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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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siphonapteriasis
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flea infestations
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fleas general
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adult fleas are wingless
body compressed laterally powerful hind legs allowing them to jump great distances seven feed on blood Not host specific |
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flea life cycle
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complete metamorphosis with egg, maggot-like larval stages, pupae, and adults. Adults are parasitic and feed on blood; other stages found in hosts' environments.
Eggs laid on host (drop off) or in the environment. larvae hatch and feed on flea's feces. There are three larval stages growing from 2mm to 5mm. Third larval stage pupates which is most resistant to the environmental stress. Heat, carbon dioxide, and movement stimulate adults to emerge from pupa. Fleas tend to survive best in humid conditions |
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flea
distribution world wide present in humid areas life cycle is 3 weeks to 20 months dog and cat |
Ctenocephalidies canis
Ctenocephalidies felis |
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flea
common name: Human flea hosts: Humans, dogs, cats, cattle,pigs, rats |
Pulex irritans
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Flea
common name: oriental rat flea/ tropical rat flea Hosts: rats humans Distribution: Africa, asia, western USA, South America |
Xenopsylla cheopis
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Flea
Distribution; worldwide life cycle: one month Hosts: birds dogs cats rabbits horses humans Common name: sticktight flea |
Echidnophaga gallinacea
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veterinary importance of fleas
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annoyance
flea allergic dermatitis vector of disease |
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Pediculosis
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lice infestation
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anoplura
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sucking lice
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mallophaga
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chewing lice
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sucking lice of swine and cattle
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Haematopinus
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sucking lice of dogs, cattle, goats, sheep
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Linognathus
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sucking lice of cattle
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Solenopotes
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chewing lice of cattle, horses, goats, sheep
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Damalinia
Bovicola |
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chewing lice of dogs
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Trichodectes
Heterodectes |
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Chewing lice of cats
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felicola
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seasonal occurance of lice
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permanent parasite on the host all year
in warm countries there is no marked seasonality. In cold and temperate regions the heaviest infestations are in late winter and early spring in cattle and horses. little seasonality in dogs and cats |
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lice life cycle
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-incomplete metamorphosis with 3 nymphal stages resembling adults
-spend entire life on the host; if removed from the host, can only live one week -Transmission primarily by direct contact, but fomites can also play a role -separate sexes -females lay eggs which attach to hair (glue) -Nymphs hatch from eggs (cap on egg from which nymph escapes) -eggs remain viable on hair for months -eggs often easier to see than adults -Life cycle can be completed in as little as 3 week period |
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Common name for lice eggs
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nits
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Veterinary importantce of lice
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dermal irritation
anemia lower animals resistance vectors for disease secondary infections of bite wounds |
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Non-burrowing mites
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Psoroptes
Chorioptes Otodectes Cheyletiella |
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Burrowing mites
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Sarcoptes
Notoedres knemidocoptes |
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Follicular mites
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demodex
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mite life cycle
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-incomplete metamorphosis with larval and nymphal stages resembleing adults
-seperate sexes with female laying eggs on the host -Nymph and adults feed on lymph of host and molts to another nymph or adult -spend entire life on host (except for bird mites) -spread primarily by direct contact |
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mite veterinary importantce
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-dermatitis
-self-trauma -secondary infections -lower animal's resistance -anemia |
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Mite
Hosts: cattle and rabbits Distribution: worldwide 0.75mm Oval, all legs projecting beyond body margin pedicles are long and jointed |
Psoroptes bovis (cattle)
Psoroptes cuniculi (rabbits) |
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seasonal occurrence of Psoroptes bovis
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mites are on the animal all year but build up in numbers during the winter
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Psoroptes mange in cattle is a _________ disease
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reportable
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foot and tail mange
Hosts: bovine, rabbits, llamas, horses Distribution: worldwide pedicels are short and unsegmented |
Chorioptes bovis
Chorioptes cuniculli |
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Chorioptes importance
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in cattle, occurs most often housed animals
