Veterinary Opthalmic Pharmacology Dr. Hamor Uiuc

Front 1

midriatics do what to the eye?

Back 1

dilate the pupil

Front 2

Miotics do what to the eye?

Back 2

constrict the pupil

Front 3

Name the miotic drugs covered in lecture

Back 3

pilocarpine
carbachol
anticholinesterases (demercarium bromide, ecothiophate iodine, phyostigmine)
Xalatan/Travatan

Front 4

Is pilocarpine sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic?

Back 4

parasympathomimetic

Front 5

T/F Pilocarpine can be used to treat glaucoma but not uveitis

Back 5

True: decreases IO pressure;
dilation of pupil can cause lens to adhere to inflamed iris

Front 6

What is the primary use of carbchol?

Back 6

prevention of post-op IO pressure spikes after cataract Sx

Front 7

Anticholinesterases can be used to treat what two opthalmic conditions?

Back 7

glaucoma
lens luxation (constriction of pupil prevents lens bulging thru pupil)

Front 8

Which miotic drug(s) is a protaglandin F2alpha analog?

Back 8

Xalatan/Travatan

Front 9

Name the midriatic drugs covered in lecture.

Back 9

Atropine
Tropicamide
Epinephrine/propine
Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists
Beta blockers

Front 10

Is atropine a parasympatholytic or sympatholytic drug?

Back 10

parasympatholytic

Front 11

Use of atropine is indicated for what conditions?

Back 11

uveitis--causes cycloplegia and mydriasis to dilate the pupil and alleviate pain from ciliary body paralysis

Front 12

Is tropicamide sympatholytic or parasympatholytic?

Back 12

parasympatholytic

Front 13

What are the indications for tropicamide?

Back 13

causes mydriasis
weak cycloplegic--not much pain control

Front 14

Are epinephrine/propine sympathomimetic or sympatholytic?

Back 14

sympathomimetic

Front 15

What are the indications for epinephrine/propine?

Back 15

glaucoma--decreases humor production and increases humor outflow
Causes topical vasoconstriction to differentiate conjuntivitis from scleral disorders
Not a good mydriatic (weak action)

Front 16

What is the mechanism of action of alpha2 adrenergic agonists?

Back 16

inhibit NE release-->decreased cAMP production-->decreased aqueous humor production, increased aqueous outflow

Front 17

To treat glaucoma with beta blockers, which are better, selective or non-seletive? why?

Back 17

selective; if patient has heart or respiratory problems, non-selective beta blockers can aggravate the problem

Front 18

How do beta blockers work to treat glaucoma?

Back 18

Block cAMP pathway-->
decreased aqueous humor production
increased aqueous humor outflow

Front 19

Chloramphenicol properties

Back 19

broad spectrum
bacteriostatic
inhibits protein synthesis
excellent penetration (fat soluble)

Front 20

Aminoglycosides names and properties

Back 20

Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin
Broad spectrum (but better at gram -)

Front 21

Which aminoglycoside is best at treating Pseudomonas infections? Which is second best? Which should be used first to treat?

Back 21

Best: Tobramycin
Second best: Gentamicin
First to use: Genatmicin

Front 22

Neomycin properties

Back 22

Aminoglycoside
broad spectrum
bactericidal
impairs protein synthesis
Can cause CN VIII toxicity, hypersensitivity

Front 23

Gentamicin properties

Back 23

aminoglycoside
broad spectrum
bactericidal
impairs protein synthesis
can cause renal toxicity

Front 24

Tobramycin properties

Back 24

Aminoglycoside
Broad spectrum
best drug for Tx Pseudomonas
first choice for melting ulcer from gentamicin resistant Pseudomonas infection

Front 25

Polymixin B properties

Back 25

treats Pseudomonas infections
bactericidal
restricts cell membrane function
poor penetration
may case hypersensitivity

Front 26

What are the components of triple antibiotic formula?

