resolve necrosis

Back 24

fibrous scarring, remaining cells may undergo hypertrophy to compensate.

Front 25

what are the 2 most usual sites of necrosis in heart and why?

Back 25

papillary muscles or right atrium due to lack of redundant blood supply.

Front 26

concentric hypertrophy

Back 26

increase in ventricular mass without an increase in diastolic volume. usually associated with increased systolic load( aortic or pulmonic stenosis, or PDA)

Front 27

eccentric hypertrophy

Back 27

increase in myocardial mass with an increase in diastolic vol. is usually secondary to volume overload.

Front 28

inflammation of the heart muscle

Back 28

myocarditis, fairly rare, usually bacterial and secondary to vegetative valvular endocarditis.

Front 29

what is the usual lesion seen with myocarditis

Back 29

multifocal pale regions in the myocardium that extend deep.

Front 30

what is dysfunction of the myocardium called?

Back 30

cardiomyopathy, cause is usually unknown

Front 31

what are the 3 general forms of cardiomyopathy?

Back 31

dilative, hypertrophic and restrictive.

Front 32

what is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in dogs?

Back 32

dilative

Front 33

dilative/congestive cardiomyopathy in cats is usually related to what?

Back 33

taurine deficiency

Front 34

what is one cause of heart failure and sudden death in cats?

Back 34

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
relatively common
genetic

Front 35

primary neoplasia in heart, rare of common

Back 35

rare

Front 36

"Heart base tumors"

Back 36

aortic body, ectopic thyroid or parathyroid masses.

Front 37

common lesion in R atrium of dogs?

Back 37

hemangiosarcoma

Front 38

arterial medial calcification

Back 38

occurs in elastic and Lg arteries as a consequence of Vit D toxicosis, renal failure or severe cachexia (Johne's)

Front 39

hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries

Back 39

cats usually, due to lung worms or dirofilariasis or idiopathic change

Front 40

copper is a coenzyme for what?

Back 40

elastin and collagen, Cu deficiency one cause of aneurysm

Front 41

a hypercoaguable state can lead to what?

Back 41

fibrin formation in the arterial system and subsequent thrombosis.

Front 42

3 other types of emboli?

Back 42

fat, air, parasites

Front 43

arteritis, angitis and vasculitis

Back 43

used interchangeably, inflammation of a vessel.

Front 44

consequences of arteritis?

Back 44

damage to wall with enhanced potential for aneurysm or thrombosis or both.

Front 45

what is one consequence of septic emboli from right sided vegetative endocarditis in cattle?

Back 45

aneurysm of pulmonary arteries.

Front 46

intestinal blood bypassing liver caused by ??

Back 46

porto-systemic shunt

Front 47

what is phlebitis

Back 47

inflammation of veins, usually occurs concurrently with thrombosis.

Front 48

bacterial contamination of umbilical stump is related to what?

Back 48

omphalophlebitis

Front 49

dilation of lymphatics?

Back 49

lymphangiectasis, usually secondary to obstruction.

Front 50

what are the 2 most common causes of lymphangiectasis?

Back 50

granulomatous inflammation or neoplasia. most common in intestinal mucosa and leads to protein losing enteropathy.

Front 51

2 diseases leading to lymphangiectasis?

Back 51

Johne's(ruminants) and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (dogs)

Front 52

lymph in the thorax

Back 52

chylothorax, usually from rupture of thoracic duct. more common in cats

Front 53

inflammation of lymphatics

Back 53

lymphangitis

Front 54

what is the principal defense mechanism of upper resp. system?

Back 54

mucociliary clearance (escalator)

Front 55

what is the principle defense mechanism of lower resp. tract?

Back 55

alveolar macrophage

Front 56

what are complications of cleft palate?

Back 56

secondary rhinitis, aspiritic pneumonia and difficulty suckling

Front 57

what is a narrowing or closure of the ventral meatus of the nasal cavity occuring most commponly in llamas?

Back 57

choanal atresia

Front 58

respiratory impairment caused by excessive length of small palate and stenotic external nostrils in brachycephalic breeds?

Back 58

brachycephalic airway syndrome

Front 59

what are some causes of epistaxis?

Back 59

trauma, DIC, thrombocytopenia, gutteral pouch inflammation, blood vessel rupture in lung, neoplasia in nasal cavity.

Front 60

laryngeal edema and hemorrhage?

Back 60

freq. occurs terminally when animal dies of respiratory distress. occurs in shock particularly horses, secondary to intubation.

Front 61

inflammation of nasal cavity

Back 61

rhinitis

Front 62

causes of rhinitis in cattle ?

Back 62

IBR, BVD, malignant catarrhal fever.

Front 63

cause of rhinitis in cats?

Back 63

feline herpes virus

Front 64

cause of rhinitis in dogs?

Back 64

distemper

Front 65

cause of rhinitis in horses?

Back 65

rhinopneumonitis (herpes), influenza

Front 66

important cause of economic loss in young swine caused by bordatella and pasteurella.

Back 66

atrophic rhinitis

Front 67

bacterial toxins causing atrophic rhinitis cause what?