affects mainly the tail, head, and udder |
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Ear mite
Dog and cat Distribution: worldwide short unsegmented pedicels |
Otodectes cynotis
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Most common mange in dogs and cats throughout the world
Mites feed in external ear canal, but can be found on the body |
Otodectes cynotis
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Rabbit fur mite
Hosts: dogs,cats,rabbits, humans Distribution: worldwide |
Cheyletiella yasquri (dogs)
Cheyletiella blakei (cats) Cheyletiella parasitiovovorax (Rabbits) |
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mite
body has a waist palps are enlarged ending in prehensile claw legs terminate in combs instead of claws |
Cheyletiella
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Cheyletiella Veterinary importance
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Transmits to humans, therefore has public health significance
In most cases, in dogs and cats only midly pruritic |
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non-burrowing mite
red mite of poultry spends most of life cycle off the host Feeds mostly at night Can infect other animals and humans |
Dermanyssus
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Non-burrowing mite
northern fowl mite spends entire life on the bird |
Ornithonyssus
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Non-burrowing mite
nasal mite of dogs found in nasal cavity and sinuses life cycle unknown |
Pneumonyssus caninum
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burrowing mite
Hosts: humans all domestic animals, especially swine and dogs Distribution: worldwide |
Sarcoptes scabiei
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Only anterior legs extend beyond body
Pedicle is long and unsegmented |
Sarcoptes scabiei
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Life cycle of Sarcoptes
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-Female creates a winding burrow in the upper layer of the epidermis
-Eggs are laid in these tunnels, and hatch to six-legged larvae -These larvae crawl onto the skin surface, creating small molting pockets -entire life cycle is completed in seven to ten days |
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Sarcoptes veterinary importance
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-extremely pruritic
-In dogs, the mite will usually infest all dogs in the same household -This dog mite will also infect humans, but will only establish for a short period of time |
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Burrowing mite
Head mange in cats Distribution: worldwide resembles Sarcoptes |
Notoedres cati
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Burrowing mite
scaly leg mite Hosts:poultry and cage birds Distribution: worldwide resmbles Sarcoptes |
Knemidocoptes spp.
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Red or follicular mange
humans and all domestic animals worldwide |
Demodex canis
Demodex spp. |
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Adults are worm-like with short stubby legs
eggs are tapered at both ends |
Demodex
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Demodex life cycle
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Part of normal skin fauna
all life cycle stages found on host in hair follicles transmission from ***** to neonates occurs during first two to three days of life |
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Argasidae
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soft ticks
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Ixodidae
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Hard ticks
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Hard ticks differnce between
male and female morphology |
Hard shell only covers anterior end on female
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scutum
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chitinous covering of dorsal surface of hard ticks
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Festoons
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notches on posterior boarder of some hard ticks
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Ornate ticks
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ticks with a colored pattern to scutum
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spiracles
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located posterior to fourth pair of legs on hard ticks
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Hard tick life cycle
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-Developmental stages: adult, egg, larva, and nymph
-All stages feed on blood,except the egg -Mating takes place either on or off the host, after taking one blood meal, females drop off host to lay eggs and die -males reamain on host, take another blood meal and mate with other females -female ticks require a blood meal prior to egg production -certain hard ticks can survive for months, even years without feeding -some hard ticks require more than one year to complete the life cycle |
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Veterinary importance of ticks
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tick worry
vector of disease (most important) blood loss tick paralysis |
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one host tick
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-adults feed and females drop to ground, lay eggs and die
-eggs hatch and larval tick crawls onto a host, feeds, then remains on same host and molts to nymphal tick |
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3 host tick
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-adult tick feeds, drops to the ground
-female lays eggs and dies -larval tick emerges from egg, crawls onto a new host and feeds, then drops to the ground and molts to nymph -nymphal tick crawls on a third host, feeds and drops to ground and molts to adult -adult tick crawls ont new host, feeds, and drops to the ground |
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Rocky mtn. wood tick
scientfic name: # of hosts |
Dermacentor andersoni
3 |
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American dog tick
Scientific name # of hosts |
Dermacentor variabilus
3 |
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Winter or Elk tick
scientific name # of hosts |
Dermacentor albipicts
1 |
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Tropical Horse tick
Scientific name # of hosts |
Dermacentor nitans
1 |
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Pacific coast tick
Scientific name # of hosts |
Dermacentor occidentalis
3 |
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tick
Adults on large animals, dogs and humans larvae on small rodent |
Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mtns.)
