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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Focal weakness of one limb
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Monoparesis
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Weakness in all four limbs
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Quadriparesis
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Diminished or absent spinal reflexes in all limbs are indicative of this form of disease.
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Generalized motor unit disease
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List the 5 parts of a motor unit
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Sensory receptor
Sensory ascending tract Motor tract NMJ Muscles |
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Temporary impairment of nerve function by crush injury. Complete recovery occurs within hours.
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Neuropraxia
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This form of nerve trauma results when Schwann cells unwrap a bit from around their axons.
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Neuropraxia
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Axonal interruption, but the supporting connective tissue remains intact. Regeneration is usually effective since regenerating axons may be guided back to their appropriate targets.
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Axonotemesis
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Rate at which axons regenerate
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1-2 mm/day
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If this forelimb nerve is transected, the animal will be unable to raise his paw to a tabletop, but will have little gait abnormality.
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Musculocutaneous (C6-C8)
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Primary nerve that determines forelimb function
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Radial (C6-T2)
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Extension of the carpus and digits is enabled by this nerve.
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Radial (C6-T2)
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Flexion of the carpus and digits is enabled by what nerves?
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Median and Ulnar (C8-T2)
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With a fracture, this test may be used to gauge nerve functionality.
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Sensation of pain
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This nerve allows for extension of the stifle.
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Femoral (L3-L6)
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The most important nerve for pelvic limb function is...
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Sciatic (L6-S3)
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This nerve allows for flexion of the hock and extension of the digits.
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Peroneal (L6-S3)
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A dog has no sensation to the palmar aspect of his paw but there is still sensation to the dorsum of the paw. Which nerve has been injured?
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Ulnar
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A dog presents with a broken forelimb. He has no sensation to the dorsum of the paw, however, the palmar aspect of the paw has complete sensation. What nerve has been injured?
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Radial
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If a dog has no sensation to the inside of the elbow, this nerve is injured.
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Musculocutaneous
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Sensation to the medial thigh is provided by the...
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Femoral nerve
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Sensation to the caudal and lateral sides of the pelvic limb is provided by the...
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Sciatic nerve
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A dog has been hit by a car and presents with acute, non-progressive paralysis of the left forelimb. In addition, there is Horner's syndrome in the left eye and complete loss of sensation to the left limb distal to the elbow. You strongly suspect this condition.
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Brachial plexus avulsion
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These neoplasms arise from the neoplastic transformation of cells within the peripheral nerves, like Schwann cells or fibroblasts.
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Primary nerve root tumors
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These neoplasms develop when peripheral nerves are invaded by neoplastic hematopoetic tumor cells or are entrapped by nearby carcinomas or sarcomas
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Secondary nerve root tumors
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Which kind of nerve root tumor is more common: Primary or secondary?
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Primary
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A dog presents with a chronic, progressive lameness and a palpable axillary mass. There is a Horner's syndrome and a loss of the panniculus response on this side. There is also muscle atrophy in the affected limb. What is a primary rule-out?
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Nerve sheath tumor
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What is the best treatment for a nerve sheath tumor?
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Amputation of the affected limb
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What is the prognosis for a nerve sheath tumor
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Usually poor b/c difficult to remove all neoplastic cells
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List three ancillary aids used to differentiate between muscular disease and nerve disease in a generalized motor unit pathology.
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CK
Electrophysiology Muscle biopsy |
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List three metabolic causes of generalized polyneuropathy.
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Hypothyroidism in dogs
Hypoglycemia/insulinoma Diabetes mellitus in cats |
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This disease is associated with raccoon bites and is an acute, inflammatory demyelination of peripheral nerves and ventral nerve roots
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Acute polyradiculoneuritis
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A dog comes in with a history of ascending generalized LMN disease that began about a week ago after he got into a fight with a raccoon. The dog is now quadriplegic and has cranial nerve deficits, but can still wag his tail. The dog is UTD on his rabies shots. What is your primary rule-out?
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Acute polyradiculoneuritis
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True or false: Many cases of acute polyradiculoneuritis go into spontaneous remission
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True
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Recovery from acute polyradiculoneuritis may take anywhere from...
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3 weeks to 3 months
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"My dog has Coon-Hound Paralysis. Will he ever get back to normal, Doc?"
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Not likely. Most dogs do not recover 100%, but most go on to live out their days as functional pets.
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This generalized polyneuopathy is the result of an autoimmune reaction in which antibodies form to the acetylcholine receptors.
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Myasthenia gravis
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Exercise-induced weakness and megaesophagus are primary CS of this disease.
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Myasthenia gravis
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A dog presents with a generalized exercise induced weakness. You administer edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) and the dog regains normal muscle strength for 15 minutes. What disease is most likely present?
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Myasthenia gravis
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Three drugs used in long-term treatment of myasthenia gravis
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Pyridiostigmine bromide
Neostigmine bromide Prednisolone (tapering increase) |
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Prognosis for myasthenia gravis
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Varies with degree of CS.