Back 67

toxin affects osteoblast function leading to osteopenia and atrophy of turbinate bone.

Front 68

one possible cause of mucopurulent nasal exudate with many eosinophils?

Back 68

allergic rhinitis
cattle, dogs

Front 69

2 possible causes of granulomatous inflammation and solid mass in nasal cavity?

Back 69

fungal infection and nasal carcinoma

Front 70

purulent rhinitis and lymphadenitis in horse caused by streptococcus equi

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strangles

Front 71

single nodular sessile mass in nose can be what?

Back 71

polyp

Front 72

polyp in ethmoid region of horse that causes chronic bleeding with scarring and possibly obstruction

Back 72

ethmoid hematoma

Front 73

polyp in cat arising in eustachian tube or middle ear

Back 73

nasopharyngeal polyp

Front 74

1 complication of infected molar in horse

Back 74

maxillary sinusitis

Front 75

infraorbital sinusitis and tracheitis caused by H. gallinarum

Back 75

infectious coryza of avian spp

Front 76

dry, yellow, caseous mass covering larynx in calves

Back 76

necrotic laryngitis
caused by
fusobacterium necrophorum
(calf diptheria)

Front 77

gutteral pouch infection with fungi produces what type of inflammation?

Back 77

fibronecrotic

Front 78

gutteral pouch infection with bacteria produces what type of inflammaton?

Back 78

purulent

Front 79

pus in gutteral pouch is called what?

Back 79

empyema

Front 80

"roaring" in horses is due to what?

Back 80

laryngeal hemiplegia. damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in atrophy of the cricoarytenoideus muscle. cause is unknown

Front 81

what is the most common neoplasm in the nasal cavity of the dog?

Back 81

adenocarcinoma

Front 82

most common neoplasm in the nasal cavity of cat and horse?

Back 82

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 83

ethmoidal neoplasms?

Back 83

arise from olfactory epithelium
caused by retrovirus
can be adenoma or carcinoma
most common in sheep

Front 84

neoplasm in larynx of dog can be what?

Back 84

rhabdomyoma

Front 85

tracheal collapse is more common in what breeds of dogs?

Back 85

toy and miniature breeds

Front 86

hyperemia of trachea

Back 86

occurs commonly in large animals with respiratory distress prior to death.

Front 87

Tracheitis, bronchitis and bronchiolitis

Back 87

freq. occur together and may be associated with inflammation in lung or nasal cavity.

Front 88

catarrhal inflammation

Back 88

primarily a mucous exudate without hyperemia.

Front 89

cause of catarrhal inflammation in dogs

Back 89

adenovirus, bordatella, parainfluenza virus

Front 90

cause of catarrhal inflammation in birds

Back 90

corona virus, adenovirus

Front 91

a cause of hemorrhagic/necrotizing inflammation in cattle

Back 91

IBR, malignant catarrhal fever

Front 92

a cause of hemorrhagic/necrotizing inflammation in birds

Back 92

laryngotracheitis (herpes)

Front 93

parasite producing nodules in airways of turkeys

Back 93

syngamus trachea

Front 94

parasite producing nodules in airways of dogs

Back 94

oslerus osleri

Front 95

examples of allergic bronchitis/bronchiolitis in cat and horse

Back 95

feline asthma and heaves

Front 96

dilation of the bronchi due to partial rupture of the bronchial wall

Back 96

bronchiectasis
exudates cannot be cleared and proteolytic enzymes from inflammatory cells degrade the wall leading to dilation

Front 97

exudate in the bronchioles is not removed but is organized into fibrous tissue that plugs up bronchiole

Back 97

bronchiolitis obliterans

Front 98

metaplastic lesions of cartilagenous rings of airway

Back 98

chondromas
rare

Front 99

vitamin A deficiency in birds can lead to what

Back 99

squamous metaplasia

Front 100

a common lesion of the lung produced by a variety of infectious and toxic agents, shock, endotoxemia and as a complication of heart failure

Back 100

edema

Front 101

list some causes of hemorrhage in lung

Back 101

inflammation (pneumonia), trauma, coagulopathies, sepsis and thromboembolism. exercise induced hemorrhage in racehorses.

Front 102

list some causes of thrombosis of pulmonary arteries

Back 102

amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, DIC, hyperadrenocorticism or hypercoaguable states. more commonly bacterial or neoplastic thromboemboli

Front 103

incomplete distention of alveoli

Back 103

atelectasis
congenital or aquired

Front 104

what is the most important cause of aquired atelectasis?

Back 104

bronchial or bronchiolar obstruction, these lobules are highly susceptible to the development of bronchopneumonia

Front 105

give other causes of atelectasis

Back 105

compression from lung mass, pleural effusion, pleural mass, recumbent animals with shallow breathing.

Front 106

over inflation of the lungs is called?

Back 106

emphysema

Front 107

excess air in the interlobular septa is called?

Back 107

interstitial emphysema, most common in bovine and slight amount is common post mortem finding in that spp

Front 108

exccess air in the alveoli

Back 108

alveolar emphysema, results from inflammation in alveolus or secondary to bronchiolar obstruction.

Front 109

alveolar emphysema most commonly occurs in what spp and what disease

Back 109

horses with heaves

Front 110

what is heaves?