Dermacentor variabilis (east of rockies and CA |
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Dermacentor andersoni
and Dermacentor variabilis vectors for: |
anaplasma
tularemia rocky mtn. spotted fever tick paralysis |
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One host tick
Host: equine Occurs in south east vector for babesia |
Dermacentor nitans
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One host tick
Hosts: horse and elk |
Dermacentor albpictus
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3 host tick
adults on large animals larval stages on rodents |
Dermacentor occidentalis
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3 host tick
dogs for all stages worldwide vector for babesia and erlichia most common tick on worldwide basis |
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
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3 host tick
adults on all domestic animals Immature on rodents and birds southern states and midwest deep feeder and second infection common |
Amblyomma americaniun
Amblyomma maculatum |
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Amblyomma americaniun and Amblyomma maculatum are vectors for
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tularemia
rocky mtn spotted fever lyme disease heartwater |
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ixodes
deer tick 3 hosts |
Ixodes dammi
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ixodes
western black legged tick 3 hosts |
Ixodes pacificus
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ixodes
black-legged tick 3 host tick |
Ixodes scapularis
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deep feeding tick
vector for lyme disease and borrelia N. America S. Africa Australia adult on large animals immuture on rodents and birds |
Ixodes
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Cattle fever tick
one host tick soft body S America central America Africa Mexico vector for anaplasma and babesia |
Booboilus annulatus
Booboilus decoloratus |
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Fowl tick
Birds mammals humans worldwide |
Argus persicus
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Argus life cycle
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one larval stage, 2 nymphal
all stages feed at night transmits borrelia and aegyptianella tick can live for years |
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Spinous ear tick
all domestic and wild animals worldwide only larval and nymphal ticks are parasitic ticks feed in ear canal |
Otobius megnini
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Sand tampans
all mammals africa California only nymphs are parasitic vector for foothill abortion and relapsing fever |
Ornithodoros spp.
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In humans and animals, parasitic __________ are found in every tissue and organ system in the body
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protozoa
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protozoa locomotion structures
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Protozoa move by means of flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or undulating membrane
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Flagella
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a whip like organelle composed of a central axoneme and an outer sheath
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Undulating membrane
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fin like organelle in which a flagellum may be buried in the organelle membrane along much of its length
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pseudopods
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used as a means of locomotion and are prolongations of the cytoplasm and movement occurs as the rest of the cyctoplasm flows into the prolongation. pseudopodium also have a phagocytic capability and can function as a cup which closes, enveloping particlate food materials in a vacuole
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cilia
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short hairs, each arising from a basal body. They cover much of the body surface and beat in unison to effect movement. In some species, a mouth or cytosome is present and the ciliary movement is used to move food toward opening
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binary fission in protozoa
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each individual divides into two. The division may either be longitudinal, as in flagellates, or tansverse, as in ciliates
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Multiple fission in protozoa
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the nucleus divides several times before the cyctoplasm divides. The dividing cell is known as a meront, schizont, or agamont
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Conjugation in protozoa
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two individuals come together temporarily and fuse along their length. This type of reproduction is seen in the ciliates
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Syngamy in protozoa
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sexual reproduction: two gamets fuse to form a zygote. The smaller male gamete is called a microgamete and the larger female a macrogamete. this type of reproduction is common in all parasitic protozoa
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The _________ are a diverse group of parasitic organisms.
They have in common a clustering of organelles at the anterior end of the zoites called the _______ ________. |
apicomplexans
apical complex |
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apicomplexans are found primarily in?
