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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the electrical activity begin and end in the heart?
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Begins in the Sinoatrial Node --> Atrioventricular Node --> Bundle of His --> Bundle Branches --> Purkinje System
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What are the peaks on the ECG Wave?
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P-Wave = Atrial Depolarization
QRS = Atrial Repolarization and Ventricular Depolarization T-Wave = Ventricular Repolarization |
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What does the Lub sound in Lub Dub represent?
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Lub = S1, which is the closing of the atrioventricular valves
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What does the Dub in the Lub Dub represent?
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Dub = S2, represents the closure of the pulmonary and semilunar valves.
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What does S3 represent?
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S3 is early diastole/rapid filling of the ventricles
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What does S4 represent?
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S4 represents atrial contraction
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What is an arrhythmia and how is it definitively diagnosed?
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An arrhythmia is an irregular rhythm.
Arrhythmia's are definitively diagnosed by ECGs |
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What is a Sinus Arrhythmia?
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Sinus arrhythmia = normal irregularity heard in conjunction with the respiratory cycle.
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What is a Murmur?
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Abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent flow within in the heart.
Caused by regurgitation is (insufficiency) and stenosis (narrowing of valves) |
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What are the steps to diagnosing a murmur once it is auscultated?
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1) Locate the point of maximal intensity (PMI)
2) Determine the duration of the murmur (systolic or diastolic) 3) Assess audible Intensity (Grades 1-6) |
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Grading of Cardiac Murmur?
What are 1-6? |
1 = Very Soft, intermittent
2 = Soft murmur, can hear consistantly in a quiet room 3 = Moderate Intensity 4 = Loud Murmur 5 = Loud murmur with precordial thrill 6 = Very loud murmur, can hear with stethoscope off the body wall |
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What valves can be auscultated on the left side of the animal?
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P-Pulmonary
A-Aortic M-Mitral |
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What valve can be auscultated on the right side of the animal?
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Tricuspid
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Where are the normal breath sound auscultation
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Upper Respiratory Tract- Always includes the trachea
and Lower Respiratory Tract |
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What are adventitious sounds and what do they indicate?
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Abnormal breath sounds, Crackles, wheezes, pleural friction rubs
They indicate pathological process |
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Where do you auscultate the lungs?
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There are 4 quadrants - Dorsal, Ventral, Caudal, Cranial
and the 5th area is the trachea (proximal and distal) |
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What are the normal temperatures for Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Cows?
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Dog = 99.5 - 102.5F
Cat = 100 - 103.1F Horses = 99 - 101.5F Cow = 101.5 - 102.5F |
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What are the normal heart rates for Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Cows?
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Dog = 80 - 120bpm
Cat = 100 - 120bpm Horse = 24 - 44bpm Cow = 60 - 80bpm |
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What are the normal respiratory rates for Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Cows?
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Dog = 15 - 30bpm
Cat = 20 - 30bpm Horse = 8 - 15bpm Cow = 12 - 36bpm |
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Examinations always begin at...
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A distance, except cows where you apparently start at the rear
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Where is the PMI for the heart in the small animal section?
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Between the left 4th and 6th intercostal space
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What is the purpose of the CRT and mucus membranes tests
How are they performed? |
Capillary Refill Time is tested on the mucus membranes such as gums on small animals and horses and vulva on the cow?
CRT - Circulation Mucus Membranes will show hydration status |
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What is Horner's Syndrome?
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The classic signs of Horner's Syndrome occur on the same side of the face as the injury, and include:
Small pupil size (miosis) Protrusion of the third eyelid Drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis) Sunken appearance to the eye (enophthalmos) Dilation of blood vessels on affected side of the face, which makes the area feel warmer to the touch |
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What is PLR and where is it tested?
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Pupillary Light Reflex and it is tested in the animal's eyes using a pen light.
The side that has the light shone into it will constrict more than the contra-lateral side |
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What is oily skin called?
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Sebborhea is oily skin
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What is itchy skin called?
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Pruritus is itchy skin
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What is a strabismus?
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It is when the eyes do not line up are they are crossed
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What is a nystagmus?
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Involuntary movement of the eye (staggering movements of the eye)
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What is tortitolis?
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A neck turn usually caused by nervous pathology
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Where are the anal sacs located?
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4 Oclock and 8 Oclock
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What is signalment?