Back 110

chronic bronchiolitis associated with alveolar emphysema in which inhaled allergen is probable cause.

Front 111

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease describes what condition?

Back 111

heaves, the bronchioles have goblet cell metaplasia and there is obstruction of the airway by mucus.

Front 112

which lung lobe is most often involved in torsion in the dog

Back 112

accessory lobe

Front 113

what is the most important disease of the respirtory system in animals

Back 113

pneumonia - inflammation of the lung

Front 114

list 5 causes of pneumonia

Back 114

bacterial, viral, parasitic, toxic, immune mediated

Front 115

what are the 2 major types of pneumonia

Back 115

bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia, based on location of primary lesion.

Front 116

what is the primary lesion in bronchopneumonia?

Back 116

a bronchiolitis of the terminal bronchiole

Front 117

what is the primary lesion in interstitial pneumonia?

Back 117

inflammation of the alveolar septa or interstitium.

Front 118

what are the 3 groupings of pneumonia based on the gross lesions.

Back 118

diffuse distribution
locally extensive distribution
focal/multifocal distribution

Front 119

pneumonia with diffuse distribution - bronchopneumonia or interstitial?

Back 119

interstitial, injury is directed at alveolar septa

Front 120

what is the most common cause of bovine interstitial pneumonia?

Back 120

toxins (3-methyl indole) e.g.

Front 121

single or multiple areas of consolidation in the lung that are sharply demarcated with a firm dark red appearance.

Back 121

locally extensive distibution of pneumonia.

Front 122

most pneumonias with locally extensive distribution are of what major type?

Back 122

bronchopneumonia

Front 123

what areas of the lung are lesions most commonly found in bronchopneumonia and why?

Back 123

anterior (cranial) and ventral because lung clearance mechanisms are least efficient in these areas of the lung

Front 124

a characteristic microscopic picture of inflammation centered on terminal bronchioles is indicative of which type of pneumonia

Back 124

bronchopneumonia

Front 125

why is the terminal bronchiole the weakest link in pulmonary defense?

Back 125

below the alveolar macrophage is protective and above the mucociliary clearance is protective. at the termminal bronchiole both systems are ineffective.

Front 126

what are the cause of most bronchopneumonias?

Back 126

bacteria although viruses may allow bacteria to gain a foothold.

Front 127

what is a locally extensive pneumonia that is not cranial and ventral

Back 127

actinobacillus pleuropneumonia in pigs. lesion is often unilateral, dorsal and hemorrhagic

Front 128

bronchopneumonia of young food animals, usually sub clinical, poor weight gains and growth.

Back 128

enzootic pneumonia

Front 129

necrotizing almost gangrenous pneumonia often with foul odor, usually asymmetrical lesion

Back 129

aspiration/inhaled pneumonia

Front 130

the lung has scattered individual or many small single, discrete foci throughout. which distribution of pneumonia and what type.

Back 130

focal/multifocal distribution
interstitial pneumonias

Front 131

lung dotted with raised, red, white or yellow foci that often contain pus?

Back 131

metastatic (embolitic) pneumonia. results from bacterial showering of lung in bacteremia

Front 132

chronic interstitial pneumonias characterized by firm raised lesions that are yellow, white or grey.

Back 132

granulomatous pneumonia
some common causes are the deep mycoses, TB, cryptococcus and Rhodococcus equi in foals

Front 133

chronic disease produced by a variety of inhaled antigens usually in dust.

Back 133

allergic pneumonitis

Front 134

term used to describe pneumonia caused by dictyocaulus, muellerius and lungworms.

Back 134

verminous pneumonia

Front 135

carcinoma in sheep lung caused by a retrovirus, produces a multifocal pattern of firm grey-white plaques

Back 135

pulmonary adenomatosis

Front 136

carcinoma is usually located where in the lung?

Back 136

the periphery

Front 137

80% of primary lung tumors are what?

Back 137

carcinomas of various types
these are malignant neoplasms and metastasize within the lung, to local lymph nodes and other organs.

Front 138

what is the most common site for metastatic tumors to occur and why?

Back 138

the lung because of its blood supply

Front 139

may occur in CHF, Pul. edema, pleuritis and neoplasia of pleura. but not consistent

Back 139

hydrothorax

Front 140

what are some causes of chylothorax (lymph fluid)

Back 140

thoracic duct rupture(rare), neoplasia, inflammation in thorax, idiopathic. cats with cardiomypoathy

Front 141

pus in pleural cavity

Back 141

pyothorax
most common in cats, dogs and horses

Front 142

pleuritis is usually acute and often produces what?

Back 142

an effusion (hydrothorax, pyothorax)

Front 143

pleuritis occuring secondary to pneumonia is called?

Back 143

pleuropneumonia
severe cases of bacterial bronchopneumonia and mycoplasma in ruminants produce pleuropneumonia

Front 144

what is a common cause of pyothorax in dogs and cats in certain geographical locations?

Back 144

penetrating plant awns

Front 145

how is pleuritis usually resolved by the body?

Back 145

formation of fibrous adhesions between the lung and thoracic wall