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epithellium of intestines
blood cells cells of reticuloendothelial system |
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apicomplexans locomotory organells
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internal and not visible to the naked eye
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important genera of parasitic apicomplexans of domestic animals
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Eimeria
Isospera Sarcocystis Toxoplasma Cryptosporidia Plasmodium Neospora Babesia Theileria Haemoproteus Leukocytozoon |
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True Coccidia:
Other Coccidia: |
True Coccidia:
Eimeria spp. Isopora spp. Other Cocidia: Crytosporidium spp. Toxoplasma spp. Sarcocystis spp. Neospora spp. |
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Unsporulated oocyst
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non-infective
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Sporulated oocyst
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infective
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Coccidia eimeria sporulated oocyst
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each has four sporocysts containging two sporozoites
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Coccidia isopora sporulated oocyst
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each have two sporocysts containing four sporozoites
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Isopora in dogs
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Isopora canis
Isopora ohioensis |
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Isopora in cats
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Isopora felis
Isopora rivolta |
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Isopora in swine
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Isopora suis
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Isopora is ______ disease.
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stress
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Coccidia veterinary importantce
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-all coccida are very host specific
-younger animals are more susceptible (older animals develop immunity -Pathology is primarily associated with destruction of intestinal cells -More commonly seen in stressed animals |
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Protozoa
sporulated oocyst passed sporozoites invade brush boarder of enterocytes and trophozoites differentiate to schizonts (meronts) with 4-8 merozoites Merozoites develop into macro or microgametes |
Cryptosporidia
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Cryptosporidium life cycle
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Oocysts are produced from the macro/microgametes in 72 hours
-oocysts sporulate before leaving the host -two types of oocysts produced |
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Two types of cryptosporidium oocyst
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Thin walled: break and re-infect host
Thick walled: pass in feces |
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veterinary importance of crytosporidia
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Primarily a disease of calves and kittens
Has public health significance and will transmit to humans |
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protozoa
Definitive host: all felids intermediate hosts: all mammals, including humans, and birds the cat may also be intermediate host and harbor extraintestinal stages distribution is worldwide |
Toxoplasmosis gondii
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extra-intestinal forms of toxoplasmosis
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Tachyzoite: cresent shaped
Bradyzoite: lancet-shaped |
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Intestinal forms of toxoplasmosis
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schizonts
gamonts |
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Toxoplasmosis oocysts
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sporulated contain two sporocysts, each with four sporozoites/unsporulated oocyte passed in feces
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Toxoplasmosis sexual stage
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Felidae only
1. cats become infected by ingesting tissue containing bradyzoites (rarely tachyzoites) 2. Microgametocytes and macrogametocytes develop in the epithelial cells of the small intestine 3. Microgametocytes fertilize macrogametocytes 4. zygote develops 5. zygote them matures into an oocyst 6. oocyst is passed in the feces |
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Toxoplasmosis asexual stage
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humans and other animals
1. humans/ other animals become infected by ingesting tissue containing bradyzoites(rarely tachyzoites) 2. Humans/cats/other animals become infected by ingesting the oocyst contained in cat feces and by ingesting tissue with bradyzoites 3. Tachyzoite develops 4. macrophages pick up tachyzoites and carry them (via bloodstream) to all parts in the body (may be carried to the fetus in pregnant animals and humans) 5. Tachyzoite divides in various tissues until the immune system limits the multiplication of the organism 7. Bradyzoite forms a pseudocyst in various tissues of the body |
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Veterinary importance of toxoplasmosis
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primary cause of abortion in sheep in some countries
has public health significance and will transmit to humans infecting the fetus in-utero In humans, may cause blindness or a flu-like disease |
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Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis vector
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Sacrocystis neurona
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sexual stages in carnivores
asexual stages in herbivores oocyst passed in definitive host is sporulated |
sarcocystis
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sarcocystis oocyte
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sporulated oocyte
two sporocysts with four sporozoites/sporulated oocyte passed in feces |
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life cycle of sarcocystis