50% die within 1 month dx from aspiration pneumonia, and the other 50% go on to do well. |
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This generalized peripheral neuropathy is characterized by a remitting and relapsing course and typically responds well to steroid therapy.
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Chronic inflammatory (demyelinating) neuropathy
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How is demyelinating neuropathy diagnosed?
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Slowed NCV
Histological patchy demyelination and inflammatory cells in endoneurium |
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Chronic inflammatory neuropathy is the result of an inflammatory reaction against...
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Peripheral nerve myelin
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This parasite secretes a neurotoxin that blocks the release of ACh from the axon terminal.
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Female Dermacentor tick
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This disease results in the temporary binding of ACh receptors.
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Tick paralysis
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This disease results in the permanent binding of toxin to ACh receptors
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Botulism
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How is diagnosis of tick paralysis made?
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CS and response to tick removal
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How soon after tick removal does resolution of tick bite paralysis occur?
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12 hours
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An acute flaccid paralysis that can affect dogs and cattle. Parasitic/toxic in origin.
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Tick bite paralysis
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This neurotoxin is ingested in spoiled food and absorbed systemically.
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Botulism
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A dog presents with an acute onset of generalized LMN quadriplegia and CN deficits. He was caught yesterday eating a squirrel carcass. What is your primary suspicion?
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Botulism
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Recovery from botulism requires that the body...
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Produce axonal sprouting around the areas of toxin binding.
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Primary treatment for botulism.
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Supportive care
(+/- antitoxin for unbound toxin) |
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Remission of botulism may occur in...
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4 weeks, when peripheral nerve terminals regenerate
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Give four causes of metabolic myopathies
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Hypokalemic myopathy of cats
Cushings syndrome Hypothyroidism Cachexia |
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Group of primary inherited myopathies characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles
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Muscular dystrophy
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In cats, this myopathy is characterized by acute onset of appendicular weakness and marked ventro-flexion of the neck.
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Hypokalemic myopathy
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Cats with this disease usually have low serum K and elevated CK. Renal dysfunction is also common.
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Hypokalemic myopathy
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Initial treatment for hypokalemic myopathy.
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Potassium replacement, PO or IV
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Most cats with hypokalemic myopathy respond to treatment within...
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2-3 days
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List some endocrine causes of myopathy.
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Hyperadrenocoticism
Hypoadrenocorticism Hypo/Hyperthyroidism Hypo/Hyperparathyroidism |
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These two parasites can cause multi-focal neurologic diseases with varying degrees of encephalitis, myelitis, polyradiculoneuritis, and myositis.
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Neospora caninum
Toxoplasma gondii |
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A young puppy presents with hindlimb extensor rigidity. You decide to run a titer for...
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Neospora caninum
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Prognosis for a puppy with Neospora-induced pelvic limb hyperextension.
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Will not improve
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Acute inflammatory condition causing swelling over the temporal region and pain on opening of the jaw.
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Masticatory muscle myopathy
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This disease may present with progressive replacement of masticatory muscle fibers with fibrous connective tissue and fixation of the jaw.
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Masticatory muscle myositis
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Treatment for masticatory muscle myositis
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Immunosuppressive doses of steroids
PT to gradually stretch remaining muscle fibers |
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Prognosis for masticatory muscle myositis
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Good to guarded based on degree of fibrosis
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A dog presents with an acute, poorly generalized pain and a "eggshell" gait. CK is elevated and there is no evidence of infection. You may suspect...
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Immune mediated generalized polymyositis
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Generalized polymyositis may be associated with...
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SLE
Neoplasia Drugs (Penicillamine, Cimetidine, TMS) |
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Diagnosis of immune-mediated generalized polymyositis is based on...
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CK elevation
EMG Muscle biopsy Ruling out infectious causes |
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How is immune-mediated generalized polymyositis treated?
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Immunosuppressive therapy
ANalgesics |
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Prognosis for immune-mediated generalized polymyositis is...
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Guarded
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Autosomal dominant heritable disease that causes intermittent episodes of intense skeletal muscle contracture.
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Malignant hyperthermia
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Malignant hyperthermia occurs most commonly in this dog breed.
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Greyhounds
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Malignant hyperthermia is the result of a defect in...
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Intracellular muscle calcium homeostasis
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Malignant hyperthermia episodes may be triggered by..
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Stress, halothane anesthesia
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How can an episode of malignant hyperthermia be treated?
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Dantroline IV
Fluids Steroids Bicarbonate Acepromazine |
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Exercise associated myopathy is a genetic disorder seen in field lines of...
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Labrador Retrievers
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At what age does exercise-associated myopathy present?
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7 months-2 years, when athletic dogs begin heavy training
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Prognosis for a dog with exercise-associated myopathy
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Athletic career ended but owner can watch for overstimulation and prevent it. Dog may be functional, happy pet.
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Exercise-associated myopathy usually presents after this much exercise...
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5-15 minutes
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Recovery from exercise-associated myopathy may occur within...
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10-20 minutes of rest
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