Back 26

Neomycin
Polymixin
Bacitracin

Front 27

Tetracyclin (Terramycin) properties

Back 27

Broad spectrum (good at Chalmydia, Mycoplasma)
bacteriostatic
Stabilizes cornea to prevent melting ulcers

Front 28

Fluroquinolone properties

Back 28

broad spectrum
use in melting ulcers that haven't responded to other treatments

Front 29

What are the names of the fluroquinolones covered in lecture?

Back 29

Ofloxacin
Levofloxaxin
Ciprofloxacin
Enrofloxacin

Front 30

What problem does enrofloxacin cause in cats?

Back 30

retinal degeneration--use only 5mg/kg/day

Front 31

What is the most common usage of antifungal agents?

Back 31

treatment of fungal ulcers in horses

Front 32

Which antifungals are used topically in the eye?

Back 32

Pimaricin
Voriconazole

Front 33

Which antifungals can be used in the anterior chamber of the eye?

Back 33

Miconazole
Fluconazole

Front 34

Which antifungal is the drug of choice for a subpalpebral lavage?

Back 34

Voriconazole

Front 35

Which antifungals are used for fungal endopthalmitis in small animals?

Back 35

Amphotericin B
Itraconazole

Front 36

Which antiviral is the most effective topical medication?

Back 36

Trifluridine

Front 37

Name the antiviral drugs covered in lecture.

Back 37

Trifluridine
Idoxuridine
Vidarabine
Lysine
Famcyclovir
Acyclovir
Valcyclovir

Front 38

What is a common characteristic of topical antiviral medications? What implications does this have for treatment?

Back 38

Very poor at penetrating cell membranes, therefore they are short acting
Treatment doses must be given frequently

Front 39

What is the mechanism of action of lysine?

Back 39

Lysine prevents production of Arginine by the virus-->decreased antigen production-->decreased viral shedding-->decreased clinical signs

Front 40

What disadvantage does corticosteroid use have on the eye?

Back 40

delayed corneal healing due to production of corneal collagenase

Front 41

Prednisolone and dexamethasone have which benefit for corneal healing?

Back 41

increased corneal penetration

Front 42

Which corticosteroids have poor corneal penetration?

Back 42

betamethasone
hydrocortisone

Front 43

Which corticosteroids can be used as subconjuntival injections?

Back 43

betamethasone
triamcinolone (kenalog, vetalog)
methylprednisolone (depo medrol)
prednisone

Front 44

T/F systemic NSAIDs can be safely used at the same time as systemic corticosteroids.

Back 44

False, they should not be used together

Front 45

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can be used locally and/or systemically to treat which optho disorder?

Back 45

treatment for glaucoma

Front 46

Name the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors covered in class.

Back 46

Cosopt
Trusopt
Daranide
Diamox
Neptazane

Front 47

Cosopt is usually combined with which other drugs?

Back 47

timolol (topical beta blocker)
dorzolamide (topical CAI)

Front 48

T/F topical anesthetics are a good choice for chronic eye pain.

Back 48

False, by removing pain, animal will continue to rub eye therefore decreasing healing of epithelium

Front 49

Which systemic osmotic agents can be used to treat opthalmic disorders?

Back 49

mannitol IV
glycerol PO

Front 50

Topical osmotic agents are used to treat what optho condition?

Back 50

corneal edema

Front 51

Which form is best for tear film replacement therapy?

Back 51

ointments are best because they last longer in the eye than drops do

Front 52

Cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus serve what opthlamic purpose?

Back 52

they are lacrimogenic drugs

Front 53

What function do anticollagenase agents serve?

Back 53

they prevent melting of corneal epithelium

Front 54

Name the anticollagenase agents covered in lecture

Back 54

acetylcysteine
autogenous serum

Front 55

Name the viscoelastics covered in lecture

Back 55

Sodium hyaluronate
Chondroitin sulfate
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Front 56

What is TPA? What is its function?

Back 56

Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Breaks down formed fibrin--melts fibrin clots that are preventing aqueous humor drainage

Front 57

What is a precaution when using TPA?

Back 57

don't use too early in bleeding events as it can cause hemorrhage by breaking down beneficial clots