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Descriptive factors about your patient
1) Age 2) Sex 3) Breed |
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What is a Neonate male referred to as? (Birth to 1 month)
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Colt
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What is a Neonate female referred to as? (Birth to 1 month)
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Filly
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What are the ages of Equine?
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1) Foal (Neonate and Weanling) - Birth to 1 Month
2) Yearling - 12 Months to 18 Months 3) Long-Yearling - 18 - 24 Months 4) Adult - >2 years |
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What is a weanling foal?
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A weanling that is no longer with its mare but still a foal
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What is a stallion?
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An intact male horse
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What is a gelding?
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A castrated male horse (they are castrated about 6months - 1year)
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What are horse's height measured with and what is the average?
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Horses are measured in hands (4inches to a hand)
Average height is about 15-17 Hands depending on breed |
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Which breed of horses are sprinters?
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American Quarter Horse
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Which horses were bred for racing endurance?
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Thoroughbred
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An American Miniature Horse must be less than what height to be considered a minature?
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<34 - 38 Inches.
PS. These horses use inches not hands |
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How many feet are on the ground at each time for horses when they are in a ...
Walk Trot Canter Gallop |
Walk - 3 Feet on the ground
Trot - 2 Feet on the ground Canter - 1 Foot on the ground Gallop - 0 Feet on the ground |
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How many beats are there for each of the following...
Walk Trot Canter Gallop |
Walk - 4 Beats
Trot - 2 Beats Canter - 3 Beats Gallop - 4 Beats |
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Correct placement of the halter on a horse is from which side?
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The left side
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When working with horses, where is your positioning?
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Position yourself close to the horse out of the kicking angle.
When working with the feet, position yourself facing the tail |
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What is a group of horses called?
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A Herd
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Where does the physical exam begin in a horse and what kind of info can you get from it?
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Horse examination begins at the head because lots of info.
1) Hydration status 2) Volume Status 3) Neurological Status 4) Cardiovascular Status 5) Respiratory Status |
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Normal mucus membrane colors for horses are what? and What is the normal CRT?
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Pink in color with a CRT of 1.5Secs or less
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What are the places where you can get a pulse pressure on the horse?
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1) Great metatarsal artery
2) Facial Artery (Recommended Spot) 3) Transverse Facial Artery (Lateral to Eye) |
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Which horses are the largest draft breed and have a white mane?
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Belgian
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What does the Jugular Refill Time (JV) tell you in a horse?
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Hydration, Thrombus, Occulsion of vein
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What is the primary injection site on the horse for intramuscular injection?
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In the triangle of the neck.
Other sites, rump and buttocks deltoids |
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What significant organs are in the thorax of the horse?
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Heart and Lungs
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What is the precordium?
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The portion of the body over the heart and lower chest
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What is a non-pathological arrhythmia in the horse and how do you test it?
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2nd Degree AV block.
Take the test on a run and activate its sympathetic system It is caused by athletic horses with high vagal tone |
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What are the grades of heart murmurs?
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Grade 1 = Very Quiet (barely audible)
Grade 2 = Quiet (can be heard in silent room) Grade 3 = Moderate intensity Grade 4 = Loud but no thrill Grade 5 = Loud + thrill Grade 6 = Loud (audible without stethoscope) |
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What is the re-breathing exam in horses and why is it done?
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Putting a bag over a horse's face. We can not tell a horse to take a deep breath.
Good for more intensive evalution of the lower respiratory tract |
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Where is the GI tract evaluated in the horse?
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Ventral Midline
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How is laminitis diagnosed in horses?
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1) Bounding digital pulses
2) Deep coronary bands 3) Hot Hoof Capsules 4) Horse does not move willingly |
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When should the rectal temperature for the horse be taken and what is the normal temperature of horses?
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Taken at the very end of the exam.
Normal temperatures are 99 - 101.5F |
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Body condition score of horses uses which scale?
What is the normal ideal? |
A 1-9 Scale
Ideal is 5 out of 9 |
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Where are the points for Equine Body Condition Score?
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1) Neck
2) Withers 3) Shoulder 4) Ribs 5) Loin 6) Tail head |
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Where is the pulse pressure taken in small animals?
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Femoral ARTERY
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Which lymphnode in the horse is not palpable unless enlarged?
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Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes
Pre-scaupular and mandibular can be |