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1. definitive host ingests the bradyzoite cyst (schizonts) from tissue (muscle) of thee intermediate host
2. gametogony occurs in intestinal cells of definitive host 3. sporulated oocysts are passed in the stool 4. Intermediate host ingests oocysts 5. sporozoites are liberated, penetrate intestinal wall, and spread by the hematogenous route 6. Tachyzoites(proliferative stage) multiply in endothelial cells of various tissue 7. bradyzoite cyst form in muscle fibers |
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Veterinary importance of sacocystis
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usually asymptomatic
large number of cysts in birds, rarely in domestic animals, will cause condemnation of the meat |
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Protozoa
Definitive host: dog intermediate host: cattle, sheep, deer, horses, rodents, and cats first identified in dogs in Norway in 1984 major cause of abortion in dairy cows in the early 1990 |
Neosporosis caninum
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Neospora oocyst
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Sporulated oocysts cantain two sporocysts, each with four sporozoites
-tissue cysts are round to oval -unsporulated oocysts can be recovered from dog feces |
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Neospora
_______ and _______ cysts can be found in may tissues and organs in the intermediate host. ________ tissue cysts are most commonly found in the _____and other neural tissue |
Tachyzoite bradyzoite
bradyzoite brain |
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Life cycle of neospora
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1. Transmitted horizontally through the ingestion of oocysts from infected dogs
2. Transmitted vertically from the cow to the calf 3. Dogs pass only a few oocysts in their feces 4. oocyst becomes sporulated in the environment 5. sporulated oocysts are ingested by the intermediate host 6. Sporozoites are liberated from the sporulated oocyst, then enter cells and become tachyzoites 7.Tachyzoites divide rapidly, cause tissue damage, and spread the infection 8. Tachyzoites eventually enter other cells and become bradyzoites Note: Only the basic are known about the transmission of Neospora. The dog is the only known definitive host. Sporocysts can live for a considerable time in the environment. |
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veterinary importantce of Neospora
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-can be found in every state in the USA
-most common cause of abortions in Ca dairy cattle -Accounts for approximately 40000 abortions in California dairy herds annually -cost the Texas beef industry $37 million in 2001 |
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Protozoa
infects most domestic animals as well as birds and wildlife -not very host specific and humans can be infected form other animals -a very difficult disease to treat |
Giardia
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Trophozoite stage of Giardia
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pear-shaped
bilaterally symmetrical six paired flagella ( 2 anterior 2 lateral 2 caudal) 2 nuclei 2 fused axonemes |
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Cyst stage of Giardia
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oval or football shaped
4 nuclei central axoneme cytoplasm retracted from cyst wall |
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Giardia life cycle
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1. Animals are infected by ingestion of the cyst stage in contaminated water or food
2. The cysts divide to form two trophozoites (in the small intestine) 3. The trophozoites attach to the epithelium of the small intestine using a sucker-like disc 4. Encystment occurs in the small intestine and the cyst stage is passed in the stool |
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backpackers diarrhea
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Giardia
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Protozoa
only have one stage reproduce by binary fission infertility in cattle embryonic death of fetus very common in western beef herds reportable disease |
Trichomonas foetus (bovine)
Trichomonas gallinae (birds) |
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Trichomonas morphology
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Tropozoite stage (only stage)
-pearshaped -3-4 anterior flagella -undulating membrane -hyaline rod/axostyle originates at base of flagella, passes down the center of the cell and may project posteriorally as a small spine -nucleus at anterior end of cell |
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Trichomonas life cycle
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Trichomoniasis in human and cattle is a venereal disease and transmission is usually by sexual contact. Bulls, once infected, remain so permanently
1. The organisms inhabit the preputial cavity of the bull 2. Transmission to the cow occurs during coitus 3. from the vagina, the trichomonads reach the uterus via the cervix to produce a low-grade endometritis 4. Intermittently, organisms are flushed into the vagina, often 2 or 3 days before oestrus |
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protozoa
-evident in most parts of the world, except for North America, where it has been eliminated in cattle -major disease in domestic animals in endemic areas -in USA it occurs mostly in dogs and sometimes horses -occurs in RBC -pleomorphic in the RBC |
Babesiosis
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Babesiosis life cycle
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indirect
definitive host is ixodid ticks 1. Ticks beocme infected while feeding on blood from infected animals 2. sexual development occurs in the gut of the tick, resulting in the production of elongated motile club-shaped bodies called vermicules 3. vermicule migrate to various tissues of the tick, especially the ovary 4. further multiplication of vermicules takes place in the ovary 5. vermicules invade the eggs of the ovary (tarnsovarian transmission) 6. Organisms continue to multiply in newly hatched larval ticks 7. Larvae feed, vermicules enter the salivary acine and form infective sporozoites 8. sporozoites are inoclated into the new host as the tick feeds |
